Repositório RCAAP

Baixios representam riscos a navegação no interior dos estuários. Portanto, devem ser bem delineados e tais informações devem ser freqüentemente atualizadas. Métodos hidrográficos tradicionais têm dificuldade em cobrir áreas rasas devido sua extensão e relevo. Uma alternativa é o uso de imagens de satélites para mapear essas áreas, com as vantagens de baixo custo e rápido resultado. No setor norte do Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá o último levantamento batimétrico foi realizado na década de 50 e um novo mapeamento destas áreas, mesmo sem a acurácia das cartas náuticas, é de utilidade para o planejamento de estudos, modelagem ambiental e navegação de pequenas embarcações. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de gerar mapa batimétrico das áreas rasas da Baía das Laranjeiras, através do sensoriamento remoto. A aplicação deste método é fácil e mostrou-se bastante útil em regiões onde não existem dados batimétricos ou estes precisam ser atualizados. O mapa obtido é bastante fiel dentro dos limites batimétricos que se pretende, entre 0,36 e 4,5 m de profundidade, principalmente considerando que 75% do complexo estuarino possui profundidade inferior a 5 m.

Observed seafloor depths from 12 kHz bathymetry coupled with seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies were used to obtain depth anomalies across the Mid-Atlantic ridge axis between 2ºS and 18ºS. The theoretical seafloor depths were calculated from the plate cooling model and crustal ages depicted from seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies between 0 to 25 Ma. We noticed that the seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies are symmetric with respect to the ridge axis between Ascension and St. Helena Islands, but the depth anomalies are quite asymmetric. The east side of the ridge axis is shallower (~ 1,000 meters) than the west side, probably as a result of a thermal upwelling of the lithosphere. We suggest that a mantle plume located on the African Plate, which could represent a larger swell linked to Ascension, St. Helena and Fernando Pó-Annobon Volcanic Lineament, might cause this type of anomaly.

A obtenção da coluna total de ozônio a partir de detectores de radiação ultravioleta (UV) como Radiômetros e Espectroradiômetros é de grande importância, visto que os medidores de ozônio como o Espectrofotômetro Brewer são muito caros e, portanto, de difícil obtenção. Este trabalho tem como objetivo encontrar modelos matemáticos que relacionem a razão entre as radiações UVB/UVA do Espectroradiômetro MS 701, dos Radiômetros UV-B MS 212 W e UV-A MS 212 A e as medidas de ozônio efetivo obtidas a partir do Espectrofotômetro Brewer MKIII #167, instalados no Observatório Espacial do Sul, no Sul do Brasil. Os períodos selecionados para análise foram o ano de 2003 para o Espectroradiômetro e o de 2005 para os Radiômetros, onde foram utilizados apenas dias sem interferências de nuvens. Os modelos matemáticos encontrados foram funções exponenciais com coeficiente de correlação R = 0,85 para a relação com o Espectroradiômetro e de R = 0,99 para a relação com os Radiômetros. Os dados de ozônio efetivo obtidos a partir dos detectores UV foram ajustados aos seus respectivos modelos e comparados com a coluna total de ozônio fornecida pelo Espectrofotômetro Brewer e pelo TOMS. A diferença média entre os valores obtidos da coluna total de ozônio do Espectroradiômetro e o Brewer foi de 0,7% e com o TOMS foi de 3,1% enquanto a comparação para a coluna total de ozônio fornecida pelos Radiômetros com o Brewer apresentou diferença média de 2% e com o TOMS de 4,3%. Estes resultados comprovam a eficiência do método utilizado e uma boa aproximação das funções encontradas.

Ground-based observations of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations have been carried out in Tokyo, Japan, São Martinho da Serra, Brazil, and Punta Arenas, Chile. The initial results showed that the observations were concerned with the total amount of ozone. Variations in the flux ratio between UV-B and UV-A radiation in both hemispheres show a clear anti-correlation with the amount of ozone along line-of-sight. As a result of least-square fitting, exponential functions between the UV-ratio (UV-B/UV-A) and effective ozone are obtained. Radiometer data at Punta Arenas also show sudden enhancement of UV-B radiation in the beginning of spring, indicating that the arrival of the ozone hole can be detected from the ground.

In this work we present a methodology to calculate the temperature in the upper mesosphere using a spectral OH (6-2) airglow temperature imager. The temperature imager system consists of a CCD camera and an optical head (including an interferometer filter, Fresnel lens and objective lens) which was developed by Airglow group of INPE in São José dos Campos, Brazil. The instrument calibration was performed at National Institute of Polar Research, Japan, using a 2 m diameter integrating sphere. The airglow test observations were carried out at Cachoeira Paulista Observatory (22.7ºS), Brazil, from March to May 2005, and the results were compared to that obtained by a tilting-filter zenith photometer (MC2) at the same place. Some results are presented and compared with MSISE-90 atmospheric temperature model, which showed a good agreement in the nocturnal mean values, while exhibiting a different nocturnal variability.

The terrestrial atmosphere is a dynamical system in which periodic oscillations are present and play a significant role in the dynamics of the upper mesosphere and low thermosphere (MLT). It is already well known that atmospheric tides play an important role in the dynamics of the MLT region, and the purpose of this study is to extend our knowledge of diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations in the equatorial MLT, taking advantage of the measurements of meteor winds over São João do Cariri, Brazil (7ºS, 36ºW), obtained from August 2004 to August 2005. In a preliminary analysis, we have observed that both zonal and meridional wind components exhibited variability with respect to both time and height. The prevailing zonal wind shows a structure characterized by a semiannual oscillation (SAO) and are westward most of the time. The prevailing meridional wind is weaker than the zonal and exhibit an annual cycle. Diurnal and semidiurnal meridional wind oscillations also exhibit time and height variability. In general, the diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes for the meridional wind component were larger than that for the zonal component.From the phase structures, it was found that the vertical wavelength of the diurnal variations exhibited values from 20 to 30 km for the meridional wind component, whereas for the semidiurnal oscillation they were between 50 and 70 km during equinoxes when the meridional amplitudes were stronger.

Simultaneous observations of the atmospheric neutral winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) by meteor radar have been carried out at São João do Cariri (7.4ºS, 36.5ºW) and Cachoeira Paulista (22.7ºS, 45.0ºW). From the wind variability we investigate the atmospheric planetary-scale quasi-two-day waves, which were present at both the sites during the winter of 2004 and summer of 2004/2005. The amplitude of the meridional component was larger than that of the zonal component, reaching a maximum value of ~ 60 m/s at the equatorial site and ~ 25 m/s at the low latitude site during the winter. During the January-February period the 2-day wave was very similar at the two sites, with a maximum amplitude of ~ 50 m/s. The phase propagation with height shows a descending mode and upward energy propagation. The vertical wavelength estimated for Cachoeira Paulista (40-67 km) was longer than for São João do Cariri (30-35 km), for all of the observed events. Cross-spectral analysis showed a significant coherence between the quasi-two-day oscillations observed at the two sites. From the phase difference between the two sites we concluded that São João do Cariri leads Cachoeira Paulista. These results denote that amplitude peak at 36.5ºW and subsequently at 45ºW, compatible with a westward propagating wave.

A variety of optical remote sensing techniques have now revealed a rich spectrum of wave activity in the upper atmosphere. Many of these perturbations, with periodicities ranging from ~ 5 min to many hours and horizontal scales of a few tens of km to several thousands km, are due to freely propagating atmospheric gravity waves and forced tidal oscillations. Passive optical observations of the spatial and temporal characteristics of these waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region ( ~ 80-100 km) are facilitated by several naturally occurring, vertically distinct nightglow layers. This paper describes the use of state-of-the-art ground-based CCD imaging techniques to detect these waves in intensity and temperature. All-sky (180º) image measurements are used to illustrate the characteristics of small-scale, short period ( < 1 hour) waves and to investigate their seasonal propagation and momentum impact on the MLT region. These results are then contrasted with measurements of mesospheric temperature made using a new temperature mapping imaging system capable of determining induced temperature amplitudes of a large range of wave motions and investigating night-to-night and seasonal variability in mesospheric temperature.

Perfis de temperatura obtidos pelo satélite CHAMP nos anos de 2001 a 2005 foram utilizados para determinar a atividade de ondas de gravidade na região da baixa estratosfera sobre a América do Sul. Os resultados encontrados para a energia potencial integrada, entre 24 e 34 km de altitude, mostraram uma variação interanual na atividade de ondas de gravidade, com uma maior atividade de ondas em torno da região equatorial. Para melhor avaliar a variação da atividade de ondas de gravidade, foi determinada a energia potencial média integrada entre (10ºN-10ºS) e (100ºO- 20ºO). Os resultados da energia potencial média mostraram uma variação sazonal da atividade de ondas de gravidade. O inverno foi a estação do ano com a menor atividade de ondas, enquanto que a primavera apresentou um aumento na atividade de ondas. A atividade de ondas de gravidade na baixa estratosfera, inferida através da energia potencial média, apresenta claramente um aumento nos anos de 2002 e 2004 e uma diminuição nos anos de 2003 e 2005.

Five years of winds measurements obtained by a SkiYmet meteor radar at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7ºS, 45.0ºW) are used to investigate the terdiurnal tide. This type of tide is frequently observed in the meteor region but the mechanisms responsible for its production are not yet completely explained. Among the possible causes are solar direct forcing and nonlinear interactions between the diurnal and semidiurnal tides. Nonlinear interaction between diurnal and semidiurnal tides can generate two secondary waves: a diurnal tide and a terdiurnal tide. The origin and seasonal distribution of the terdiurnal tide may indicate the presence of a secondary diurnal tide as a cause of variability in the primary diurnal tide. In this work we analyze the winds data in search of evidence for these mechanisms.

A aeroluminescência do sódio mesosférico ocorre quando o átomo de sódio decai do estado excitado ²P para o estado ²S emitindo na linha D em lambda = 589.3 nm. Medidas da intensidade noturna da emissão têm sido realizadas por um fotômetro multicanal instalado em São João do Cariri (7,38ºS; 36,54ºw) desde 1998. Neste trabalho foi analisada uma série de dados obtidos no período de 1998 a 2003, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento sazonal da emissão e suas possíveis relações com a emissão do OH (6,2) e com a atividade solar. As análises mostram que a emissão caracteriza-se por uma forte variação semi-anual com máximos nos equinócios e mínimos nos solstícios, estando estes resultados em concordância com outros estudos realizados em regiões equatoriais. A dependência da emissão do NaD com a atividade solar mostrou uma concordância durante a ascensão e o declínio do ultimo ciclo solar, porém, durante o pico da atividade solar houve discrepâncias. Por outro lado, as emissões do NaD e do OH (6,2) mostraram ter aspectos semelhantes nas suas respectivas variações sazonais.

This paper presents results from a new model of field-line-integrated ionospheric conductivity for the Brazilian equatorial region. It was developed aiming to calculate zonal electric fields at E-region heights in the equatorial region. The present model is based on a constant neutral atmosphere model and on an empirical electron densities model (which also gives the ion composition) adjusted by E-region electron density measured by digisonde. It is also based on a geomagnetic field model that we approximate with a dipole which is not located at the centre of the Earth due to the large magnetic declination angle in the Brazilian sector. We have also considered the eccentric dipole having an inclination of 20º with respect to the Earth rotation axis. The conductivities are calculated for the year 2002 and the results from the present model are compared to those obtained from the conductivity model of the Kyoto University.

Meter size irregularities are routinely studied with radars in the equatorial and low latitude regions. In both instances echoes from the E-region (90 to 120 km altitude) are a common occurrence. The resulting echoes are labeled as so-called Type I or Type II according to their spectral signature. In this paper we show that the phase velocity of Type I echoes increases with decreasing altitude owing to thermal feedback effects taking place in the growth process. We also show that Type II echoes can be influenced by atmospheric neutral winds to the point of revealing the presence of Kelvin- Helmholtz billows, as shown by a recently studied example taken from the Gadanki radar in India.

Spectral analysis of radar echoes through spectral moment estimation allows to identify the characteristics of plasma irregularities from equatorial electrojet. The curve fitting using the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) was chosen as the technique to obtain the plasma irregularity information. The implication of applying distinct number of incoherent integration to simulated Type 1 plasma irregularity radar spectra is investigated. The response of the fitting is evaluated using the covariance matrix of the MLE. A statistical study of incoherent integration applied to equatorial electrojet plasma irregularity spectra is presented in order to determine its effects over the estimation of Doppler velocities. The optimal values of incoherent integrations in relation to the goodness of the fitting are obtained in order to better determine the Type 1 plasma irregularity characteristics.

The height variation of the ionospheric electron density was measured with rocket-borne electron density probes from Alcântara (2.31ºS; 35.2ºW) in Brazil. A Black Brant X sounding rocket was launched on 14-th October 1994 at 19h55min (LT) to investigate the phenomenon of high-altitude equatorial spread-F events. Ground equipments were operated during the campaign to ensure that the rocket was launched under conditions favorable for the generation of plasma bubbles in the F-region. The electron density was measured by three different types of probes. A High Frequency Capacitance probe (HFC) gave density data with low height resolution, while a conventional Langmuir Probe (LP) and a Plasma Frequency Probe (PFP) measured the electron density and the spatial fluctuations in it. The k-spectra of the plasma irregularities were obtained by the spectral analysis of the electron density fluctuation data. An important feature observed was the continuous presence of plasma irregularities of a large range of vertical scale sizes in the altitude range of 340 km to 817 km. The electron number density varied considerably in these spatial structures, for example a decrease by a factor of 2.6 in a vertical extension of 1 km near the altitude of 497 km. Near 535 km altitude the electron density increased by a factor of 1.8 within a height range of 2.7 km. Density structures of vertical scale sizes in the range of hundreds of meters also were observed superposed on the large-scale structures. During the rocket upleg two height regions of intense irregularities were observed, one between 366 and 480 km and the other between 684 and 812 km. The Langmuir Probe (LP) could make measurements of irregularities of vertical scale sizes more than 8 m in these height ranges, while the Plasma Frequency Probe, could make measurements of irregularities of vertical scale sizes as small as 0.5 m. Spectral features of these irregularities as observed by the two plasma probes at different height regions are presented and discussed here.

O estudo das irregularidades ionosféricas ou bolhas de plasma é muito importante para se entender os processos dinâmicos da alta atmosfera. A sua variabilidade é um elemento determinante na previsão do clima espacial, portanto a previsão em curto prazo do comportamento das bolhas é essencial para o planejamento de atividades e de sistemas de aplicações espaciais. Neste trabalho apresentamos resultados de dois anos (setembro de 2000 a agosto de 2002) de observações de bolhas de plasma através de dados do airglow (OI 630,0 nm) coletados por um imageador "all sky" instalado em São João do Cariri (7º13'S; 35º52'W). O fenômeno de bolhas de plasma apresentou um comportamento sazonal caracterizado pelo seu surgimento entre os meses de setembro e março dos dois anos observados, sendo que nos outros meses foram poucas vezes que detectamos bolhas. Por outro lado, pode-se ver também que durante os meses de equinócio o pico de ocorrência das bolhas aconteceu mais cedo [ ~ 20:30 hora local (LT)] do que nos meses do verão durante o qual o pico de ocorrência ficou por volta das 21:30 às 23:30 LT. Durante o verão a ocorrência de bolhas de plasma foi mais acentuada do que nos meses de equinócios. As condições dinâmicas do plasma ionosférico em baixas latitudes são dominadas pela deriva eletromagnética e dependem da condutividade ao longo das linhas de campo entre as regiões E conjugadas (latitudes conjugadas). Desta forma, o alinhamento entre o meridiano magnético e o terminadouro (linha de transição noite-dia) é o responsável pela variação sazonal das bolhas, bem como pela maior ocorrência deste fenômeno durante os meses do verão.

Several sounding rockets carrying plasma diagnostic experiments were launched from the Brazilian rocket launching stations in Natal (5.9ºS, 35.2ºW Geog. Lat.) and Alcântara (2.31ºS, 44.4ºW Geog. Lat.). Langmuir Probes (LP) were used to measure the height profiles of electron density and electron temperature and High Frequency Capacitance (HFC) probes were used to measure electron density. The LP's were also used to measure the amplitude of electron density fluctuations. A detailed study of the characteristic features of electron density irregularities in the scale size range of less than a meter to a few kilometres, observed by rocket-borne electron density probes under different ionospheric conditions is presented here. The main objective of these studies is the identification of these irregularities from the point of view of the dynamic and electrodynamic processes responsible for their generation. The existing theories of the Rayleigh Taylor Instability (RTI) mechanism applicable for conditions of the geomagnetic equatorial ionosphere over Brazil are critically examined in the light of the observations. The observed characteristics of the irregularities during four rocket launches are compared with the theoretically expected characteristics. These results confirm the operation of a cascade process that is responsible for the generation of a wide spectrum of irregularities. The large-scale irregularities are first generated probably by the RTI mechanism that creates conditions favourable for the operation of the Cross-Field (CFI) or the Gradient Drift Instability (GDI) mechanism. From the k-spectra of irregularities it is possible to obtain the spectral index n corresponding to the height chosen. In most of the cases the estimated spectral indices agree well with those published in the literature for the cases of irregularities generated by the GDI mechanism.

The effects of two intense magnetic storms over ionospheric irregularities were analyzed using GPS signal scintillation data from the stations of São Luís (2.57ºS, 44.21ºW, dip latitude 1.73ºS) in the equatorial region, São José dos Campos (23.07ºS, 45.86ºW, dip latitude 18.01ºS) and Cachoeira Paulista (22.57ºS, 45.07ºW, dip latitude 18.12ºS) both under the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), and São Martinho da Serra (29.28ºS, 53.82ºW, dip latitude 18.57ºS), located in the South of Brazil. Total Electron Content (TEC) data for São Luís and São José dos Campos, were also analyzed. The analyzed storms occurred on October 28-31, 2003 and on November 7-11, 2004. Both storm periods presented two main phases. In the nights of 29/30 and 30/31 of October, during the two storm main phase, it was observed that TEC over São José dos Campos reached higher values than the TEC for the magnetically quiet day of October 10, due to the effect of eastward electric field prompt penetration to magnetic equator that intensified the EIA. Compared to a quiet day (Oct 10), scintillation in the GPS signal amplitude due to ionospheric irregularity, quantified by the scintillation index S4, was stronger for Cachoeira Paulista (under EIA) during the night of 30/31but not for the night of 29/30 and for São Martinho da Serra was stronger during the nights of 29/30 and 30/31. Scintillation for the nights of 29/30 and 30/31 at these two stations lasted longer than on October 10, reaching the post midnight time sector. During the November 7-11 storm, TEC kept the behavior of a quiet day except during days 10 and 11 (up to 9 UT), when a large TEC decrease was observed. The GPS scintillation, compared to the quiet day November 19, was larger at the equatorial station of São Luís during the nights of 7/8 and 8/9 and it was completely inhibited for the São Luís and São José dos Campos stations during the nights of 9/10 and 10/11, probably due to action of westward disturbance dynamo electric field penetration to equator.

An analysis of geomagnetic storm variations and the count rate of cosmic ray muons recorded at the Brazilian Southern Space Observatory -OES/CRS/INPE-MCT, in São Martinho da Serra, RS during the month of November 2004, is presented in this paper. The geomagnetic measurements are done by a three component low noise fluxgate magnetometer and the count rates of cosmic ray muons are recorded by a Muon Scintilator Telescope - MST, both instruments installed at the Observatory. The fluxgate magnetometer measures variations in the three orthogonal components of Earth magnetic field, H (North-South), D (East-West) and Z (Vertical), with data sampling rate of 0.5 Hz. The Muon Scintilator Telescope records hourly count rates. The arrival of a solar disturbance can be identified by observing the decrease in the muon count rate. The goal of this work is to describe the physical morphology and phenomenology observed during the geomagnetic storm of November 2004, using the H component of the geomagnetic field and vertical channel V of the multi-directional muon detector in South of Brazil.

In this work we present an analysis on the correction efficiency of atmospheric effects on cosmic ray São Martinho da Serra's muon telescope and Newark's neutron monitor data. We use a Multitaper spectral analysis of cosmic rays time series to show the main periodicities present in the corrected and uncorrected data for the atmospheric effects. This kind of correction is very important when intends to study cosmic rays variations of extra-terrestrial origin.