Repositório RCAAP

This work is directed to the study and evaluation of gas diffusion electrodes as detectors in hydrogen sensors. Electrochemical experiments were carried out with rotating disk electrodes with a thin porous coating of the catalyst as a previous step to select useful parameters for the sensor. An experimental arrangement made in the laboratory that simulates the sensor was found appropriate to detect volumetric hydrogen percentages above 0.25% in mixtures H2:N2. The system shows a linear response for volumetric percentages of hydrogen between 0.25 and 2 %.

Solid-state M-3-MeO-Bz compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and 3-MeO-Bz is 3-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical analysis were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

TLC autographic assays revealed in the hexane extract of Iryanthera juruensis (Myristicaceae) the presence of two compounds, with antioxidant properties towards beta-carotene. They were isolated and identified as 3-methyl-sargachromenol (1) and sargachromenol (2). Further investigation of the hexane extract led to isolations of 3-methyl-sargaquinoic acid (3) and sargaquinoic acid (4). The electrochemical behaviour of these compounds was studied in CH2Cl2/Bu4NBF4 at glassy carbon electrode. The phenolic group in both tocotrienols 1 and 2 are oxidized at +0.23V and +0.32V and their oxidation potentials are correlated with the observed antioxidant activities and oxidation mechanism of alpha-tocopherol. The reductive voltametric behaviour of quinone function in both plastoquinones 3 and 4 is discussed.

A new, simple, precise, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for methyldopa determination in pharmaceutical preparations is described. This method is based on the complexation reaction of methyldopa with molybdate. Absorbance of the resulting yellow coloured product is measured at 410 nm. Beer's Law is obeyed in a concentration range of 50 - 200 µg ml-1 methyldopa with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9999). No interference was observed from common excipients in formulations. The results show a simple, accurate, fast and readily applied method to the determination of methyldopa in pharmaceutical products. The analytical results obtained for these products by the proposed method are in agreement with those of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia procedure at 95% confidence level.

E-Lychnophoric acid 1, its derivative ester 2 and alcohol 3 killed 100% of trypomastigote blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi at the concentrations of 13.86, 5.68, and 6.48 µg/mL, respectively. Conformational distribution calculations (AM1) of 1, 2 and 3 gave minimum energies for the conformers a, b, c, and d, which differ from each other only in the cyclononene ring geometry. Calculations (DFT/BLYP/6-31G*) of geometry optimization and chemical properties were performed for conformers of 1, 2, and 3. The theoretical results were numerically compared to the trypanocidal activity. Calculated values of atomic charge, orbital population, and vibrational frequencies showed that the C-4-C-5 pi-endocyclic bond does not affect the trypanocidal activity of the studied compounds. Nevertheless, the structure of the group at C-4 strongly influences the activity. However, the theoretical results indicated that the intra-ring (C-1 and C-9) and pi-exocycle (C-8 and C-14) carbons of caryophyllene-type structures promote the trypanocidal activity of these compounds.

This paper discusses a rapid and sensitive method developed to determine trace levels of mercury in natural water samples by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry using a preconcentration system composed by mini-column packed with 100 mg of 2-aminothiazol modified silica gel (SiAT) coupled on-line with the spectrometer's cold vapor generator system. The optimum preconcentration conditions are also described here. The preconcentrated Hg(II) ions were eluted directly from the column to the spectrometer's cold vapor generator system using 100 µL of 2 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid and the retention efficiency achieved exceeded 95%. The enrichment factors determined were 29, 38 and 46 using 3, 4 and 5 mL of preconcentrated aqueous solutions containing 400 ng L-1 of Hg. The detection limit calculated was 5 ng L-1. The preconcentration procedure was applied to determine trace level mercury in spiked river water samples.

The electrochemical reduction of p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (NBSCl) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution is used here as a model to investigate the role of sulfinic acid derivative in this compound's global reduction process. Cyclic voltammetric experiments reveal the production of sulfinic acid derivative, which is important in chemical reactions involving the original compound and other intermediates. This paper also discusses the probable mechanisms of the reduction.

The possibility of using thiocyanate to determine iron(II) and/or iron(III) in water-acetone mixture has been re-examined as part of a systematic and comparative study involving metallic complexes of pseudohalide ligands. Some parameters that affect the complete oxidation of the ferrous cations, their subsequent complexation and the system stability have been studied to optimize the experimental conditions. Our results show the viability and potentiality of this simply methodology as an alternative analytical procedure to determine iron cations with high sensitivity, precision and accuracy. Studies on the calibration, stability, precision, and effect of various different ions have been carried out by using absorbance values measured at 480 nm. The analytical curve for the total iron determination obeys Beer's law (r = 0.9993), showing a higher sensitivity (molar absorptivity of 2.10x10(4) L cm-1 mol-1) when compared with other traditional systems (ligands) or even with the "similar" azide ion [1.53x10(4) L cm-1 mol-1, for iron-III/azide complexes, in 70% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran/water, at 396 nm]. Under such optimized experimental conditions, it is possible to determine iron in the concentration range from 0.5 to 2 ppm (15-65% T for older equipments, quartz cells of 1.00 cm). Analytical applications have been tested for some different materials (iron ores), also including pharmaceutical products for anemia, and results were compared with atomic absorption determinations. Very good agreement was obtained with these two different techniques, showing the potential of the present experimental conditions for the total iron spectrophotometric determinations (errors < 5%). The possibility of iron speciation was made evident by using another specific and auxiliary method for iron(II) or (III).

Este trabalho reporta o estudo de compostos binários do dicarboxilato 1,4-bis(3-carbóxi-3-oxo-prop-1-enil)benzeno, C6H4(-CH=CH-CO-COO-)2 , com os cátions metálicos Ag+ e Pb2+, obtidos a partir de soluções aquosas do ligante e dos nitratos dos cátions metálicos, em proporções estequiométricas. Para a caracterização e o estudo do processo de decomposição térmica desses compostos foram empregadas Espectrofotometria de Absorção na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Análise Elementar (C, H), Complexometria com EDTA, Termogravimetria (TG) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC).

A photometric flow titration based on the redox reaction between KMnO4 and minoxidil is described. The best titration results were observed at 3.20 x 10-4 mol L-1 KMnO4 and 1.00 x 10-3 mol L-1 minoxidil, using the minoxidil solutions as titrant. The flow rate was fixed at 17 mL min-1 and the titrant was added to the system in aliquots of 500 µL, the color changes were monitored at 550 nm. The method was applied to commercial samples and compared with the results from a chromatographic procedure. Recoveries from 97.6 to 102.8 % were observed depending on the sample. Comparison with the chromatographic procedure reveled relative errors of 3.5 - 4.0 %.

Este trabalho descreve um método de modificação do TiO2 obtido pelo processo sol-gel, através da adição de óxido de cério no momento da síntese. O material foi caracterizado por adsorção de N2 a 77K. A adição de CeO2 aumenta a área específica do catalisador em 135% e reduz o diâmetro de poros. A atividade catalítica desses materiais foi verificada frente à reação de foto-decomposição do hidrogenoftalato de potássio e comparada ao TiO2 comercial P25 da Degussa.

O crescimento da hidroxiapatita - HA, tanto no meio biológico quanto em soluções aquosas como a Synthetic Body Fluid - SBF, ocorre em meio contendo, além dos elementos Ca e P, elementos-traços essenciais tais como: Mg2+, HCO3-, K+ e Na+. Alguns destes elementos são conhecidos como inibidores do crescimento da HA, como Mg2+ e HCO3-. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a influência dos íons K+ e Mg2+ na formação de apatitas sobre substratos metálicos de Ti c.p. previamente tratados com NaOH 5M. Os efeitos destes íons no recobrimento obtidos, antes e após o tratamento térmico a 800ºC, foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X - EDX, difratometria de raios-X - DRX e espectroscopia no infravermelho - IV e mostraram que o efeito inibitório do Mg2+ na formação da HA se manifesta após o tratamento térmico. Diferentemente, o crescimento cristalino da HA não foi afetado pela presença do íon K+. Além disso, a formação de apatita carbonatada se deu também em soluções que não continham o íon CO3(2-) em sua composição.

Solid-state M-2-MeO-Bz compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and 2-MeO-Bz is 2-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to have information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

As amostras de esmectita do estado do Pará, Amazônia, Brasil foram caracterizados utilizando XRD, FTIR e análise textural por curvas isotérmicas adsorpition-desorption nitrogênio. Na produção das argilas pilarizadas foi usado o íon Al13 (o íon de keggin), este íon foi obtido pela reação das soluções AlC(l3)6H2O / NaOH, com razão molar OH/Al=2, com intercalação em temperatura ambiente, durante as 3 horas e calcinada em 450ºC (temperatura adequada da calcinação). O material foi preparado utilizando soluções produzidas na faixa de temperatura de 25, 45, 65, 85, 105ºC, o Resultado mostrou que o processo de pilarização aumenta o espaçamento basal da argila natural de 14,02 para 19,74 Å e a área superficial de 44,30 para 198,03m²/g. a estabilidade térmica da argila natural foi melhorada pelo procedimento de pilarização.

A reação de cicloadição [4+3] entre o furano e o cátion oxialílico, gerado in situ a partir da 2,4-dibromopentan-3-ona, forneceu o 2alfa,4alfa-dimetil-8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ona (1). A oxidação catalítica do oxabiciclo 1 com tetróxido de ósmio em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio em excesso levou à formação do acetonídeo 10, a partir do qual foram obtidos os álcoois 2, 11-15, com rendimentos de 23-86%. O tratamento dos álcoois 11-13 com cloreto de tionila, em presença de piridina, resultou nos respectivos alquenos 17 (94%), 18 (89%) e 19 (80%). A atividade herbicida dos compostos foi avaliada sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular de Sorghum bicolor L. e Cucumis sativus L., nas concentrações de 100 e 250 ppm.

The hybrid 3-(1,4-phenylenediamine)propylsilica xerogel was obtained starting from two different organic precursor quantity (5 and 8 mmol) to 22 mmol of TEOS, in the synthesis. The xerogel samples were characterized by using CHN elemental analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, infrared thermal analysis. The xerogel was used as metal sorbent for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous solution with concentration range of 10-3 to 10-5 mmol l-1. The quantity of organic precursor added in the synthesis influences the characteristics of the xerogel as morphology and thermal stability, as well as the metal adsorption capacity.

O método dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) foi aplicado aos dados obtidos por voltametria de onda quadrada para a determinação simultânea de ácido ascórbico (AA) e do co-fator b-nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo (NADH) em misturas sintéticas. As curvas voltamétricas foram obtidas em tampão fosfato 0,2 mol L-1 (pH 8,0). Foi possível verificar que o método PLS permite a determinação destes compostos simultaneamente nas condições escolhidas. Os resultados mostraram um erro relativo máximo de 1,7% para o NADH e 2,1 % para o AA. A metodologia proposta é simples e desenvolvimentos posteriores podem torná-la útil para análises in vivo.

No presente estudo, foram investigadas diferentes substâncias para atuarem como modificadores químicos na determinação direta de cádmio em soro e urina humanos sem digestão prévia das amostras. A preparação da amostra foi feita diretamente nos copos do amostrador automático por diluição 1+4 de soro e 1+1 de urina com ácido nítrico 1% v/v contendo 0.02% v/v de cloreto de tricetil metil amônio (CTAC). Foram investigadas as melhores condições de determinação por meio de curvas de temperatura de pirólise e atomização na presença da matriz e do analito levando-se em conta a forma do pulso de absorção, baixas temperaturas na atomização, fundo corrigido e sensibilidade. Foram efetuados estudos na ausência de modificador e com a mistura universal em solução de Pd e Mg (10 e 15 µg, respectivamente) e com rutênio (500 µg) e irídio (500 µg) como modificadores permanentes. Para Ir permanente, as massas características foram 0.8 pg para soro e 0.7 pg para urina (recomendado de 2 pg). Na investigação do uso de Ir permanente, foi observado que o pico foi simétrico, retornando à linha de base em 3s e com fundo corrigido completamente com valores ótimos por pirólises e atomização de 300 e 1000°C para soro e 300 e 1100ºC para urina. A calibração foi feita por ajuste de matriz e apresentou coeficiente de correlação de regressão linear típico de 0.999. Análises de soro e urina fortificados mostraram recuperações que variaram entre 99.3 e 103.2 com um desvio padrão relativo (RSD, n=3) menor que 12% para soro e entre 93.1 e 102.2% com um RSD menor que 3% para urina. O limite de detecção (k=3, n=10) foi de 8 e 9 pg para soro e urina, respectivamente.

Styrene is used in a variety of chemical industries. Environmental and occupational exposures to styrene occur predominantly through inhalation. The major metabolite of styrene is present in two enantiomeric forms, chiral R- and S- hydroxy-1-phenyl-acetic acid (R-and S-mandelic acid, MA). Thus, the concentration of MA, particularly of its enantiomers, has been used in urine tests to determine whether workers have been exposed to styrene. This study describes a method of analyzing mandelic acid using molecular imprinting techniques and HPLC detection to perform the separation of diastereoisomers of mandelic acid. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by non-covalent molecular imprinting using (+) MA, (-) MA or (+) phenylalanine, (-) phenylalanine as templates. Methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were copolymerized in the presence of the template molecules. The bulk polymerization was carried out at 4ºC under UV radiation. The resulting MIP was grounded into 25~44¼m particles, which were slurry packed into analytical columns. After the template molecules were removed, the MIP-packed columns were found to be effective for the chromatographic resolution of (±)-mandelic acid. This method is simpler and more convenient than other chromatographic methods.

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados 12 derivados azalactônicos pela metodologia clássica de Plöchl-Erlenmeyer. Destes, um foi avaliado quanto a fotoestabilidade em solução por meio de experimentos de fotodegradação utilizando agentes encapsulantes e diferentes solventes. Para a irradiação das amostras foi empregada uma lâmpada de mercúrio de 80W. Os resultados mostram que a fotodegradação do corante ocorre muito mais rapidamente em solventes polares e que o agente encapsulante é fundamental na sua fotoestabilidade.