Repositório RCAAP

Este artigo pretende descrever vários aspetos da segregação, integração e inclusão dentro do sistema educativo obrigatório austríaco. Após uma introdução que contém definições e um resumo internacional, será brevemente descrito o sistema educativo da Áustria. Subsequentemente, três temas de interesse serão debatidos. Primeiro será caracterizada a situação atual referente à inclusão de crianças com necessidades educativas especiais. Esta situação difere bastante entre estados federais. Serão descritos os desenvolvimentos que conduziram à situação atual. Em segundo serão apresentados estudos empíricos recentes relativos ao movimento austríaco que almeja a inclusão. Em terceiro e a título exemplificativo serão apresentados em detalhe alguns desenvolvimentos recentes, alguns planos e visões futuras de três estados federais austríacos.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma grelha de planificação da intervenção facilitadora do desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas inclusivas. Para o efeito, procedeu-se a uma revisão da literatura centrada nos conceitos de Educação Inclusiva e de Desenho Universal para a Aprendizagem (Universal Design for Learning), a qual permitiu identificar e fundamentar a pertinência das dimensões a considerar na planificação da intervenção pedagógica, de modo a assegurar o acesso, a participação e o sucesso de todos os alunos. Com a apresentação da grelha de planificação da intervenção pedagógica pretende-se, em última análise, sublinhar a necessidade e a importância de desenvolver processos de planificação que disponibilizem formas diversificadas de motivação e envolvimento dos alunos, que equacionem múltiplos processos de apresentação dos conteúdos a aprender e, por último, que possibilitem a utilização de diversas formas de ação e expressão por parte dos alunos.

O segundo número do volume 6 da Revista Da Investigação às Práticas: Estudos de Natureza Educacional apresenta sete artigos e duas recensões. O primeiro artigo, intitulado School change and educational reform: How activity theory could respond to Sarason's insights de Sharada Gade da Universidade Umeå, na Suécia, entrelaça as perspetivas teóricas de Sarason e Engeström com trabalho empírico no intuito de discutir a mudança da escola e a reforma educacional em termos dos interesses dos alunos e da ação do professor na sua prática educativa. Este artigo oferece uma perspetiva internacional sobre o papel da mudança e da reforma educativa na Suécia.

A Comissão Editorial da revista Da Investigação às Práticas: Estudos de Natureza Educacional expressa o seu agradecimento a todos os que, pela análise e avaliação dos artigos submetidos para publicação, participaram no processo de revisão para os números dos Volumes 4, 5 e 6. Um agradecimento especial é devido àqueles que, não fazendo parte da Comissão Editorial nem do Conselho Editorial da revista, nos agraciaram com o seu contributo científico. Com os seus comentários críticos e as suas sugestões, estas pessoas, cujos nomes a seguir se indicam, contribuíram para melhorar a qualidade dos artigos apresentados nos últimos três anos e para o enriquecimento do campo de investigação educacional em que a revista se insere.

A infância sofreu, ao longo do último século, um conjunto de transformações assinaláveis no que diz respeito aos modos como tem vindo a ser conceptualizada, aos espaços que tem vindo a (não) ocupar e aos tempos em que tem vindo a ser compartimentada.Podemos afirmar que a infância, tal como hoje a compreendemos, sendo uma estrutura geracional universal, presente em todas as sociedades humanas, está profundamente comprometida com os modos como o mundo adulto a conceptualiza, como entende as crianças e como projeta nelas as suas expetativas.A proposta editorial que apresentamos, sustentada a partir dos Estudos da Criança, vem propor um olhar crítico acerca da normatividade, cada vez mais vincada nas propostas pedagógicas para as crianças mais pequenas, nomeadamente, defendendo a necessidade de um olhar mais denso sobre a dimensão ontológica do sujeito-criança nos contextos da educação de infância,que respeite os seus direitos fundamentais, os seus tempos e culturas.

Para as pedagogias participativas a criança é um sujeito – autor e ator, agente e partícipe. Sujeito individual e sujeito social, pessoa e cidadão, utilizador e criador de artefactos culturais. Esta criança é um indivíduo autónomo, cooperativo e competente, com direitos e deveres, reflexivo e crítico, ativo e participativo, que se relaciona com o mundo e as pessoas, com as coisas e o conhecimento. Esta criança pensa, sente e questiona, aceita e rejeita, diz sim e não; possui uma identidade relacional que participa onde pertence, na expetativa de respeitar e ser respeitada. Esta criança, utilizando o conceito de Malaguzzi, expressa-se com cem linguagens (Malaguzzi, 1998, 2006).

Different operative approaches for the repair of a genital prolapse have been reported. However, for the reconstitution of a physiological axis of the vagina, a sacropexy seems to be the most adequate approach. We describe a method of laparoscopic apical prolapse surgery, where the lateral parts of the iliopectineal ligament are used for a bilateral mesh fixation of the descended structures. The iliopectineal ligament is a stable structure for the fixation of meshes and sutures, statistically significant stronger than the sacrospinous ligament and arcus tendinous of pelvic fascia. The incidence of defecation disorders, are reduced by a more physiological lateral fixation, which does not reduce the pelvic space. We used a single-port transumbilical device, with an additional 5 mm port, where at the end of the procedure, the drain is placed. This technique, a virtually scarless surgery, represents also, an option for women, who have an esthetic concern about scars.

PurposeTo evaluate the relationship between mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and post-surgical Gleason scores. To determine the diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) on a 1.5T magnet in distinguishing low, intermediate and high-grade prostate tumors.Material and methodsThis is a retrospective institutional-review-board-approved, single-center study including 30 patients (median age, 60 years) who underwent mp-MRI before prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Using histological reports for guidance, the tumors were localized in ADC maps, and mean ADCs were measured and examined for correlation with Gleason scores. 2 patients had 2 measurable foci, so a total of 32 tumors were studied. The diagnostic accuracy of the mean ADC was assessed by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).ResultsIn the differentiation of tumors with a Gleason score of 6 from those with a Gleason score of at least 7, mean ADC yielded an AUC of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.59, 0.93). In the differentiation of tumors with Gleason scores of 6 or 7 from those with a Gleason score of at least 8, mean ADC yielded an AUC of 0.94 (95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.00).ConclusionMean ADC values may allow a correct assessment of the patient risk using a 1.5T magnet without ERC.

Introduction: Bladder cancer is the ninth common tumor worldwide and the most common malignant carcinoma of urinary system with an increasing incidence. Despite the high frequency and mortality associated with this carcinoma, little has evolved recently regarding the diagnosis and management of this type of tumor. In fact, cystoscopy and cytology are still standards for bladder cancer detection. The development of less invasive and more reliable diagnostic techniques of bladder cancer than cystoscopy and cytology is critical. In this sense, metabolomics has recently emerged as a promising technique for the diagnosis and orientation of oncological diseases. Evidence Acquisition: We searched PubMed, Medline and Web of Science for studies about metabolomics and bladder cancer published before October 2017. We performed a review of the literature, trying to clarify what is already known about the application of metabolomics in bladder cancer and what are the future prospects. Evidence Synthesis: The spectral acquisition is made using predominantly two analytic platforms: nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Regarding to bladder cancer, several metabolites were associated with the presence of bladder cancer, leading to the creation of a metabolomic profile capable of distinguishing between bladder cancer patients and control. Besides the diagnosis, the metabolomic has also been studied to stratify bladder cancer according to its aggressiveness. In this sense there are studies that used metabolomic analysis to distinguish between low-grade and high-grade bladder cancer. One investigation showed that the levels of carnitine were higher in muscle-invasive bladder cancer than in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer, which suggests that they may be correlated with bladder cancer aggressiveness. Conclusion: Biomarkers detected by metabolomics give an insight into cancer biology and tapped properly this can lead to new strategies for bladder cancer diagnosis and new drugs discovery.

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Self-inserted urethrovesical foreign bodies are rare in children.We present three cases and discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of such patients. In case 1, a 16-year-old boy introduced a wire into the urethra and partially into the bladder three days before. In case 2, a 4-year-old boy introduced a hairpin in the urethra in the same day. In case 3, a 11-year-old boy introduced a sewing needle in the urethra a few hours before. Cystourethroscopy and suprapubic cystotomy were used to remove the foreign bodies. The presentation of urethrovesical foreign bodies can vary widely, as can the type of object inserted. Foreign body retrieval is determined by its morphology and the patient’s conditions with the aim to minimise urothelial trauma and preserve erectile function. Definitive treatment is usually the endoscopic removal, however sometimes surgical intervention may be required. It is advocated follow-up with long duration, which is necessary to diagnose the long-term complications including urethral stricture.

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Phalloplasty can be either performed as a penile reconstructive or phallic constructive procedure, mainly in penile trauma victims or female-to-male gender reassignment. After the introduction of the radial artery-based forearm free flap and with the further awareness of patient desire to void while standing, urethral reconstruction became a standard procedure and a main goal to attain in phalloplasty. Urethroplasty techniques can be broadly split in two main groups: as part of a tube-within-a-tube skin flap or as an independent other-than-skin graft. Urethral complications, such as fistula, stricture, or stones, are common and often recur after treatment. In this review, the main techniques of urethral reconstruction in phalloplasty are reviewed and compared. Urethral complications are also reviewed as well as their management.

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Introduction: Chronic bacterial prostatitis accounts for 5% - 10% of all prostatitis cases, inducing a significant decline in the quality of life of patients. The current therapeutic approach of chronic bacterial prostatitis is based on long-term antibacterial therapy with fluoroquinolones. However, many cases relapse with gained antibiotic resistance, requiring another treatment cycle, sometimes intravenous in inpatient care setting. This paper presents a review of the literature on the efficacy of oral antibiotics in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis by microorganisms resistant to first-line antibiotics. Methods: Systematic review according to PICO methodology of the literature published in PubMed, using the keywords: “prostatitis”, “nitrofurantoin”, “macrolides”, “fosfomycin”, “amoxicillin”, “cephalosporins”, “tetracycline” and “doxycycline”. Results: 15 studies were included, which analyzed the clinical (clinical cure) and/or microbiological efficacy (bacterial eradication) in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by various etiological agents treated with fosfomycin, amoxicillin, macrolides or tetracyclines. Discussion: In two case series, fosfomycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination showed efficacy in chronic bacterial prostatitis by multidrugresistant Enterobacteriaceae, hence they may be a therapeutic alternative. A fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination was also effective in chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by habitual bacterial agents. Good quality studies exist on the role of macrolides and tetracyclines in chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by intracellular atypical agents, where they present as first choice. Conclusion: The need for new alternatives in the treatment of resistant chronic bacterial prostatitis and the paucity of available information, warrant further research in this area.

Introduction: We intend to evaluate which factors are associated with unexpected hospital return (UHR) following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Material and Methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study of all TURBTs performed between 2015-2016. Results: A total of 499 TURBTs were performed in 389 patients. Within 30 days of surgery, there was an UHR in 16.8% of cases, 4.2% demanding hospital readmission. UHR occurred mainly because of urinary tract infection (UTI) (38.1%). There was a significantly increased UHR in cases of primary tumour, larger tumor size, incomplete tumour resection, need for additional endoscopic procedures, higher surgery time, longer urethral catheterization, higher values of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) and lower preoperative hemoglobin. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found a strong and independent association between UHR and length of surgery (OR = 1.016), duration of urethral catheterization (OR = 1.059) and preoperative CRP (OR = 1.131). Conclusion: Early UHR after programmed TURBT occurred in almost 17% of cases, mainly because of UTI. For each additional minute of surgery, each additional day of UC and each additional unit (mg/dL) of preoperative CRP, there is an increased risk of UHR in 1.6%, 5.9% and 13.1% respectively. As CRP value is not a modifiable variable, it is up to the surgeon to optimize the operative time and mainly the length of UC in order to reduce the probability of UHR.

Introduction: The non-muscle invasive bladder tumors should be stratified into risk groups so the adjuvant treatment after surgery can be suited to each patient. The high risk tumors should be treated with one to three-year maintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). It has been reported shortages of intravesical BCG and our hospital center was affected in 2014/2015, leading to a treatment change of the patients who had indication to BCG. Gemcitabine could be a valid alternative because some studies show it may have a role in intermediate-risk patients, as an alternative to mitomycin C, and in high risk, BCG-refractory patients, with a better toxicity profile. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective study that included patients with non-muscle invasive bladder tumors of high risk with onset of disease in 2013/2014, affected by the BCG shortage period at the Hospital Center. Results: At CHLC, 11 high-risk patients were treated with gemcitabine, only two exclusively, and the others sequentially with BCG. Only two patients, treated with both gemcitabine and BCG, had tumoral recurrence. However, a significant number (6 out of 11) had adverse events, two of whom had to stop treatment. Conclusion: Apparently, gemcitabine seems to be a good adjuvant treatment choice during the shortage of the gold standard treatment, due to the low number of recurrence, although adverse events reported were high.

Introduction: Besides burn wound infections, burned patients are also more susceptible to other types of nosocomial infections. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) are one of the most common infections in this context, responsible for high morbidity, increased hospital stay and associated costs. The aim of this study was to characterize catheter-associated urinary tract infections in hospitalized burn patients and evaluate the frequency of microbiologic agents responsible for these infections. Material and Methods: Retrospective study, performed in a Burn Center (Coimbra Burns Unit) of a University Hospital (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal – CHUC), based in the clinical data and urine cultures of burned patients who have performed at least once this exam between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014. Different variables such as date of infection, general characteristics of the population and the responsible pathogen were analyzed. Infections were further categorized taking into account the existence of previous episodes of CA-UTI, thereby defining primary infection, re- infection, relapse and over-infection. Results: Between January 2010 and December 2014, 213 CA-UTI were diagnosed in 143 patients. The most common uropathogens were E. coli (27.2%), Enterococcus faecalis (20.2%), Pseudomonas spp. (13.1%), Candida spp. (12.1%), Klebsiella spp. (10.8%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (9.9%). The most common microorganisms varied significantly depending on the gender of the patient. The CA-UTI analyzed corresponded to 143 primary infections, 44 reinfections, 17 relapses and nine over-infections. Relapse corresponded to 11% of infections in males and 5.7% in females and was significantly more frequent in infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii. Discussion/Conclusion: Catheter-associated urinary infections are common in intensive care units, particularly at Burn Units. The most common pathogens identified were similar to those reported in the literature. Pathogens responsible for polymicrobial infections were similar to those in monomicrobial infections, probably due to the short-term nature of urinary catheterization. Infections by Acinetobacter baumannii showed high susceptibility to relapse, which is probably related to its multi-drug resistance, common in this pathogen. The high relapse rate detected in males is probably related to the greater frequency of Acinetobacter baumannii infections in this gender. Candiduria was more frequent in the context of reinfection and over-infection, probably due to disruption of bacterial flora secondary to previous systemic antibiotics.

AimIn the evaluation of prostate cancer, clinical nomograms are commonly used to predict the probability of lymphatic and extra‐nodal spread. Those nomograms may suggest the presence and the extension of this cancer but do not allow a clear distinction between loco‐regional and distant disease. In this study, it was intended to evaluate the usefulness of 18F‐Fluorocoline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FCH‐PET/CT) in the workup of patients with the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer and staged by this imaging technique.Material and methodsThe medical records of 39 patients with prostate cancer who underwent 18F‐FCH PET/CT for initial staging, between November 2010 and April 2015, were reviewed. Of these, 20 patients were excluded because they had already started hormonotherapy. In the other 19 patients, the performance of 18F‐FCH PET/CT for the detection of lymph node metastasis was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy. Six patients had performed pelvic lymphadenectomy (total of 69 lymph nodes), allowing histological confirmation. When there was no histological confirmation (total of 30 lymph nodes and 3 cases of bone metastasis), the findings of 18F‐FCH PET/CT were correlated with the values of PSA and the information from multiple imaging modalities such as CT, bone scan, magnetic resonance (MRI), 18F‐Sodium Fluoride (18F‐NaF) PET/CT of control.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy for lymph node metastasis detection were, respectively, 96.8%, 80.9%, 69.8%, 98.2% and 85.8%. In our sample, this technique also allowed the identification of nodal extra pelvic or bone metastasis in 5 patients (26.3%) with implications in the treatment. It showed uptake suggestive of bone metastasis, corroborated by other diagnostic technics or by the follow‐up, in 3 patients, those with prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 9.5±2.9 ng/mL.Conclusion18F‐FCH PET/CT is an entire body and multi organ imaging modality that allows the identification, globally, of the sites of disease in patients with prostate cancer. In this study, 18F‐FCH PET/CT showed good results when used in the initial staging of these patients. It is highlighted the ability to detect distant disease, in particular bone metastasis, even with PSA<20ng/mL.

Introduction: Congenital obstructive megaureter may be treated with endoscopic balloon dilatation, particularly in children under one year of age. We report our experience over a six year period. Patients and methods: All patients with diagnosis of primary obstructive megaureter (POM) treated with endoscopic balloon dilatation from 2009 to 2014 (6 years) were included. The diagnosis of POM was based on dilatation of the distal ureter greater than 7 mm, obstructive curve on MAG 3 diuretic renogram and absence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). After diagnosis, conservative management was maintained with antibiotic prophylaxis in all patients. The indications for surgery were a combination of clinical, ultrasonographic and renographic findings. Under general anesthesia and after retrograde ureteropielography, high pressure balloon dilation of the ureterovesical junction was performed under direct and fluoroscopic vision until the disappearance of the narrowed ring. A double-J catheter was positioned. Follow-up was performed with ultrasonography and diuretic renogram. The success of the intervention was defined by improvement of HUN (at least 2 grades). Results: A total of nine patients underwent this procedure on a single ureter, two girls and seven boys, with a mean age of 7. 6 months (range 1-14) at the intervention. Five were left sided and four were right sided. All patients had prenatal diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis (HUN). No patients were lost to follow-up (average 46.7 months). They all had HUN greater than grade 3 and preoperative MAG3 diuretic renogram was obstructive in all cases.  Mean differential function of the affected kidney was 46.2% (range 40-53%). The main indication for surgical treatment was progressive HUN. All patients were treated endoscopically with no intraoperative complications. Ultrasound showed improvement of the HUN in six patients (66.7%). Three patients were reimplanted (33.3%). The mean differential renal function (DRF) after the procedure was 47.4% (range 41-53%). At the latest follow-up assessment, all patients remained asymptomatic. Discussion: Endoscopic balloon dilatation is a useful option in the management of POM requiring surgical intervention and may be considered first line treatment in small children.