Repositório RCAAP

Agriculture plays a key role in society, both in developed and developing economies. In Brazil, it has fulfilled its basic functions, being strongly linked to economic dynamics and food security. In the European Union (EU) agriculture has also played a prominent role which, after The Second World War, has unfolded in the formulation of a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which has been mainly based on providing food security within its territory. However, during its trajectory the policy was strongly influenced by the particular interests of its member countries linked to trade issues, which were important components in the decisions taken in the economic aspect of agricultural policy, which eventually elevated the economic relevance of agriculture to EU trade relations. In this context, the study is included, which is based on discussing the objectives of agricultural policy in Brazil and Germany and its implications in the Western Mesoregion of Paraná and the State of Nordrhein-Westfalen. Soon, it was possible to realize that the institutional arrangement of the Brazilian rural credit policy was formatted to respond to incentives via market prices, which are dictated by the international commodity trade. While the CAP was concerned with maintaining the status quo in the countryside by public means untied from the agricultural price market. This process was sustained via transfers of resources from society to farmers through costly subsidies and eventually assisted in the maintenance of rural space in both territories.

Este estudo investigou o agravamento do contexto de vulnerabilidade socioambiental dos trabalhadores pulverizadores de agrotóxicos no município de Vera Cruz-RN. A partir da década de 1990, o modelo produtivo agrícola intensificou o uso de agrotóxicos no município gerando condições de vida e trabalho degradantes além de favorecer a comercialização indiscriminada destes produtos. Neste artigo, examinou-se esse processo à luz da concepção de desenvolvimento de Amartya Sen (2010), em especial sua abordagem das capacidades, tendo como foco às condições socioeconômicas, de saúde, de trabalho e as motivações que orientaram a “escolha” dos indivíduos por essa função. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com 14 pulverizadores. Os resultados mostraram que estes estão submetidos à condições laborais precárias: total informalidade, exposição sistemática a quantidades e diversidade de agrotóxicos, inclusive de alta toxicidade, sem qualquer forma de controle e cuidado, baixa remuneração e ausência de proteção social. Contudo, a pulverização tem rendas melhores quando comparadas às demais funções agrícolas. Por isso, as condições de precariedade são muitas vezes negadas pelos próprios trabalhadores que temem a perda de suas ocupações. Segundo Sen, essas condições impedem os indivíduos de desempenhar suas capacidades e seu papel de agente, a medida que limitam suas escolhas e privam suas liberdades instrumentais, impossibilitando-os de melhorar sua qualidade de vida. Na ótica socioambiental ampliaram-se as vulnerabilidades, alterando as condições naturais e de saúde do trabalhador. Por fim, não foi identificado qualquer atuação do poder público para coibir a comercialização clandestina dos agrotóxicos comprados facilmente nos estabelecimentos locais.

Durante más de 60 años, Colombia ha vivido un conflicto interno, con enfrentamientos entre diferentes grupos armados como guerrillas de extrema izquierda, paramilitares, bandas criminales, entre otros. Por detrás hay intereses en la acumulación de tierras y el dominio de rutas de narcotráfico. Como consecuencia, más de 8 millones de personas fueron desplazadas de las zonas rurales. A ese fenómeno se le sumó la desigualdad socioeconómica del campo que intensificó la migración de campesinos para ciudades como Bogotá. En ese escenario de mobilidad rural-urbana, el objetivo del artículo fue evidenciar el papel de la agricultura urbana (AU) en el proceso de reterritorialización de Bogotá vivido por víctimas del conflicto armado e campesinos(as). Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones adelantadas entre 2009 y 2019, que abordaron el tema de huertas urbanas cultivadas en la capital del país por víctimas del conflicto y/o por campesinos. Se analisaron los resultados de 15 estudios y entre los resultados se destacó que la práctica de AU propició el encuentro de personas de diferentes regiones del país y la formación de vínculos; facilitó el surgimiento de redes sociales y, por último, permitió el rescate de memorias y saberes de las comunidades.

La reforma agraria es la política pública que posibilita que el campesino sin tierra tenga la posibilidad de reproducción social del grupo doméstico a través de la agricultura campesina. A su vez, la agricultura campesina es la que más se acerca a la agroecología porque sus prácticas de sustentabilidad son inherentes al modo de vida campesino que tiene la tierra como “hogar de vida”, que se diferencia de la agricultura capitalista. En este sentido, la agroecología es una forma de preservar una forma de vida ligada a una economía campesina cuyo centro es la recreación de la vida del grupo doméstico, no del lucro. El desafío en este estudio es aprehender la dinámica agroecológica en el asentamiento 20 de Março en Três Lagoas, especialmente considerando las dimensiones fundamentales de la agroecología, a saber: práctica / científica / movimiento. Estos caminos de estudio se siguieron en la búsqueda de la articulación de la teoría con el empirismo en forma de revisión teórica, uso de fuentes orales y registros fotográficos. Esta investigación encuentra sentido en el entendimiento de que el trabajo académico es una forma de contribución para fortalecer la lucha de los campesinos tanto por el acceso como por la permanencia en la tierra de la vida y el trabajo. También entendemos que la activación del modo de vida campesino es la posibilidad de construir una agricultura campesina agroecológica, aquella capaz de generar alimentos sin generar problemas socioambientales. Por eso, debemos escuchar las historias campesinas de recrear la vida para conocer los principios y caminos agroecológicos.   Palabras-clave: Campesino. Universidad. Agroecología. Práxis.

Cerrado has been dealing with an intense landscape shift due to the advance of agricultural frontier. The development model adopted in Brazil since the 1960s has encouraged the conservative modernization of agriculture and has emerged the “agribusiness pact”. This pact is intensified by an ideological apparatus mechanism called agro-strategies. This coordinated set of actions has been seeking to influence governmental policies due to the increase of commodities production areas. The protected areas in Cerrado play an important role to biodiversity conservancy and against the advance of the agricultural frontier. However, the agro-strategies have inflicted threats to those territories thereby it could reduce their territorial boundaries, provoking re-categorization or even causing flexibility of their protective goals. This paper aims to discuss the agricultural frontier territorial changes in Cerrado, and how agro-strategies have been acting over the conservation territories. The case which will be analyzed is the Springs of Parnaíba river national park downsizing. This protected area is located on the borders of the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia and one of the biggest production areas of the country.

This research deals with the relationship of territoriality built by the quilombola communities and the organization of their socioproductive spaces, taking into account the historical problems of access to land that mark the landscape structure in Brazil. The small quilombo communities present in the Cocais Territory, in the state of Piauí, reveal in their multiterritoriality and microterritoriality, marks of spatialized temporalities in the forms of access and use of land. From this perspective, the Anacleto Village Community, located in the municipality of Esperantina (PI), where participatory mapping workshops (ACT BRASIL, 2018) involving rural workers in the community were promoted, as well as documentary research and application of questionnaires. The territory of this community is marked by the sociobiodiversity of the carnauba palm, although few residents have access to the carnauba. The results pointed out that land concentration and submission to norms imposed by landowners mark the organization of socioproductive space, with low productivity and little insertion in public policies aimed at strengthening the local economy.

The work that now are going presented aimed to outline some considerations about the advance of mining interests in the Cerrado biome, emphasizing its implications in Indigenous Lands (TIs), under a context of Conservative Ultraliberal Neoextractivism, and appropriation of natural resources. Specifically, we present the cartography of the advance of mining interests in the Cerrado, signaling important aspects and still very few discussed about the pressure that mining interests represent for these communities. The results presented and discussed here show that there has been a significant advance in mining processes in the research phase in recent decades in Cerrado, with a high concentration in the Cerrado of Goiás region. Indigenous Lands are going showed like small island areas amid mining interests.

Resumen: El propósito de este texto es discutir los impactos de la Central Hidroeléctrica Lajeado en el pueblo Akwẽ-Xerente y cómo el Programa de Compensação Ambiental Xerente (Procambix) profundizó aún más los problemas que traía dicha central. La presa de Lajeado comenzó a operar en 2002, trayendo una serie de efectos negativos al Akwẽ-Xerente, especialmente en lo que respecta a la alimentación, ya que la alteración en el caudal del río se reflejó negativamente en la calidad y cantidad de los pantanos y, también , en la cantidad de pescado y otros alimentos disponibles. Al encontrarse aguas abajo de la presa, estas personas no fueron consideradas a priori afectadas, quedando al margen del proceso de negociación con la constructora. Pero, después de mucha lucha y con la asistencia del Ministerio Público Federal, los Akwẽ fueron reconocidos como afectados. Así, el Programa de Compensação Ambiental Xerente (Procambix) fue una medida compensatoria para mitigar las pérdidas sufridas por estas personas. Solo que Procambix no disminuyó dichos impactos. Por el contrario, profundizó aún más la precariedad del territorio, ya que fue implantado de afuera hacia adentro y no consideró las especificidades culturales de este pueblo. El texto se basa en una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tema propuesto, revisión que dialoga con las entrevistas realizadas con los Akwẽ-Xerente que participaron en la implementación de Procambix.

Actualmente, existen varias tecnologías sociales (TS) para vivir con el semiárido (CSA) que se están aplicando en la región Noreste de Brasil. Dichas tecnologías han contribuido a la construcción de ciudades y comunidades sostenibles, guiadas por los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), además de promover el desarrollo territorial de acuerdo con la Agenda 2030, propuesta por Naciones Unidas en 2015. Sin embargo, no son ampliamente conocidos ni accesibles para todos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo presentar dos experiencias exitosas con las tecnologías sociales de convivencia con el semiárido, el Bioágua y el Biodigestor, en el Municipio de Tabuleiro do Norte, Ceará (CE). Estas tecnologías buscan garantizar una mejor calidad de vida para quienes viven en el campo, manteniendo el equilibrio con el medio ambiente. Un análisis de los documentos oficiales, que sustentaron el proyecto en estudio - Comunidades Vivas, permitió rastrear el camino de las TS recorrido por el Instituto Brotar. Se realizó un abordaje cualitativo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con miembros de las comunidades beneficiadas. A partir de los datos recopilados y los análisis realizados, se identificó una relación existente entre la implementación de las TS con algunos de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030.

Los territorios que componen la Selva Lacandona del estado de Chiapas, evolucionaron de manera divergente como resultado de las confrontaciones internas e influencias externas. Este artículo estudia la incidencia de dos regímenes regionales: el autónomo y el conservacionista, en dos territorios vecinos. Con el fin de dilucidar cómo surgió la relación entre pobladores y otros actores y cómo esta interacción se refleja en una gestión territorialmente diferenciada. Con una perspectiva cualitativa que busca dar voz a los actores, la investigación se llevó a cabo en forma de estudios de caso, observación participante, reuniones, entrevistas y revisión documental. Los resultados muestran un proceso de colonización que priorizó inicialmente la ocupación y regularización de la tierra y la garantía de subsistencia mediante el aprovechamiento de la amplia biodiversidad territorial, el cultivo de la milpa y la crianza de cerdos. Pero, con el paso del tiempo, se fue gestando un proceso de diferenciación social -inducido por diferentes formas de acceso a la tierra y regulaciones sobre su uso- que llevó a la intensificación del uso de la tierra con tecnologías contrastantes. Las características de los territorios son el resultado de un proceso de largo plazo que expresa lo que es, lo que fue y lo que pretende ser; y las variaciones territoriales reflejan la forma en que afrontan las situaciones y la estrecha relación con las escalas con las que se relacionan.

The internationalization of places has influenced territorial dynamics, especially due to economic interests. This fact has provoked discussions among local social actors to think about the territory. In this sense, this research seeks to analyze the performance of state and local social actors in promoting territorial policies for the wine sector. Bairrada was chosen as the locus, which is one of the wine and gastronomy routes in Portugal. Although its origin is the region Denomination of Origin, the focus was on the territory. For this research, the theoretical and methodological approach was centered on territorial development, considering the typology of social, public and private actors, the types of actions, the circulation and communication networks, the space-time relationship of its territorialities and developmental relations. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a brief bibliographic and documentary review was carried out. In the second stage, an empirical research was conducted in Bairrada with interviews with public and private managers. The results indicate that the Bairrada territory has shown a positive development, leading to a desirable (normative) and more dynamic development.

Expediente

This work is the result of the master's research, addressing the conflicts faced by the riverside community of Camp Coragem in relation to the Estreito Hydroelectric Power Plant (MA). The objective is to present the results of the systematization of the experience of social mapping carried out in the community. As a methodology, participant observation and life story interviews with camp residents were adopted in order to present the narratives of resistance and the coping strategies adopted by the community in relation to the impacts caused by the dam's entrepreneurs, in this case the Estreito Energia consortium (CESTE). Since its installation, the plant continues to impact the lives of traditional communities. The Courage Camp emerges in 2015, in which fishermen and riverine dwellers occupy the land owned by CESTE, the plant's entrepreneur, as a way of claiming the rights violated with the construction of the dam. The results of the survey show that, even after eight years of constructing the Estreito Hydroelectric Power Station, the power station continues to impact the riverside communities and their livelihoods, as well as their professional practices, suffering compulsorily after the dam's construction.

The objective of this article is to analyze the dissident/productive character of the Dom Tomás Balduíno productive settlement. For this purpose, field research, documentary research, and bibliographic research were carried out, with location, survey, reading, and annotations of references. In addition to the survey of documents, application of focal interview, carrying out a transversal walk, with the systematic observation of the landscape and photographic register. This settlement is a dissident territory because despite the displacement of the families to the property made by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform-INCRA. The peasants nowadays resist subjective, symbolic, institutional violence from the agrarian oligarchy and the Brazilian State. They are victims of the denial of the public policy of agrarian reform, of unfulfilled promises to supervise the fulfillment of the social function of the land. They also install insurgent spatial practices, promote agroecological production, with the development of the agro-biodiversity, the food sovereignty, the productive autonomy of inputs, of the alternative markets. The material substrate was restructured, re-functionalized, with an endowment of the principles, concepts, and intelligent behaviors of agro-ecology.

Based on life history and participant and non-participant observation, this research was carried out with five peasant women from western Santa Catarina. The objective was to identify the economic and cultural changes in the life trajectories of these women and how they impacted the construction of their knowledge and agricultural management. Starting from the context of their childhood, the changes with the arrival of the Green Revolution and, later, the changes with their participation in the Movement of Peasant Women (MMC). The research revealed that MMC, through its struggles, contributes to the achievement of material and symbolic conditions that allow women to remain in the countryside and the regaining of their autonomy in the construction of their knowledge.

The new arrangements for the development of agriculture in Brazil, in particular for family agriculture, derive from neoliberal adjustments effected by a set of compensatory emergency policies. There is a set of counter-reforms not only in Brazil, but in most central capitalist societies and in developing economies since the 1990, presenting as a basic argument the emergence of a new policy pattern based on the idea of social security and social distributivism. The article aims to present the intersection between the Social Assistance Policy and the phenomenon of poverty in rural areas, analyzing the Family Agriculture Income Program, as a strategy of the Paranaense Family Program, with a focus on families in situations of social vulnerability living in the countryside. The social and historical contingencies of this new pattern of public policies, starting with the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, present commitments and a political agenda that underlie and promote the metamorphosis of Agrarian Policy into Social Policy in Brazil. The results demonstrate how this metamorphosis can be observed in the execution of social programs derived from the respective policies, which have a tendency to delegate to the Social Assistance Policy the resolution of highly complex, structural social phenomena of an agricultural model based, historically, on large plantations, in large estates, high concentration of land, unequal access to progress, culminating in the modernizing project of brazilian agriculture.

The work aims to analyze a history of agroecological transition of a family farming production unit through a proposal of evaluated indicators. The research is a case study, carried out in an agro-ecosystem in the rural area of Pato Branco - PR that started the agro-ecological transition in January 2018. The assessment was carried out using the methodology called Indicators of Measurement of Agroecological Transition (IMTA), created from a desire to understand how to know the level of conversion of a changing agro-ecosystem. This proposal was also created to facilitate the diagnosis of the limitations and possibilities of the consolidation strategies of the process. The result of the calculation shows the current situation of the system in which it is applied. The studied agro-ecosystem presented an IMTA corresponding to 48.88%, considered as having a high level of external dependence, requiring improvements for stability. The evaluation showed that the availability and access to essential resources, as well as the redesign of the system, were the most vulnerable aspects. The family did not reach its initial objective, which was to carry out the agroecological transition, building, through changes in management and technical itineraries, a more balanced agro-ecosystem and less dependent on external inputs. The methodological proposal proved to be competent and effective for quantifying the level of the transition, as well as pointing out the weak points that need to be strengthened.

This article presents the results of a master's research that sought to analyze the role of Agroecology in the construction of Good Living, with reference to peasant territoriality. It proposes to present a construct of Agroecological Peasant Good Living, elaborated from the interface and correlation of the elements identified in the bibliography, with those observed in the field. The methodology used in the research articulated theoretical revision with fieldwork. As an empirical case study, it was adopted the experience of the Contestado settlement, located in the municipality of Lapa, on Paraná State, Brazil. The results allow considering the Contestado settlement as a real experiment, in which peasants (re)exist and organize themselves to produce, think and live agroecologically, while they manifest new ways of relating among themselves, with nature and territory. The constitutive elements of the Agroecological Peasant Good Living, pointed out as a tendency in the settlement, were: environmental rationality, human emancipation, conviviality, food sovereignty and the promotion of health.  

Abstract   The objective of this work was to identify within the main Brazilian citrus belt - state of São Paulo and the Triangle / Southwest Mineiro - the perception of the orange producer in relation to the replacement of the crop by another within his property. In 922 properties stratified in number of plants: up to 20,000; 20,001 to 100,000 and more than 100,000, divided into 12 regions and 5 sectors. 260 interviews were conducted - one at each property. With 93% confidence level and 5% sampling error, it was identified that: orange production within the surveyed region, is mostly composed of small-scale producers, with low productivity per hectare, and little sophistication in methods control of production costs. The research identified balance in the presence of oranges with other crops on the properties, in addition, the producer has the perception that the orange, in the last harvests, was more profitable than the crops present in his region, and, therefore, he replace the citrus culture with another. In case of exchange, sugar cane is the preferred crop on the part of producers - especially in the central and northern regions of the Brazilian citrus belt. Keywords: regions. sectors. citrus properties. Orange. sugar cane

El objetivo de este artículo comprender, mediante el análisis del Colectivo Margarida Alves y de ASPROAB, las disputas de poder en torno al trabajo y a la producción del territorio en el Asentamiento Olga Benário, en Ipameri (Goiás). La contribución teórico-conceptual parte de las discusiones sobre territorio y relaciones de poder, con base en autores como Foucault, Raffestin y Saquet, además de quienes tratan del campesinado y de los asentamientos rurales, por ejemplo, Woortmann, Turatti, Pessoa y Ferrante, entre otros. En una investigación de campo, se realizaron 55 entrevistas semiestructuradas, entre enero y mayo de 2015. En 2019, también se efectuaron 20 entrevistas a miembros de ASPROAB. El trabajo se convirtió en eje central de las relaciones de poder y de la producción del territorio en el Asentamiento Olga Benário, caracterizado por diferentes proyectos políticos: por un lado, el rechazo de la mayoría de las familias al asentamiento colectivo y la adhesión al modelo asociativo, en el que se preserva la posesión de la tierra y la organización familiar del trabajo, con la preocupación de garantizar la estabilidad de vida en la tierra; por otro lado, el Colectivo Margarida Alves que, a pesar de su desaparición, también dejó su impronta en la dinámica histórica del asentamiento, por su propuesta alternativa de trabajo y tierra colectivos, en sintonía con la perspectiva de transformación social del MST. Palabras clave: Territorio. Relaciones de poder. Asentamiento Olga Benário. Ipameri. Goiás.