Repositório RCAAP

Considered the oldest product being produced in Brazil, sugar cane is an essential item among the products supplied by Brazilian Agribusiness. The production of sugar cane has increased lately due to changes in Brazilian and international economic conjuncture which led to new investment in this sector. Nowadays, the production of sugar cane occurs in many states in Brazil. The following must be emphasized: São Paulo, Minas Gerais (mainly in the region of Triângulo Mineiro), south and southwest of Goiás, north of Paraná and northwest of Mato Grosso do Sul. Considering that this production used to be concentrated in São Paulo, the spread of the sugar cane crop throughout many Brazilian states poses the first research question which is why does this spread happen. It is necessary to observe the economic and social changes that follow this spread such as the decrease in the production of traditional crops in these regions, the substitution of certain agricultural activities and the increase in land renting by the sugar cane plants as well as the increase in employment and revenue which led to significant changes in the profile of the workforce employed in this sector. There are three other questions to be answered in this research. Which were the reasons that led to the sugar cane production increase? How the employment is affected by the increasing production? Does the use of new technologies in the sugar cane harvest process affect the employment quality in terms of better qualification of the workforce? In order to answer these questions the following hypotheses are assumed: the qualification of the sugar cane workforce makes the employment quality better and the increase in the sugar cane production goes alongside with a higher level of mechanization in the harvest process which might lead to the end of manual harvesting. To analyze the changes in the productive structure of Minas Gerais caused by the expansion of sugar cane crop is the main goal of this thesis. A database was created using the results found in the Pesquisa Agrícola Municipal (PAM) and the Pesquisa Pecuária Municipal (PPM). Sugar cane, soy and corn crops as well as livestock were the most important items in this research. The results from this new database have shown some important aspects of the traditional crops substitution process. In order to solidify the analysis partial indexes of formality, revenue and education as well as the employment quality index were calculated according to the results from the population censuses of 1991, 2000 and 2010. SPSS syntaxes and routines were used in the data statistical treatment and made possible to calculate the indexes and to elaborate profile tables to characterize the sugar cane workforce. The result of the analysis led to the conclusion that the qualification improvement in the workforce does not improve the employment quality itself due to the low improvement in the revenue index during almost 20 years.

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The overall objective of this thesis is to verify that the Organizational Innovation (OI) is able to positively influence the performance of brazilian industrial companies and the existence of complementarity with Technological Innovation (IT). For the empirical analysis, it was used editions database as 2008 and 2011 Innovation Survey (PINTEC) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results in Chapter 1, point out that, in the theoretical context, innovation is considered important for companies to obtain advantage in the competitive process, and the fundamental IO to the evolution of organizational management and to carry out other types of innovation (product, process or marketing). Performed descriptive data analysis companies located in Brazil, comparing them with the companies located in selected countries of the European Community (EC), it was observed that the percentage of companies located in Brazil, which held only IO and/or marketing it is superior in all personnel tracks busy to EC business. However, in relation to the performance of more than one type of innovation concurrently, some EC countries had percentage considerably higher than companies, demonstrating the preference of businesses located in the EC to conduct more than one type of innovation simultaneously, rather than conducting only a kind. Chapter 2 investigated the relationship between IO and Technological Innovation (IT). The results of empirical analysis in companies located in Brazil, show that: i) the number of enterprises that have IO concurrently with other types of innovation (product, process or marketing) are higher than the group of companies held just IT (product or process); ii) companies that perform more than one type of innovation present a different profile, with regard to indicators cooperative relations, foreign capital, group, exports, government support, R&D and continuous expenditures on innovative activities superior to those groups and companies that carry only one type of innovation; iii) the correlation analysis shows the existence of positive and weak correlation between IO and IT. The results of the econometric study conducted in Chapter 3 show that only groups of companies that made product innovation and marketing innovation had the coefficient associated with the positive and statistically significant innovative activity, demonstrating that the realization of product innovation and marketing innovation positively affect financial performance (Net Sales Revenue) companies. The variables Foreign Capital and Spending on Innovative Activities have positive and statistically significant coefficients associated, indicating that positively affect the financial performance in all business groups. In relation to productive performance (Labor Productivity), only the group of companies held product innovation has a positive and statistically significant coefficient associated to LP. With regard to the set of explanatory variables, Foreign Capital , Spending on Innovative Activities , Cooperation and Support the Government have positive and statistically significant coefficients associated, demonstrating its positive influence on performance of brazilian companies.

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This study analyze the impact of China's share of growth in total Brazilian exports of these same exports, checking what happened to their structure, the composition of its agenda and the role they play in the growth of leverage domestic economy in the period 1983-2013. To carry out its purpose, the study analyzed models that consider the impact of China on Brazilian exports and others who disregard this impact. First, we used the synthetic control method for comparative studies to build a better unit for comparison with Brazil after the rise of China's share of total exports, here called Synthetic country. After made this synthetic Country, it went to the estimation of econometric models defined in the work, and we want it, thereby making comparisons between the results of the model parameters for the Brazil and for the Synthetic country, based on analysis of impulse response, error variance decomposition, the Granger causality test and co-integration method of Johansen. It was also made China's Impact Index About the Brazilian Exports (ICEB) in order to check in more detail and didactically the increase of China's participation in the total Brazilian exports affected the variables that determine the country's exports. In addition to exports aggregated, all analyzes were also performed on disaggregated Brazilian exports, observing this breakdown the types of Pavitt. The main results of the study suggest that exports from Brazil and the Synthetic Country had a significant increase in the period 1983-2013, only Brazilian grew more intense after the increase in China's share of total exports from Brazil. The results for the ICEB help illustrate the weighted foreign income remains the most relevant variable to explain the movements of Brazilian exports, but also give evidence that there is a process of increasing the role of prices in explaining these exports. In terms of disaggregated exports, the analyzes in this paper indicate that the growth of Brazilian exports have been boosted mainly by exports of commodities at the expense of those of manufactured products with higher added value, which does not make clear whether the increased China's share of total exports has caused a change in the role of these exports on leveraging the growth of the Brazilian economy.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

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This work aims to give a contribution to studies about employment quality and workforce life conditions of people living in the rural megaregions of Minas Gerais, specially the paid employee. The focus will be the megaregions of Minas Gerais, distinguished by more and less modernization, in the cultivation of coffee, sugar cane and corn, considering both agricultural employees and families. Taking into consideration the decrease of agricultural employment occurred in the 2000 s and the growth of non-agricultural activities, giving rise to the New Ruralism and the new forms of occupation for the paid job outside agriculture, a comparative analyzes of job quality and life conditions for the non- and agricultural employees will be made. The analyzes will indicate if the non-agricultural employment (ERNAs) leads to a better quality of employment and life conditions, when compared to agricultural one. The results obtained in this work indicate a better level of quality in the agricultural employment for the employees living in the more modernized megaregions and with city residence; the conditions are worse for the employees with rural residence working in the less modernized megaregions. Agricultural employee life conditions were clearly better for those living in the city and worse for those living in the rural area. In this sense, for the agricultural families and employees the rural environment continues to reproduce more precarious conditions in relation to the job, mainly in the poorer megaregions. On the other hand, for non-agricultural employees, job quality index was better than for those agricultural, with the exception of qualified employees living in the rural area of megaregion TMAP and Northwest of Minas Gerais. However, the quality of non-agricultural employment was better for more traditional activities, such as those performed in the more modernized megaregions industries, and it was worse for more precarious activities such as paid domestic work (SDR) in the less modernized megaregions. Life conditions were revealed better for all non-agricultural activities, when compared to the agricultural ones, occurring improvement in all selected activities and showing evolution in the mentioned decade. However, those conditions were worse in the less modernized megaregions, and in terms of number, these regions received the largest number of non-agricultural employees. Even presenting better life conditions, the non-agricultural employees are concentrated in the poorer megaregions and in more precarious activities such as paid domestic work (SDR). In conclusion, more than delve into the study of the impacts of modernization in the paid job in Minas Gerais, this work aims to reveal if working conditions (measured by IQE) and families life conditions (measured by ICV) in the rural area implied improvement for non-agricultural employment in comparison with agricultural employment, and if these changes implied in bigger rural development or if it emphasized more the inequalities in rural areas in Minas Gerais. In this investigation the data from the IBGE 2000 and 2010 Demographic Census were used, in the construction of the IQE and ICV indexes, based on the Balsadi (2005) methodology; for the definition of megaregions more and less modernized the data from Censo Agropecuário and PAM were used.

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In spite of the significant reduction of the child work in all of the areas of the world in the last 10 years, in agreement with the International Labor Organization (ILO), in 2004 still existed in the world more than 190 million children economically active, which 75 million of them were inserted in dangerous works. In Brazil (and Minas Gerais too), according to the tabulations of PNAD among the period from 1995 to 2004 happened a significant reduction in the number of children economically active, however still exist more than 1,8 million children working even existing at the country one of the more rigorous juridical outlines on the subject. The general objective of this exploratory work is to study which are the decisive factors that influence the child's precocious entrance in the job market, as well as of understanding the working children's profile, the characteristic of the homes in that they live and the characteristic of the person that are reference in the family of the children's in Brazil and, especially, of the children of the state of Minas Gerais. It is believed that the children work is a more complex subject than imagine being influenced by a great variety of factors came from in or out of the families.

The main objectives of this dissertation are: in first place, to rescue the historical perspective of the term Imperialism, as argued for its classic authors, inquiring if the quarrels of a century behind, and its categories, possess some validity in the capitalism that we live deeply in the present time; in according to place, to argue the meaning and the validity of concepts as strategy and hegemony, mainly working in such a way how much economic the military sphere, and its inter-relations. This for, after that, showing to the paper of the economic policy of U.S.A. in the global scene (Inter-relations with State-National) and the emanation of its power; e finally, to inquire if is necessary to exist an eventual confrontation between the spheres economic and geopolitical-military, or if the military power is only the pack of the persecution of the imperial project of U.S.A., that in its essence is basically economic. The used methodology was based on bibliographical research. The conclusions point with respect to the fact of that the Imperialism of modernity would be involved by a militarism that would be pack of the dynamics of the system, whose center shelters a species of being able coercitive established in the economic mediation of the market, and that the more next the system if points out of an imperial configuration, more close to the collapse it will be, therefore he would destroy the proper dynamics that it gives sustentation: the competition between national state-economies.

This work presents a view of one most important Brazilian agribusiness complexes, the Soybean Agribusiness Complex, with aspects of its constitution, its competitiveness in the external market and its prices. As for the external market, point out the impulse that the in natura Soybean segment presented after the Kandir Law, making a movement of substitution between the segments of the complex. About the prices observed to each one of the segments of complex, such as in others works, realize here the position of Brazil as a prices taker, despite of its important position as producer and exporter for the Soybean and its derivates. Being this way, the econometrics procedures indicated that the international prices from Chicago affect considerably the internal prices, while the changing in the domestic prices does not cause impact in the international ones, here represented by Chicago.

The present research examines the Clube dos Amigos da Terra de Uberlândia ( Friends of the Earth Club of Uberlândia ), a specialized rural organization, in the context of the transformations in the representation of interests concerning the agricultural sector with emphasis on change in the institutional atmosphere of agribusiness. The research evaluates the importance of collective action with the objective of procuring benefits for the next generation of producers. A theoretical survey was elaborated and complemented by field research. Twenty seven interviews were conducted among agricultural producers and representatives of firms working in the area, using a semi structured instrument for the collection of qualitative data. Those interviewed were, also, members of the Club. Data were collected during the month of January, 2006. The questionnaires were interpreted and the data tabulated. The results revealed that the Club follows the standard of modern association. The members acted in defense of their economic interests as they established relations to strengthen the private sector with increased space for autonomous action as opposed to the regulatory function of the State.

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The present work has the Minas Gerais especialization pattern of exportations as study object and it has as general objective analyze the more dinamic productive sectors of Minas Gerais State, as well to understand the composition of the Minas Gerais exportation guideline, in the phase of commercial opening, according to some statistics of the competitiveness and the Pavitt tipology (tecnolgical exportations intensity). The results ratify the general hypothesis of this work, which is the predominancy of exportation sectors based on natural resources in the guideline mencioned. Thus, observing the factorial intensity of the Minas Gerais State exportations, we perceive that the specialized international sectors commercial sectors deal just with tradicional (and not dynamic) comparative advantagens. Moreover, analyzing the tecnolgical exportations intensity, we observe that, in the context of commercial opening, there have not been changing exportations pattern for more intensive sectors in technology. In another terms, the inovations search by P&D increments didn t occurred, at least of intense form, at the Minas Gerais economy exportations level.

Since 1980 s decade, it can be observed the beginning of an economic and politics territorialization process, concomitant with the apparent central government weakness. This process matches with the changes that companies and State have been passing through in world-wide scope. The stage of the productive globalization, that involves the period between 1950 and 1970, allowed the growth of industrial capacities in a wide gamma of developing countries. Such industrial diffusion caused a change in many manufacturing industries gravity center from the world-economy core to its periphery. This change was the premise for commercial globalization (since 1970). Moreover, in middle 1980 s emerged an effective innovations concentration based on the electronics, which reached, directly or indirectly, all economics sectors and, also, the society as a whole. This configures thus a new technological-productive paradigm. This paradigm is characterized, among others things, for the increasing presence of the microelectronics. That makes possible a greater production and work relations flexibility, and also favors the customized production, carried through smaller lots and droved to more or less specific market segments. The information technologies application allowed product decomposition in modules or systems with normalized interfaces. This facilitates contracts of external projects. The transnational corporations vertical disintegration is characterized by its central abilities redefinition by focusing in product innovation and strategy, marketing and in other segments that add more value in manufacture and services, while these corporations reduce their direct property on not central functions, such as generic services and production volume. This is a trend in the majority of developed countries, which becomes each time more likely the emergence of clearly buyers commanded chains. In short, in this new way of productive organization, the inter-firms bonds are contemplated by technological development, as well as by companies interest on concentrating efforts on activities that constitute their operational focus and on transferring the others activities to other production units. This context favors deeper participation small and medium firms in industrial dynamics, mostly those which are inserted in specialized productive agglomerations. Such situation calls attention of many researchers in the 1980 s, and policy makers since 1990 s had also started showing interest on this subject. This is the scene in which the current work intends to catch the buyers commanded chains emergence in wooden furniture industry and it also intends to analyze this chain type influence on specialized productive agglomerations. To fulfill this object São Bento do Sul (SC) productive agglomeration s concrete experience has been observed.

The idea of International Division of Labor (IDL) came along with the diffusion of the capitalism as production way. However, had a IDL background in the block of socialist countries that if it organized since the scope of the Council for the Economic Mutual Assistance (CMEA). Throughout the decades where the CMEA was effective, the countries that were part of the Council had created an important scene of interdependences uncountable to the exchanges of merchandises and services, economic control, promotion of cooperation institutions and specialization, and an infrastructure in which if they supported the economic relations between the members. However, chain instead of net interdependences no if show mature and solid to resist, without being damaged, to the re-approach with the capitalist countries, from the Seventies and to the collapse of the real socialism in the Nineties. Concerning this aspect, we believe that the referring limitations to the CMEA have origin in the historical and structural formation of the proper Council. Thus, this work aims to analyze the trajectory of four decades of existence of the CMEA (1949-1991) from its beddings and proper structures of functioning and to point elements that can have contributed for the process of weakness and posterior dissolution of the Council.

With the objective of improving their market image and, consequently, the demand for its shares, companies use Corporate Governance practices as a way to increase the consistency of the financial statements and as a guarantee of respect to the minorities shareholders rights. In the last three years, the increase in the number of corporations that performed an IPO in Brazil, has boosted the search to implement Corporate Governance practices in not open capital companies who intend to open their capital. The standard Corporate Governance structure to perform an IPO operation in the new segments of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA) assumes the adoption of practices that, among other characteristics, increase the company disclosure and the strictness in dealing with account and tax issues that can affect their results. Those effects are taken in consideration during the process of the IPO go - no go -decision. In this sense, the objective of the research was to analyze, comparatively to the North-American case, if the structure of the Brazilian tax system has characteristics that motivates or not the IPO decision in the new corporate governance situation. Beyond those features that can have direct effects to the management of results by the companies, the research studied tax and legal aspects that could have indirect influence in the IPO decision, as it stimulates the investment in the stock market and the growing of the capital market. The main motivation for this research was to make clear the challenges that the adoption of the standard corporate governance structure can bring to the companies, in terms of the treatment of its fiscal and tax issues, and its impacts in the IPO decision.

The main objective of this essay is to analyze critically the ECLAC s scientific production in the post-1980 decades, the so called New ECLAC. The hypothesis here undertaken is: after the changes suffered by ECLAC, that institution can no longer be placed side by side with the ones who seeks for real alternatives to the Neoliberalism the hegemonic development strategy of nowadays. Looking specifically to the welfare economics and social policies issues, it is argued that Neoliberalism and the ECLAC became closer perspectives and started to share the same world view. This dissertation seeks to clarify the debate over the real development alternatives for Latin American economies.

The main goal of this dissertation is to analyze Latin American experiences with flexible exchange rate and inflation target in order to understand the behavior of the exchange rate and inflation in a model with monetary characteristics. The volatility analysis suggests an increase in exchange rate volatility (except for Colombia) and a decrease in inflation volatility (except for Brazil). It can be said that the reduction in inflation volatility seems to be associated to the adoption of an inflation target regime where the interest rate policy, given the fear of inflation, is an important instrument to match such lower volatility. The VAR estimation uses the impulse-response function (IRF) and the variance decomposition analysis (VDA) for the exchange rate and inflation. It suggests for the exchange rate dynamics that: inflation and interest rates have some relevance in explaining exchange rate changes for Brazil and Chile, but for all countries the relative participation of these variables is small in explaining exchange rate movements; international reserves and monetary base seems to have a higher relevance in explaining exchange rate dynamics for Brazil and Chile. Inflation dynamics explanation for Brazil and Chile is directly associated to changes in the exchange rate; the inflation response to interest rate is not significant for Chile, Mexico and Brazil; and the Mexican inflation seems to be explained by specific elements of monetary policy such as the interest rate and the monetary base.