Repositório RCAAP

A total of 50 dairy heifers were divided into two groups according to its mineral supplementation: organic (T1, n = 25) and inorganic (T2, n = 25) treatments. The animals were fed with these supplements for 10 months (July/2005 to April/2005), when three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1: the animals where tape-weighted during 10 months. There was no statistical weight gain differences between the groups (P>0.05). Experiment 2: between September and December 2004, blood samples were collected from the heifers of both groups to measure progesterone (P4) serum levels. The animals did not demonstrate different P4 levels in September and December, although presenting statically different P4 mean levels (P<0.05) in October and November, with 1.1440 and 1.2847 ng/ml for T1, and 1.5138 and 1.6147 ng/ml for T2, respectively. This rise in P4 serum levels for T1 group does not insure that inorganic treatment is more efficient. Experiment 3: A heat protocol together with an artificial insemination with fixed time (A.I.) was realized in April 2005, to evaluate the presence of corpus luteum prior to synchronization, follicular development, ovulation rate, and pregnancy rate, using an gynecological ultrasound. Organic minerals promoted an increase in ovulation rate in the first examination after A.I. (P<0,05). Altogether, its judged necessary an higher number of studies to efficiently evaluate the effects of these new available mineral complexes on animal reproduction.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the type of milking and the environment in the quality of raw milk by identification the Somatic Cell Count - CCS in samples obtained from farms in the mesoregion of south goiano and correlate it with the different types of milk, and the milk components: fat, protein, lactose and total solids (ST). Furthermore, we sought to diagnose the prevalence of subclinical mastitis by CCS, evaluate the correlation between CCS and milking type with antimicrobial residues, and check the influence of season, temperature and humidity index (THI) and Equivalent Temperature Index (ITE) on the CCS. The research developed in farms with different types of milking, being divided into manual and mechanical milking. The datas were collected from January 2011 to December 2013, and in each property was collected a monthly sample in the expansion tank, a total of 8242 samples, which were later sent for analysis. The diagnosis of the milk quality held by electronic count of somatic cells, for the FossomaticTM® and the levels of the components were analyzed using the MilkoscanTM FT®, the detection of antibiotic residues was performed using the Delvotest-P and meteorological data were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology - INMET in Catalão-GO station. Among the variables type of it milks and subclinical mastitis, there was dependent relationship (p <0.05). The milking mechanics was the one with a higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis with 58% (910) of the samples presented CCS> 300.000 cells/mL. Among the variables type of milking and CCS advocated by Instruction n°62/2011 (BRASIL, 2011), there was a significant relationship (p <0.05). Only 19,53% (1610) of the samples had CCS > 500.000 cells/mL. According to the statistical analysis, there was a positive correlation between CCS and fat and ST, however, there was a negative correlation between the CCS and the protein and lactose contents. The type of milking and the somatic cell count did not affect the presence or absence of antimicrobial residues. During the rainy season has become a CCS elevation compared to the dry season, but there was no correlation between CCS and environmental indices (ITE and ITU). Regarding environmental indices can be seen that with the increase of the ITU occurred a decrease in fat and an increase in ST and lactose. It can be concluded that the type of manual milking showed the lowest prevalence of subclinical mastitis in relation to milking and with elevated CCS is a reduction in the concentrations of protein and lactose and an increase in fat and total solids in the raw milk.

The higher mortality rate in pig farming focuses on the first three days after birth, pincipalmente in piglets weighing less than a kilogram, which causes a reduction in profits in the sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate weight gain and mortality rate of piglets from birth to weaning when supplemented with coconut milk or coconut milk and glutamine. 448 piglets Breeds Dan -bred and Naima were followed. The experiment was conducted at GRIMPISA commercial farm, located in the city of Uberlândia, October 2013 to November 2013. Two hours after ingestion of colostrum , was administered the first dose of treatment and the amount of coconut milk used was 20 ml per animal containing 2g glutamine in piglets weighing up to one pound and six hundred . The effect on growth was observed, implying the possibility of weight gain and decreased mortality of piglets. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement consisting of two lines and 3 treatments. When comparing the means the Tukey test for the cases of analysis of variance and mean comparison tests put to the cases in which we used the Kruskal - Wallis test was used. We used the test to compare proportions (binomial test) to check for significant difference between the proportion of diarrhea or deaths within each line or each treatment. These tests also adopted the 5% significance. Still proceeded to an analysis of the Spearman correlation between the variables birth weight, diarrhea and death. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for weight gain from birth to weaning. Supplementation of coconut milk or coconut milk supplemented with glutamine had no effect on weight gain and mortality of piglets in this study.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Rattlesnakes are heterothermic and depend on external sources of heat to regulate its body temperature and other physiological processes. These heat sources vary according to the season and this variation difficult the interpretation of test results. The aim of this study is to determine the changes that occur seasonally in the biochemical profile of rattlesnakes and check for variations resulting from the sex of animals in captivity. For determining the concentrations of plasma biochemical parameters of rattlesnakes in captivity, 60 adult snakes were used, 30 males and 30 females. The blood of each snake was collected in summer and winter, and statistical analysis were made to verify it there was seasonal and sexual influence. The values obtained in this study are similar to those previously reported for snakes, and the differences observed are probably due to the difference between species, climate, season and methodology used. The results indicated that there are seasonal influences in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, creatinine, urea, HDL-C, total calcium, magnesium, ALT, GGT, ALP, CK and LDH. Also differences were found between males and females concentrations of cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C, triglycerides, total calcium, ionized calcium and FAL. These results reinforce the importance of considering the seasonal and sexual influence in the interpretation of biochemical parameters of rattlesnakes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This study aimed to compare four levels of ground grain sorghum as an energy source in the diet of Japanese quails to court, evaluating the growth performance, carcass yield and cuts and the chemical composition of some cuts. In total, 1200 Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), females with a day old, were distributed according to a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and six replicates each, as follows: 0%, 40%, 60%, sorghum 100% in the two phases (start, a growth 21 days and from 22 to 42 days of age). The variables analyzed were weight gain; feed conversion; mortality; eviscerated carcass yield and cuts (full chest-, thighs / drumsticks); chemical composition of breast and drumstick / thigh. The performance variables were submitted to the Anderson-Darling test and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis. Variables yield and carcass composition were subjected to the Anderson-Darling test and the means were compared by Tukey test and Scott-Knott. There were no significant differences in performance variables, yield and composition of cuts. We conclude sorghum can be used as an ingredient in the nutrition of Japanese quail to cut without sacrificing performance (feed conversion, weight gain and mortality) as well as the yield of cuts (drumstick / thigh and breast) and housing and also qualitative characteristics of the cuts (drumstick / thigh and chest).

Wet Corn Gluten Feed (WCGF) is a byproduct of milling corn syrup and starch manufacturing this grain . This coproduct can be ensiled forages standard in an attempt to improve their conservation . The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of silage of elephant with inclusion of four different levels of wet corn gluten Feed (WCGF) , the behavior of sheep fed with these silages and consumption and digestibility of these foods . No significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) for the temperatures of elephant grass silages with 0 , 30 and 60 % inclusion of FUGM on day 0 , only the highest level of inclusion ( 90 % ) showed higher temperature , 41 46 º C. On day 50 there was no difference ( p < 0.05 ) between any levels of inclusion in WCGF elephant grass silage . Silages of elephant grass WCGF + , the pH values decreased linearly on day 0 and increased linearly after 50 days of fermentation. The content of the silage of elephant grass on day 0 was increased quadratically as increased inclusion of WCGF since the day 50 post -fermentation all treatments showed higher MS compared to day 0. IVDMD of elephant grass silage was higher in levels 0 and 30 % inclusion after 50 days of fermentation, whereas there were no significant differences ( p > 0.05) with corn silage inclusion FUGM . Physical characteristics of silages did not change much with the inclusion levels . In relation to feeding behavior can be observed that the best ERMS found in treatments with 60 and 90 % of inclusion WCGF. The particle size increased linearly in sizes ranging from 19mm to 8mm (Y = 21.16 +0.28 X) the inclusion of higher FUGM coproduct . Have food particles with a size between 8 mm and 1.18 mm were found in greater amounts in treatments with 30 % and 60 % inclusion of WCGF, T30 and T60 respectively , with ascending quadratic regression . The FDNfe linearly regressed ( Y = X 33.91-0.16 ) with the inclusion of coproduct WCGF. The ruminal pH of animals fed diets varied between 6.44 and 6.90 . The treatments with higher inclusion levels FUGM , T60 and T90 , showed lower pH values . For consumption and digestibility , it was found that there was no significant difference ( p > 0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI ) in g / day compared to bodyweight ( DMILW ) and in relation to metabolic weight ( CMSPV0 , 75 ) . The use of neutral detergent fiber ( NDF ) and acid detergent fiber ( CFDA ) did not differ statistically ( p > 0.05 ) between treatments . The apparent digestibility of dry matter ( CDMS ) was higher when there is some level of inclusion in FUGM regarding elephant grass silage without including this coproduct .

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of information quality in the prediction of genetic values for the Nellore cattle\'s growth traits. The information regarding the Nellore cattle from four farms participating in a program of the Brazilian National Association of Breeders and Researchers (ANCP, acronym in portuguese), named Nellore Brasil, is corresponding to the years 2012 and 2013. The selected farms are certified by the ANCP for quality of zootechnical information, having received the association\'s seal of approval, Global G1. Field data such as batch or management group were considered an assessment criteria, and the growth traits related to the body weight at 120 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365) and 450 (W450) days were evaluated under different scenarios of information quality: inclusion of all management lot information and random inclusion of management lot information in 90%, 70%, 50%, 30% and absence of information on management lots. During the scrutiny of different scenarios of management lot information for the genetic evaluation of growth traits, it was found that there were changes in the file structure for genetic evaluation, after the statistical treatment of the data. The contemporary group experienced changes in the number of animals due to the poor quality of information. Changes were observed in all the (co)variance components and genetic parameters compared to those obtained by the scenario used as a reference. Concerning growth traits, there was an increase in the estimates of heritability and the additive genetic variance in as far as the number of information about management lots decreased. Due to the change in contemporary groups in the absence of information on management lots, the results obtained in genetic analyzes\' were biased, reaching overestimated breeding values, which can be misleading as to the choice of animals. With respect to the average of predicted breeding values, it was found that for the maternal additive genetic effects of the body weight at 120 and 210 days of age, the change in the information quality interfered negatively, leading to reduction of average breeding values of the herds evaluated. When evaluating correlations or Spearman rank breeding values obtained from data with information quality (scenario), in three groups of accuracy of breeding values compared to those obtained in different scenarios of the inclusion of information, in different proportions, it was found that there was a change in the animal classification for growth traits.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Aimed to evaluate the influence of weights and ages of matrices on egg quality and quality of hatched chicks and to evaluate the correlation between the evaluated parameters (egg weight, structural characteristics of the eggs, chick size, residual yolk weight pinto , intestine weight). 3 treatments previously defined by the range of egg breeding Heavy Cobb, with 32 and 55 weeks of age were used. These being: small egg (E) 53-58 grams, medium (M) 59-64 grams and large (L) above 65 grams. We evaluated the eggs: individual weight of eggs, weight of egg components (yolk, albumen and shell), shell thickness, pore count,% mineral matter, specific gravity. Was evaluated in day-old chicks: weight and length of birds, absolute weight of the yolk sac and intestine. We evaluated% crude protein gem, clear and residual yolk of birds. Eggs of different weights bands show any difference for egg weight, egg weight of components and chick weight. The yolk weight and chick weight are directly proportional to the weight of the egg. In ages tested was observed difference between the weight of the eggs, the eggs weight of components, number of pores and size of the chick No significant difference between bark thickness, Mineral Matter and Gravity noted specifies eggs. It was concluded that there is evidence that both age of matrices as the weight of hatching eggs has effect on the performance and the quality of the bird birth mainly in the first week of life the chicks.

Interest in research about Bothrops snake is growing, since the venom of these animals are used for therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to determine the bacteria in the oral cavity and venom in snakes of the species Bothrops atrox of a commercial breeding. We used 12 samples taken with the aid of sterile swab in the sheath region of prey, in animals with stomatitis, 30 samples of secretion in the mouth of healthy snakes and their dehydrated venom. The Samples were plated on agar- agar XLD blood and subsequently held If Gram staining and catalase tests and mannitol for Gram positive bacteria identification. For the identification of Gram negative bacteria was employed biochemical screening with Rugai medium Lysine. In the 30 healthy animals and six samples of venom the following Gram negative bacteria were isolated: Proteus spp (34.15%), Escherichia coli (26.84%), Citrobacter spp (14.63%), Serratia spp (9.75 %) and Enterobacter spp (7.31%) and Gram positive: Staphylococcus spp (4.88%) and Bacillus cereus (2.44%). In the 12 snakes with stomatitis Escherichia coli was isolated (26.31%), Citrobacter spp (21.05%), Proteus spp (15.78%), Salmonella (10.52%), and Staphylococcus spp (26.31%). Fisher\'s exact test showed a significant difference between samples of Staphylococcus spp from healthy snakes and serpents with stomatitis, suggesting that this microrganism is related to the cases of stomatitis in Bothrops atrox.

Animal production in Brazil was bases his development on philosophy that intensive farming is have pastures of Panicum, Pannisetumor Brachiaria, use high doses of fertilizer, especially nitrogen under rotational grazing. That model of intensive farming is responsible for inconsistent results in stacking rate and individual animal performance, which results in frustrations about productivity and profitability of animal production based on the use of pastures, just because that model simplify dynamic and complex processes involving plant and grazing animals in the grassland ecosystem. Within this context, this study aimed to evaluate and understanding the variations in the structure of palisade grass BRS. Piatã , ingestive and animal behavior of beef cattle heifers under continuous stocking management with contrasting high of sward and forage growth rate, using 20 or 40 cm height and 50 or 300 kg N per hectare. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm Capim Branco , Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia/MG during the period of January to July of 2014. The experimental design for the sward structure was randomized complete block in 2 x 2 factorial with tree replications, totaling 12 experimental units. The experimental design for the ingestive and animal behavior was completely randomized factorial 2 x 2 with 4 replications, totaling 16 animals. Data were analyzed with a significance level of 5% and means compared by Tukey test. It was found that the height management of 20 cm and the dose of nitrogen fertilization of 300 kg N / ha caused an increase in the number of tillers, improved vertical morphological composition of the canopy. Also managing with 20 cm height with dose of nitrogen fertilization of 300 kg N / ha caused greater ease of apprehension forage verified by performing higher bite rate, longer time per feeding station checked by a lower daily time spent with grazing activity .It is conclude that swards grazed lower when fertilized with high nitrogen fertilization promote the production of a plant material with better canopy structure which favors the activities of search and seizure forage grazing.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The amazon turtle hás herb-based diet, but it can be fed with a small quantity of animal-based food. Digestion speede of these animals is influenced by both temperature and nutricion status. To understand the digestion process of food in animal organisms, studies on the gastrointestinal tract transit are necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the gastrointestinal transit time of this reptile, in order to supply information to clinical and surgery operations. Ten animals from Nova Crixás - GO, Brasil with approximately 2.5 years of age e 1.5 kg of weight were sampled. The animals were orally fed with a barium sulfate suspension (Bariogel®) at 10ml/kg mixed with mineral oil (Nujol®), at a rate of 70% of barium sulfate for 30% of mineral oil. Afterwards, the animals underwent radiography in a dorsum ventriloquoal position, with the X-ray device adjusted at 80 Kv and 250 mA, in time intervals as to follow the permanency of contrast in the organism. Five minutes after the contrast was supplied, the stomach was fulfilled. The duodenal, ileum and jejunum segments were completely filled between 6 and 24 hours, cecum between 24 hours an 4 days and colorectal between 24 hours and 5 days. The stomach was free from between 5 and 24 days. The contrast elimination from the duodenal segment happened between 7 and 15 days and from the jejunumileum segments between 7 and 17 days. The cecum was partially free from contrast between 12 and 29 days, but was completely free between 15 and days. So, mean gastrointestinal transit time in this group of P. expansa was 22.5, with a maximal value of 29 days and a minimal of 15 days.

The objective was to develop a method to obtain an autologous rich plasma in platelets with few leukocytes and blood cells using the whole blood of rabbits submitted to two centrifugations. Blood was collected by intracardiac route 10.5mL and distributed into three tubes of blood sedimentation containing sodium citrate. The tubes with blood was submitted to centrifugation at 2,000 rpm (670,8G) for 20 minutes and the sedimentation columns were aspirated from each tube 1.000μL of plasma to reduce the volume of supernatant. It was aspirated the plasma above the ring of leukocytes and transferred it to another tube to centrifugate again at 2000 rpm (670.8 L) for 10 minutes. The platelet content in the bottom of the tube was resuspended and homogenized 1.000μL the supernatant plasma to form the PRP liquid (Group G1). The capacity of platelet activation was observed from the formation of a clot called PRP gel (group G2) when it was added 100mL of rabbit thromboplastin, calcium chloride 0.0125 mol /l and sodium chloride 0.1 mol / l of PRP 100mL liquid. The counting of the platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes total number was done before and after centrifugations and they were performed in a veterinary automatic hematology analyzer. It was noted in G1, an increase of 61.58% in relation to platelet blood count to get the average concentration of 370 484 platelets / uL in PRP and were eliminated from the process 71% to 89% of leukocytes and erythrocytes. The evaluation by transmission electron microscopy identified in G1 that platelets showed morphological integrity preserved and individualized, with intact cell membrane, emission of pseudopods and centralization of granules and organelles. In G2, the platelets were grouped, with difficult to identify the intracytoplasmic structures of cell, membrane lysis, shedding of cytoplasmic granules into the extracellular place and the presence of fibrin. The method for obtaining an autologous plasma rich of platelets in rabbits is simple and reduce the number of leukocytes and blood cells and the platelets continue with a morphological and functional integrity.

This study aimed at identifying lesions in the respiratory tract of chickens caused by hatchers disinfection, performed by micro-sprinkler with peracetic acid and ammonia associated with glutaraldehyde. The experiment was conducted in a hatchery in Uberlândia - MG, in June 2013. Three treatments were performed, one treatment for hatcher, considering all hatchers were in the same room and had the same mechanisms of temperature, humidity and ventilation control. The treatments were: hatcher spraying with a solution of peracetic acid diluting two ml per liter of water 300 ppm (T1) hatcher spraying with a solution of ammonia associated with glutaraldehyde diluting one ml of water per liter - 75 e 450 ppm (T2) and spraying water (T3 or control). At the end of 48 hours, 16 chicks per treatment were collected in the hatcher. Each trachea was divided into three samples. A sample was fixed and processed for evaluation through light microscopy, another sample was processed for evaluation through transmission electron microscopy and the last fragment was analyzed right after its collection through cilioestase method for cilia movement evaluation. There was a significant difference only in the material evaluated by light microscopy between chicks exposed to environmental ammonia and glutaraldehyde (T2) related to the control group (T3), considering that these chicks showed more severe injuries, such as areas with less cilia and areas of tracheal mucosa flaking. Chicks exposed to disinfection with peracetic acid in hatchers did not show lesions of the tracheal mucosa. Therefore, when using dosages of this study, the peracetic acid is the disinfectant which best replaces the formaldehyde to reduce contamination in commercial hatchers environments in hatcheries, considering the emergence of some possible tracheal lesions.