RCAAP Repository

A crise no abastecimento de água como um problema de ordem mundial tem mobilizado ações governamentais para a criação de novas técnicas que possibilitam a extração de água salobra para obtenção de água potável. Alguns paí­ses localizados nos continentes Americano, Asiático e Europeu realizam o processo de dessalinização da água do mar, que em alguns casos é responsável por grande parte da água potável disponí­vel para a população local. O processo tem sido desenvolvido apesar do alto custo e da produção de um subproduto, a água de rejeito, de maior salinidade e poder destrutivo para o meio ambiente. O processo de dessalinização das águas pode ser uma grande ferramenta para problemas de abastecimento de água, mas o desenvolvimento do processo em paí­ses subdesenvolvidos ainda deve ser aprimorado, bem como a reutilização da água de rejeito.

O manejo do solo e pastagens nas criações de bovinos atualmente é realizado, dentre outros modos, pelo uso de fertilizantes, sendo o adubo nitrogenado uma importante ferramenta para o crescimento das plantas forrageiras. No entanto, o uso indiscriminado deste adubo, pode levar a insustentabilidade do ecossistema adjacente, pois nutrientes excedentes oriundos da adubação podem contaminar o lençol freático por infiltração no solo. Bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio presentes em raí­zes de leguminosas, além de proporcionarem uma adubação natural ao solo, aumentam o rendimento de matéria seca com gramí­neas e leguminosas em consórcio promovendo adição na dieta animal. A utilização de leguminosas nas pastagens colabora no uso do solo e pasto de forma mais racional e sustentável, porém devem ser tomados maiores cuidados de manejo ao adotar o consórcio com gramí­neas, já que se trata de duas espécies vegetais de fisiologia e aceitabilidade distintas.

O principal objetivo neste estudo foi, por meio de ferramenta de análise de atratividade de negócios, a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), determinar a viabilidade econômica de duas propriedades que se destinam à criação de caprinos prioritariamente para a produção de leite. A metodologia de estudo contemplou a avaliação de dois produtores de leite de cabra, um no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e outro no Estado de São Paulo, com perfis similares, ou seja, ambos adotam a criação semi-intensiva, produção cativa de forrageiras e silagens, além do uso da ordenha mecanizada, dentre outros parâmetros comparados. Foi enviado a ambos no iní­cio do ano de 2015 uma planilha eletrônica solicitando dados das mais diversas rubricas envolvidas na operação, com as respectivas informações reais pertinentes ao ano de 2014 e também uma estimativa anual, até 2020. Com o retorno das respostas dos produtores calculou-se os fluxos de caixa lí­quidos anuais, que são os dados fundamentais para se determinar a TIR do negócio. Os caprinocultores estudados demonstraram atraentes taxas de retorno, tendo o capril de São Paulo um valor de TIR de 10% e o capril do Rio Grande do Norte um valor de TIR de 25%. Apesar da significativa diferença nas TIRs, se considerar os contextos estratégicos de cada um, ambos são muito competitivos e lucrativos.

Street markets are permanent generators of urban solid waste, produced from when the tents are set-up and organized by merchants until the products are sold to the final consumer. This waste comes from different sources, such as groceries, meats, cereals, crafts, and processed food (such as ice cream and pastries). In the case of the latter, the consumer becomes the waste generator. Quantifying and qualifying these residues are the first steps for waste management planning regarding landfill allocation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the number of stands and the categories of trading goods, and to estimate the amount of input goods and the output waste generated by the Jabaquara streetmarket. Weekly visits and the application of a questionnaire showed the presence of 77 stands commercializing 18 different types of products. Quantitative analysis of input goods and waste generated showed that 98.7% of this waste is organic.

The shortage of water makes this natural resource increasingly relevant for people. Therefore, the population needs to be aware of how to use water rationally and understand the new selective water supply systems. The objective of this study was to implement a rainwater harvesting system based on directing the water collected by roof gutters to a cistern. The system attended satisfactorily the demand for non-potable water for garden watering and washing of household service areas, reducing the use of treated water. The average monthly consumption in 2014 was 21.3 m³ (CI 95%: 16.5, 23.8) and in 2015 was 15.7 m³ (CI 95%: 13.8, 16.9), showing significant difference between the two years (p= 0.018). The household received a monthly discount bonus for reducing city water consumption. Despite the long term investment payback period, this attitude is an example of citizenship in a city experiencing serious water crisis.

Packaging of industrialized food products must contain diverse information such as ingredients, nutritional composition, and preservation and preparation instruction to help the consumer make suitable choices. Thirty consumers were interviewed at time of purchase in two retail supermarkets. A ten-question survey was used to evaluate consumers behavior related to labels and their perception on different aspects of food product shelf life. It was observed that 66.7% of consumers trust expiration dates printed on food product packaging, but 96.7% are not aware of how this information is setup by the manufacturers.

New technologies were introduced in pig farming in recent decades, mainly targeting higher productivity and cost reduction. This production intensification requires large consumption of water to maintain farm hygiene and animal health. Throughout the cleaning activity, liquid and solid wastes mix with clean water generating a pollutant effluent containing high concentrations of organic matter and biota and water bodies. The production and incorrect disposal of these wastes in areas with low nutrient demand have been causing leaching and pollutant percolation, leading to high contamination levels of surface and groundwater resources. This economic activity has been responsible for causing major environmental problems. This study aims to review the literature and highlight ways that pig farm effluent can be reused, in order to savefresh water and chemical fertilizers, thus reducing pollution and environment degradation generated by this production sector.

Continuous and intermittent frying processes cause physical and chemical changes in oil, affecting the nutritional and sensory quality of fried food, which may cause damage to consumers' health. This study aimed to analyze the quality of frying oil in seven tents of free markets located in São Caetano do Sul. The oil quality was monitored twice, at the start and at closing times of the street markets, showing changes in the oil degradation level. This was measured using a fat and oil quality monitor, which showed lack of control of the frying oil used in street markets.

Pets have become increasingly part of people's lives, but living with these animals requires care, which is not always fully met. Educational games, ludic activities, puppet shows, featured character plays and Power Point presentations on play/interactions were developed as health educational tools. They were tested on nine to ten year old pupils from the public education system. The children were very receptive to these activities.

In São Paulo city the corpses are mostly intended for cemeteries, but few know that the condition of this equipment can cause environmental changes, including the proliferation of synanthropic animals. The study aimed to assessing the conservation status of concessions (graves) of three cemeteries-museum of the city of São Paulo – Araçá cemetery, Consolation cemetery and São Paulo cemetery. And as specific objective classification in state levels of conservation concessions. The methodology consists of characterization of the sample areas, qualification and quantification of the concessions conservation status. It was found that the three cemeteries differ in their condition, and the São Paulo cemetery is more vulnerable to their graves, while the Consolation cemetery had the highest percentage of very vulnerable graves. These results, along with other environmental analyzes can help support the possible correlations and forecasts between synanthropic populations and the environment of cemeteries-museum.

Conventional farming uses chemical pesticides and fertilizers to achieve good productivity, disregarding the fact that these products can be harmful to the environment and human health. In contrast, organic agriculture brings the concept that it is possible to have a sustainable production using alternative ways to fight diseases and pests, valuing human lives and the environment. This study aimed to verify, on site, the main difficulties of the organic production in the São Paulo Metropolitan area. Each area was surveyed regarding animal and plant production, environmental and health issues. Results indicated that organic production is feasible and friendlier to the environment and to human health.

Pastures supply the base food for dairy herds and beef cattle, as they are an economical and practical feeding system. Most Brazilian pastures are composed of grasses which can be intercropped with leguminous plants. The latter play an important role in nitrogen (N) fixation and in food supply to improve production. The objective of this study was a literature review on the association between leguminous species and pastures. This review was limited to papers published in wide circulation scientific journals for the last ten years. We found that only a few articles have been published on this subject. Most of the literature refers to in vitro seed dormancy breaking techniques, not establishing any advantageous relationship with pasture consortium. The studies which evaluate the consortium between grasses and leguminous plants and their influence on productivity, indicate benefits for both producer and animals. Future research projects should include new experimental studies using cattle as natural plant dispersal agents, which can help pasture consortia and the influence of rotating pickets to prevent trampling on leguminous plant seeds.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and wastewater. Therefore, this compound readily comes into contact with humans. The objective of this work is to review the recent literature (2010 to 2014) on possible detrimental effects of BPA to human fertility and health in both sexes. The review indicated that BPA causes adverse infertility effects on men and women, besides posing environmental risks. We concluded that new public policy on its use and effects is needed.       

Currently one of the problems of environmental health are diseases of waterborne origins. Thus, it is of great value to understand and evaluate the dimension of these diseases on rural properties. This research project evaluated the rural family properties of 53 students of ETEC Best, in which 90% of them belong to São Paulo state, about the sources of supply for the consumption of water, both human and animal, and the source of water for washing the equipment for exploitation of dairy cattle. The findings showed that 67,92% of the properties harvest water to human consumption locally and only 11,32% of them perform the chlorination. In 62,26% of the properties evaluated the harvesting of water for animal consumption is done locally, and only 3.77% of those perform the chlorination. Of the 13 evaluated properties that operate cattle, 7 of them the harvest water for cleaning of milking equipment from wells and mines and do not chlorinate, 2 are supplied by public service and the others do not know. The dispose of domestic sewage in the evaluated properties is 37.73% in septic tanks, 9.53% in pits black, 7.55% in rivers, 3.77% in the public network and 37.73% do not know their final disposition. From this diagnosis will be elaborated educational practices relevant to sanitation health regarding the importance to prevent contamination of water in rural properties. 

Goat raising is an activity with great potential to be explored. Unfortunately, it has not been visualized and encouraged by government actions in the same way as other animal farming. It is important to recognize the social importance of this activity, which is very common in family farming, helping family maintenance, especially in the northeast of Brazil (region concentrating most of the caprine herds). These animals are used as a source of milk, meat and even as leather supply, when necessary. The objective of this work was to study the development of goat raising in Brazil and the challenges faced by producers. Data was gathered using a questionnaire about the activity key points and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results were presented in tables and as a dissertation. In conclusion, producers face many challenges, mainly regarding lack of government public policies.           

About 735 people had accidents with sharks between 1990 and 2002, and 88 died. These accidents occurred worldwide and the bull shark is one of the culprit species. Tourism is impaired because of lack of information and the fuss caused by news media, resulting in serious problems for the economy and development of the state of Pernambuco (PE). Human permanence resulted in man-shark encounters accounting for 41 cases and 14 deaths from September 1992 to march 2004, reported by the State Committee for Monitoring Shark Incidents - Cemit. The objective of this study is to identify factors favoring accidents at Boa Viagem beach in the city of Recife, PE. Interviews were conducted with Dr. Fábio Hazin, Professor of the Universidade Federal Rural of the state of Pernambuco, director of the Fisheries Oceanography Laboratory (FOL), and with the soldier Josimar da Silva Coelho, representative of the Maritime Fire Corps of the state of Pernambuco. Additionally, two different questionnaires were used to interview 100 tourists and 200 natives, from July to October 2004. Most of the accidents took place from July to September. The strategies used to prevent such incidents and raise awareness about the risks are inefficient and the number of accidents is increasing.

When goats are fed with vegetable oils, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, these molecules can be found in their milk. However, these unsaturated acids are harmful to rumen microbes. Biohydrogenation of such substances occurs naturally in the ruminal environment, in order to reduce its harmful effect for bacteria cell membranes. However, not all unsaturated fatty acids are converted to saturated ones in the rumen, being transferred to the milk, changing its physical and chemical properties and fatty acids profile. It is also possible to improve business performance, by reducing long-chain saturated fatty acids, which are harmful to human health. Higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the milk can be obtained by incorporating this substance into the animals"™ diet.     

Tracoma é uma doença ocular inflamatória que acomete a conjuntiva e a córnea, cujo agente etiológico é a Chlamydia trachomatis. A doença é considerada endêmica no Brasil desde o iní­cio do século XX. Com o intuito de conhecer a distribuição do tracoma no Brasil e estabelecer áreas prioritárias para ações de vigilância epidemiológica e controle, o Ministério da Saúde (MS) a partir de 2002 realizou um inquérito nacional de prevalência de tracoma em escolares do 1º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental, matriculados na rede pública, dos municí­pios que aderiram ao inquérito/campanha, com a meta de alcançar no mí­nimo 10% dos escolares matriculados na rede pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a prevalência do tracoma no Estado de Roraima no perí­odo de 2002 a 2015. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e retrospectivo sobre a epidemiologia do tracoma, por meio de análise dos relatórios de gestão e epidemiológicos do Núcleo de Controle de Tracoma do Estado para os anos de 2002, 2003 e 2009 e do banco de dados do SINAN NET/DATASUS/MS para os anos de 2007, 2008, 2010 a 2015. Foram calculadas as taxas de prevalência do tracoma para o estado, conforme fórmulas fornecidas pelo MS. Os resultados apontam que Roraima tem a maior prevalência de tracoma da região Norte, com 13,87% no perí­odo. Observa-se no ano de 2003 uma prevalência abaixo de 5%, para os anos de 2002 e 2015 a prevalência foi moderada, menor que 10%, e para os demais anos se manteve acima de 10% o que é considerado uma alta taxa de prevalência pela OMS. A existência do tracoma em uma população se constitui em um indicador de precariedade de condições de vida e saúde, sendo dessa forma um problema de saúde pública. Os pilares para prevenção do tracoma consistem em melhorias no saneamento básico e higiene pessoal, através de ações de educação em saúde.

Apresenta-se neste artigo, a importância da educação ambiental através de atividades desenvolvidas na horta escolar. As atividades contribuem para a modificação nos hábitos e atitudes de alunos do ensino fundamental e do ensino médio quanto à percepção que eles possuem da natureza. Neste contexto, a horta escolar se encaixa como uma interessante ferramenta para a escola, estando entre os agentes mais importantes neste processo de sensibilização. A formação da consciência de respeito e cuidado; da necessidade de conservar o meio ambiente. A alimentação das crianças melhora, pois, passam a aceitar melhor as verduras, legumes e frutas. Os trabalhos desenvolvidos na horta criam a percepção da solidariedade, fundamental para trabalhar em grupo. Constrói o senso de responsabilidade, de valores mais humanizados e permeia todo o processo educativo, estabelecendo desde cedo relações saudáveis com o meio ambiente e entre as pessoas, formando cidadãos capazes de assumir novas atitudes na busca de soluções para os problemas socioambientais. Enfim, estimula o cuidado na busca da melhoria da qualidade de vida de humanos e de outras formas de vida.

O presente artigo pretende verificar qual o papel e alcance da internet e das redes sociais na chamada sociedade da informação, como meio difusor do discurso do ódio e suas mediações. O advento da expansão da rede mundial de computadores (internet) e, posteriormente, das redes sociais que se formaram nesse meio virtual potencializaram, de forma impressionante, a ofensa à honra das pessoas e a intolerância de toda ordem. A ampliação do discurso do ódio foi intensificada pela mesma rapidez em que a internet e as redes sociais se fixaram em nossa sociedade. A velocidade em que se manifestam opiniões, ideias e sentimentos ocorrem numa facilidade nunca antes imaginada. Não há como deixar de apontar, entretanto, que o discurso do ódio está intimamente ligado a questão da exclusão social sendo hoje acionado como forte aspecto e condição destes próprios contextos e conceitos. Considerando o meio ambiente digital como fruto do meio ambiente artificial criado pelo homem, tem-se que o discurso do ódio constitui degradação deste meio ambiente, voltando-se contra a garantia do respeito à dignidade de pessoa humana individual e coletivamente considerada, conforme assegurado pelo ordenamento jurí­dico constitucional. A degradação do meio ambiente, por sua vez, atinge a saúde ambiental.