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Machos de tilápia chegam a crescer de 1,8 a 2,5 vezes mais rápido do que as fêmeas, sob condições de cultivo intensivo. Assim, as estratégias para obter populações monossexo estão focadas na produção de lotes de alevinos machos. A produção de indivíduos 100% machos através do uso do andrógeno 17-α-metiltestosterona é considerada a técnica mais efetiva e de menor custo. No entanto, o uso de hormônios e o aumento na densidade de cultivo tendem a afetar adversamente a saúde dos organismos cultivados, aumentando os índices de mortalidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de polissacarídeos sulfatados, extraídos da alga marinha vermelha Gracilaria caudata, na sobrevivência e ganho de peso de pós-larvas da tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, submetidas à reversão sexual. O experimento consistiu em quatro tratamentos com três repetições cada, em um total de doze aquários com capacidade para 40L. Em cada tratamento foram utilizadas 960 pós-larvas (pl’s) de tilápias, na densidade de estocagem de 8 pl’s/L. No tratamento controle não foi utilizado o polissacarídeo e, nos outros três tratamentos, foram utilizadas doses crescentes (0,05, 0,1 e 0,2mg/g de peso vivo das larvas) do polissacarídeo na ração. Durante as duas primeiras semanas de reversão, foi utilizada aeração constante e uma renovação de água de 20% em cada repetição. A partir da terceira semana, foi elevado o estresse em todos os tratamentos através da supressão da aeração e/ou da renovação de água, a fim de induzir o aumento da mortalidade. Ao final do experimento, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com relação ao peso médio final e ganho médio de peso diário das pós-larvas. No entanto, com relação à mortalidade, houve diferença significativa (α = 0,05) no final ao final da última semana de reversão e cinco dias após o experimento (α = 0,01), quando o estresse foi de moderado a elevado, respectivamente. Desta forma, as pl’s que receberam a dose de 0,1 e 0,2mg/g se tornaram mais resistentes às situações de estresse induzidas no experimento.

Microalgae are unicellular organisms capable of using solar energy and carbon dioxide with high photosynthesis efficiency to produce biomass, and are easy to cultivate. Due to these characteristics, they have been the object of research, especially in the fields of aquaculture and biotechnology. This thesis, consisting of four chapters, had as its first objective to evaluate the efficiency of different extraction methods of biomass oil from cultures of microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Four of these methods were ultrasound-assisted (cold) and one by heating. After determining the best method for lipid extraction, we evaluated the influence of salinity of the culture medium in biomass recovery and oil yield for ten microalgae cultivated in Guillard f/2 medium. Next, the influence of different amounts of sodium nitrate was evaluated in the culture medium for biomass recovery and oil yield for four microalgae. Lastly, biomass recovery and oil yield was determined for C. vulgaris cultivated outdoors, and the main fatty acids present in the oil for biodiesel production were identified. Also, the performance and certain immunoparameters of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated following inclusion of biomass obtained from outdoor microalgae culture in the diet, before and after the oil extraction process. Lipid extraction using the Bligh and Dyer method showed the highest yield (52.49±3.37%) among the ultrasound-assisted methods. Of the ten microalgae cultivated under different salinities, six saw their oil yields increase when salinity was reduced from 35 to 25; the highest increase (eight-fold) was observed in Tetraselmis sp., whereas oil yield increased in three species when salinity was raised from 25 to 35, with a threefold increase for C. vulgaris. The higher amounts of sodium nitrate in cultivation media resulted in increased biomass recovery from microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and C. vulgaris, whereas the reduction in the quantity of this nutrient resulted in higher oil yields for all microalgae, especially for the species described above. Finally, it was observed that certain growth performance parameters of marine shrimp were vastly superior in the experiment using inclusion of natural C. vulgaris biomass in replacement of defatted biomass, although 0.5% inclusion of the latter also showed satisfactory results. With regard to immunoparameters, inclusion of natural or defatted biomass of C. vulgaris in the diet of shrimps, regardless of amount used, increased the concentration of total proteins and reduced phenoloxidase activity in animal serum.

The estuarine environment is recognized as an intake of contaminated water from different sources. The genus Vibrio is found in those places, being reported in many papers resistant strains to antibiotics used routinely in medical treatment. Seventy strains of Vibrio were selected originated from samples of water and sediment from the Acaraú estuary, West coast of Ceará, Brazil to experiment. The antibiogram was proposed in two batteries, one with Mueller Hinton agar dissolved in distilled water (MH+DW) and the other in seawater (MH+SW), and is tested the presence of virulence factors protease (caseinase, elastase and gelatinase), lipases, phospholipases, DNases, amylase, urease, and hemolysin (β-hemolysis test by Kanagawa Wagatsuma agar). The antimicrobials tested were NAL, AMP, ATM, CFL, CIP, CHL, CTX, STP, GEN, OTC, PEN, TCY and STX. In MH+DW, the resistance profile was observed for 47 (67.1%) strains to PEN, 26 (37.1%) to AMP and CFL, 8 (11.4%) to OTC, 6 (8.6%) to TCY, 3 (4.3%) to ATM and 1 (1.4%) to CHL, while for MH+SW, 68 (97.1%) strains were resistant to OTC, 67 (95.7%) to TCY, 57 (81.4%) to PEN, 34 (48.6%) to CFL, 29 (41.4%) to AMP , 21 (30.0%) to STP, 20 (28.5%) to GEN, 5 (7.2%) to ATM and NAL, 3 (4.3%) to STX and 1 (1.4%) to CIP. The resistant strains in MH+DW were subjected to plasmid curing by acridine orange agent. Resistance plasmid was observed in 36.21% of resistant strains to AMP, 5.17% to ATM, 37.93% to CFL, 13.79% to OTC, 53.45% to PEN and 6.90% to TCY. By order of recurrence, 67 (91.42%) strains of Vibrio spp. have analyzed the enzyme urease, followed by 57 (81.42%) to lipase, 54 (77.14%) to amylase, 53 (75.72%) to gelatinase, 43 (61.42%) to caseinase, 26 (37.14%) to phospholipase, 17 (24.28%) to DNase, 16 (22.86%) to elastase and 13 (18.57%) to β-hemolysis (Kanagawa). Seawater influence significantly the characterization of the resistance of strains of Vibrio spp. analyzed mainly on the drugs of the tetracycline class, and has been detected multidrug resistant strains associated with preliminary virulence factors.

This paper discusses some questions that are in the core of the debate on the relationship between economic growth and income inequality and poverty. The discussion is focused on the main definitions of what is “pro-poor growth”. This paper shows that the empirical evidence supports that economic growth is crucial for reducing poverty. In addition, economic growth seems to be not associated with an increase in income inequality. Moreover, the impact of economic growth on poverty is augmented when economic growth goes along with policies aimed to redistribute income.

This study aims to identify, characterize and calculate the economic return of each group of sheeps/goats farmers in the municipalities of Tauá and Morada Nova in Ceará grouped according their technologies and raising practices. The primary data were gathered through out questionnaire application. Even though there are several grouping metho- ds, a relatively simple technique that produces results like those obtained by Ward’s method is presented.. We found three raising systems named according to the number of technological practices applied in each system: “high technological discrepancy”, “regular technological discrepancy” and “low technological discrepancy”. The results showed that none of the farmers made part of the high technological system. We concluded that technology makes the difference and whatever is the adopted raising system for goat and sheep requires a minimum number of practices to be programmed in order to ensure economic return. Besides this, the farmers must have suitable rural constructions (fences, pens etc.), machinery, tools, grass and water. Moreover, it must have access to financial resources. All these factors were important to allow the application of better technology in raising sheeps/goats.

This work presents a method for preparing Precipitated Calcium Carbonate based on Calcium Oxide dissolution in aqueous solution of Monoethanolamine Hydrochloride, followed, by Calcium Carbonate Precipitation after carbonation with Carbon Dioxide of the resulting solution. This method allows the use of any limestone raw material, independent of the initial composition, always resulting in high purity final product. The method consists of two steps: the reaction of Calcium Oxide dissolution in a Monoethanolamine Hydrochloride solution and the Calcium Carbonate precipitation by carbonating the resulting solution from the first step using Carbon Dioxide. Looking for optimized yelds, for both steps, the following parameters variation were studied: concentration of reagents, molar rate of reagents, reaction temperature and time length. Also, a study was performed in order to obtain the data on the mass balance of the preparative cycle involving recycling of the Monoethanolamine Hidrochloride solution regenerated at the end of the second step. The present method was applied to a sample of quicklime from CARBOMIL QUÍMICA S/A (Limoeiro do Norte, Ce), in order to obtain information on the quality of the final product from that raw material. The synthetic Calcium Carbonate obtained was characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for determining trace elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn e Na) and by X-ray diffractometry (powder method) to identify the different crystalline phases (Aragonite, Calcite and Vaterite) present.

YAMAMOTO, Arthur. Por que continuamos juntos? Reciprocidade, mudança cultural e relações de poder entre o urbano e o rural. Fortaleza-CE, 2006. 145f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.

Utilization of technology in agriculture makes it productive and promissing, contributing to its development. Investiments done by Govern of Ceará in agriculture have concentrate mainly on irrigated agriculture, through the agropoles, prevailing fruitgrowing, banana being one of the chief crops. Banana crop performs an important role for cearense agriculture, however, it is generally characterized by low productivity, low technological level and large losses in production. The objective of this study was to measure the technological level of the irrigated banana crop in Agropole Cariri and to verify which are the factors conditioning the technological adoption. The calculated index showed that the technological index adopted in banana crop is classified as good. Technologies of irrigation and phytosanity have adoption level classified as optimum and the ones of the seedlings, adubation and cultural traits as good. Harvest and postharvest technologies levels are classified as regular and the ones of management as insufficient. Socioeconomic variables such as technical assistence, banana crop as main activity, credit, scholarship, age, land owning, income, and place of dwelling contribute positively to increase the probability of producer to adopt the adequate technology in banana crop.

Tuberculosis has been one of the major causes of death in the World. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of new drugs available, which has stimulated research in this field. Here, it was prepared a spectrum of new metallo-compounds based on Na3[Fe(CN)5L].H2O, where L is hydrazones or oxadiazols derivatives, which are metallodrug candidates for tuberculosis treatment. These compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Regarding to the electronic spectroscopy, it was showed the relative intensity of the π-backbonding effect among these compounds using the oscillator strength. This result was further supported by other techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, where a shift on the CN- (cyanide) stretching to higher frequency indicates stronger backbonding Fe(II) to L. Additionally, NMR and electrochemical results reinforced the back-bonding effect previously assigned in these compounds. NMR results showed these compounds were also coordinated through the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring, while cyclic voltammetry showed the iron was made more stable in the reduced form (2+). Theoretical calculations were done to evaluate the charge distribution of these compounds and also correlate them with the backbonding effect. The relevance of this study lies on the observation that several inhibitors interact with the proteic target through intermolecular forces. These compounds were prepared aiming to inhibit the InhA enzyme, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell-wall, by knowing the effect of charge distribution on enzyme inhibition it provides extra information to design better drugs. This result was important to draw a reactivity map. Biochemical investigations were carried out to evaluate the inhibition of the wild-type and mutant of the enzyme enoyl reductase (InhA). The complexes of oxadiazol derivatives were very efficient enzyme inhibitor, including toward strains resistant to conventional drugs. Toxicity tests showed these compounds presented low toxicity. An interesting map of reactivity was drawn, where charge distribution and electrochemical potential were correlated to the efficiency to inhibit InhA. This can lead to a better rational design of other anti-tuberculosis metallodrugs

Alkyl glucosides constitute a new and interesting class of surfactants, as they are biodegradable, nontoxic, and synthesized from renewable resources. These properties make them substitutes for other surfactants which are potentially damaging to the environment. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of two series of alkyl glucosides, which used C10, C16 and C18 alcohols as the hydrophobic part and glucose and glucose residues derived from degradation of amylose (which was essentially free from amilopectin) as hydrophilics parts. The alkyl glucosides synthesis was performed by the usual Köenigs-Knorr reaction with some modifications. The molecular structures of the surfactants were characterized by 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) together with infra-red (IR) spectroscopy. The study by NMR and IR allowed the junctions between hydrophilic head-groups and hydrophobic tailgroups to be characterized predominantly as -glycosidic. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed evidences of the formation of the surfactants with five glucosides rings linked to the alkyl chain. Liquid crystals structures were investigated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique confirming the characteristics of thermotropics properties, through the presence of double melting points. The du Noüy method was used to determine the surface-tension and critical micelle concentration (cmc) of aqueous solutions at various concentrations. For the two series of surfactants, it was observed that the increase of the alkyl chain caused the already expected decrease of cmc. The energies involved in the adsorption and micellization process calculated from the equilibrium surface tension isotherm versus ln concentration indicates co-operativety from the hydrophilics and hydrophobics grups.

Nonionic surfactants are synthesised from renewable raw materials such as fat acids and sugars. They are dermatological safe, biodegradable and provide excellent surface active properties, such as good wettability, good foaming production and good cleaning ability. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of alkyl polyglycosides where the hydrophilic part is constituted of oligosaccharides derived from the degradation of amylose and the hydrophobic part is constituted from phenolics lipids which constitute the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The condensation reaction between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts is the usual Köenig-Knorr reaction with some modifications. The structural characterization of the surfactants was followed by nuclear magnetic ressonance (NMR) together with Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FT-IR). The two techniques showed evidence of characteristics bands of aromatic rings, glycosides rings, olefin and paraffin. The cross-peak NOESY spectra demonstrated that the preferred conformation of the glycosidic units in the head groups was of 4C1 type with an anomeric  configuration. The thermal behaviour of the surfactants as well as their behaviour in solution (selfassembly) is strongly dependent of its structural characteristics (head group and hydrophobic tail). Measures of surface tension demonstrated that the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) values for the surfactants studied were comparable to the values cited for the nonionic surfactants in the literature. The isothermic study of surface tension versus the concentration natural logarithm indicates that the aggregation behaviour of the alkylphenyl glycosides is dependent of its structural characteristics. The values of the area per molecule “A” indicate that cardyl glycosides probably form larger aggregates than cardanyl e anacardyl glycosides. Theoretical considerations about the critical packing parameters (CPP) data showed that the major kinds of aggregates are of vesicles and bilayer types indicating the possibility of nanotubes formation by self-assembly once these structures are intermediaries that anticipate the nanostructure formation in solution

This article presents a theoretical analysis of the main measures of poverty and inequality. For such analysis, we define the axioms of the poverty and the basic principles that guide the construction of the social measurements for, after that, to develop the indices of poverty and inequality more used and the necessary mathematical and statistical frameworks to the analysis of the income data.

This paper analyses the discrimination of wages by race and gender inside of the density of wage distributions according to sectors of occupation, comparing the Northeast and Southeast regions. For this aim, we use data from Pnad 2002 and a semi parametric method –weighted kernel estimator and another parametric – quantile regression. The first method showed grounded in counterfactual simulations that have discrimination against women and black workers in labor market in both regions, and this discrimination is higher for women. The kernel method provided a visually clear representation that discrimination against black workers is greater in the Southeast for all sectors, while it can not identify where discrimination against women is greater because it depend on the sector. The quantile regression showed that discrimination increases for higher wages.

This article analyzes the effect of economic growth and income concentration on poverty in Brazilian States for the period between 1985 and 1999. An econometric model is estimated using known methodology of panel data. Elasticities of income-poverty and concentration-poverty are calculated for the States in every year of the sample. It is verified that the poverty is more sensible to the reduction of income concentration than to economic growth. In States with bigger intensity of poverty and minor income average, the effect of economic growth on poverty is lesser.

This paper surveys the recent literature that analyzes the link between income inequality and human capital accumulation. The theoretical models discussed here reach the important conclusion that family background and income inequality indeed constitutes one of the major barriers to the accumulation of human capital, especially in developing countries, and the empirical results presented seem to corroborate this idea. The case of Brazil is very illustrative and gives an alert to governments of developing countries. The analysis suggests that economic development would only be effectively achieved if income inequality could be properly corrected and educational opportunities become better distributed among individuals of a country or region.

The objetive of this dissertation is to study the index of closed orientable non-totally geodesic minimal hypersurface Σn of the Euclidian unit sphere Sn+1 whose second fundamental form has squared norm bounded from below by n. In this case we shall show that the index of stability, denoted by IndΣn, is great than or equal to n + 3, with equality occurring at only Clifford tori Sk (√ k/n) X Sn-k (√n-k/n). Moreover, we shall prove also that, up to Clifford tori, we have the following, gap: IndΣn ≥ 2n + 5. This work is based in the article of Barros, A. and Sousa P., entiled "Estimate for index of closed minimal hypersurfaces in spheres" published in the Kodai Mathematical Journal at the year of 2009.

NÓBREGA, Adilson Rodrigues da. Profissionais do reino: um novo ethos católico na universidade cearense. 2007. 126 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2007.

Between the XI and XIV centuries – in the historical context of the development of the troubadour’s movements – the reigns of Portugal and Castela have meet a troubadour- s movement particularly rich in the assimilation of the troubadours contributions external and internal to Iberian peninsula. The “anthropophagic culture” of the galegoportugueese troubadours, as to this we will refer to use a concept of Oswald de Andrade, was adapted to the politicalprojects of the Portugal and Castela kings, which ones were in that time commanding a monarchic project of political centralization. The present article aims to develop a synthesis of the aspects involved in this phenomenon of cultural assimilation and re-creation of an original poetry.

The purpose of this work is study the geometric of the like-Einstein metrics (Ricci soliton, almost Ricci solitons and quasi-Einstein metrics). More specifically, we obtain structure equations, examples, integral formulae and estimates that will enable characterize these classes of metrics