Repositório RCAAP

Com o declínio da taxa de infecções causadas pelo Haemophilus influenzae tipo b após a ampla introdução da vacina, sorotipos não-b devem ser considerados agentes patogênicos potenciais em crianças menores de 5 anos com doença invasiva. Relatamos um caso de meningite por Haemophilus influenzae tipo f em um lactente imunocompetente de 1 ano. O agente foi identificado em líquido cefalorraquidiano e hemocultura. A sorotipagem foi realizada por testes com soros policlonais e confirmada por reação em cadeia de polimerase. Todas as cepas de Haemophilus influenzae associadas à doença invasiva deveriam ser sorotipadas e notificadas, a fim de possibilitar uma análise adequada das mudanças e tendências na distribuição de sorotipos desta doença.

O adenoma hepatocelular é um tumor benigno raro, que apresentou aumento do número de diagnósticos nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o que foi atribuído à difusão dos contraceptivos hormonais orais, e à melhor disponibilização e ao avanço dos exames radiológicos. Apresentamos aqui o relato de dois pacientes com grandes adenomas hepáticos submetidos ao tratamento minimamente invasivo por meio de embolização arterial. O primeiro caso foi submetido à embolização eletiva, por apresentar múltiplos adenomas, além de hemorragia recente de um desses nódulos. O segundo, caracterizado por vítima de trauma abdominal fechado e rotura de adenoma hepático, foi realizado em caráter de urgência, tendo a paciente sinais clínicos de choque hemodinâmico secundário à hemorragia intra-abdominal. O desenvolvimento de terapias minimamente invasivas locorregionais, como a embolização arterial, trouxe um novo horizonte para pacientes com adenomas hepáticos. Na ressecção emergencial de um adenoma hepático roto, as taxas de mortalidade são de 5 a 10%, enquanto que a ressecção eletiva reduz a 1% esse desfecho. A embolização arterial dos adenomas hepáticos na vigência de hemorragia é tema de debate. Essa constatação aponta para um possível papel da embolização transarterial desses tumores rotos e não rotos, visto que tal conduta poderá limitar a indicação cirúrgica em casos selecionados, resultando na redução da morbimortalidade. O seguimento das pacientes tratadas foi realizado por meio de ressonância magnética e, após 30 dias, já havia diminuição das lesões embolizadas bem como a presença de significativo componente avascular. O controle radiológico, após 12 meses, mostrou ausência de novas lesões e diminuição daquelas embolizadas.

Relatar um caso de sobrecarga de ferro secundária à xerocitose, uma doença rara, em uma adolescente, diagnosticada por meio de ressonância magnética em T2*. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente sintomática com xerocitose, nível de ferritina de 350ng/mL e sobrecarga de ferro cardíaca significativa. Ela foi diagnosticada por ressonância magnética em T2* e recebeu terapia de quelação. Análise por ectacitometria confirmou o diagnóstico de xerocitose hereditária. Na sequência, a ressonância magnética em T2* demonstrou resolução completa da sobrecarga de ferro em vários órgãos e novo ecocardiograma revelou resolução completa das alterações cardíacas anteriores. A paciente permanece em terapia de quelação. Xerocitose é uma desordem genética autossômica dominante rara, caracterizada por estomatocitose desidratada. O paciente pode apresentar fadiga intensa e sobrecarga de ferro. Sugerimos o uso regular de ressonância magnética em T2* para o diagnóstico e controle da resposta à quelação de ferro em xerocitose e acreditamos que o exame pode ser útil também em outras anemias hemolíticas que necessitam de transfusões.

É relatado aqui o caso de uma mulher de 38 anos com AIDS que desenvolveu a síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia em um período diferente dos outros casos já relatados na literatura. A síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia já tinha sido relatada como manifestação inicial de AIDS, assim como no momento da soroconversão de HIV e na síndrome de reconstituição imune. Este caso é único, uma vez que a paciente tinha contagem elevada de CD4 e carga viral negativa no momento em que a síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia ocorreu.

Este estudo objetivou pesquisar artigos científicos internacionais publicados sobre a ausculta cervical e sua utilização na prática fonoaudiológica. Trata-se de estudo de revisão qualitativa da literatura, envolvendo os últimos 10 anos. Os artigos foram selecionados da base de dados PubMed, utilizando os descritores: auscultation cervical, deglutition e deglutition disorders. A pesquisa deveria ter sido realizada com seres humanos, adultos (maiores que 18 anos) e escrita no idioma inglês. Cada citação recuperada no banco de dados foi analisada independentemente pelos pesquisadores do estudo, visando à pertinência de sua seleção e de sua inclusão ou não no estudo. A metodologia empregada envolveu a formulação da pergunta, a localização e seleção dos estudos, e a avaliação crítica dos artigos, conforme os preceitos do Cochrane Handbook. Como resultados, foram identificados 35 estudos, dos quais 13 foram analisados, pois permitiram acesso ao texto completo e relacionavam-se diretamente ao tema. Concluiu-se que os estudos foram realizados com grupos de sujeitos saudáveis e sujeitos com diferentes tipos de patologia de base. Alguns estudos compararam os padrões encontrados nos diferentes grupos. Constatou-se que parte dos artigos buscou estudar o padrão dos sons da deglutição, com diferentes interfaces: a experiência dos avaliadores; especificidade e sensibilidade do método; e como aprimorar a técnica da ausculta cervical por meio da utilização de outros instrumentos, diferentes do estetoscópio. Com essa análise crítica, concluiu-se que utilização da ausculta cervical é importante como um instrumento utilizado juntamente de outros, na rotina da avaliação clínica da deglutição.

As neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas cromossomo Filadélfia negativas são doenças hematológicas clonais que se caracterizam pela independência ou pela hipersensibilidade dos progenitores hematopoiéticos às citocinas. Os mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos na fisiopatologia das neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Achados fisiopatológicos relevantes para as neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas estão associados às alterações genéticas como, por exemplo, a mutação somática no gene que codifica o JAK2 (JAK2V617F). A desregulação do processo de morte celular programada, denominada apoptose, parece participar da patogênese dessas desordens. Sabe-se que a desregulação da expressão dos genes pró- e antiapoptóticos promove a resistência das células à apoptose, culminando com o acúmulo das células mieloides e estabelecendo a neoplasia. Esta revisão enfocou as alterações na regulação da apoptose em neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas e a importância da melhor compreensão desse mecanismo para o desenvolvimento de novas terapias para essas doenças.

A infecção pelo papilomavírus humano é comum e produz manifestações diversas. Essa infecção adquire importância para saúde pública, pois tem sido associada a malignidades do trato genital em homens e mulheres. Atualmente, temos disponíveis duas vacinas para prevenção da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano e, consequentemente, de doenças a ele associadas.

Objective : To identify the factors that determine unintentional injuries in children living in the community of Paraisopolis, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods : A cross-sectional and non-controlled study. Data collected during 4 consecutive months through questionnaires filled out for the Einstein Program in Paraisopolis Community included identification of the patient and his/her family, scholarity level, housing conditions, storage of hazardous products, access to the streets and concrete slab ceilings, supervision, and trauma mechanism involved. The observed data were treated as absolute and relative frequencies; χ2, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t test, and Mann-Whitney’s tests were implemented, with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results : A total of 1,490 questionnaires were analyzed. There was a predominance of trauma within boys (59.6%) and the medium age was 5.2 years. The predominant educational level of the parents was incomplete junior school education. The main caregiver identified was the mother (69.4%). Among the children that suffered trauma, 56.4% belonged to large families (≥6 people), lived in houses up to three rooms, and a family income up to R$ 1,000.00 (76.6%). Easy access to hazardous materials was considerable and free access to concrete slab ceilings was reported in 92.8% of the cases. The main trauma mechanisms were falls and burns. In this study, the child victim of a fall was aged under 5 years. Conclusion : Small children that live in a hazardous environment have a significant tendency to suffering trauma

Objective : To analyze the interference of age in the entrance into a public dental care program for infants as well as family behavioral aspects about tooth decay experience in children 0 to 4 years old. Methods : Cross-sectional study involving 465 children who were divided into 3 groups: infants whose mothers joined the program during pregnancy (n=50); infants enrolled in the program during the first year of life (n=230); and infants enrolled in the program between 13 and 18 months old (n=185). The χ2 and Kruskal-Walis tests (95% confidence interval) were used to assess the relationship among variables. Results : There was an association between the age of entrance in the programs and dental caries (p<0.001). A lower prevalence was seen in infants whose mothers joined the program during pregnancy, and among those infants enrolled in the program during the first year of life. The same low prevalence occurred in relation to mothers’ commitment to attend follow-up visits with their infants, cariogenic diet, nighttime oral care, duration of night feeding and parents’ educational level (p<0.001). Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions (p>0.05) and daily oral care (p=0.214) were common variables in the groups with 99% of occurrence. Commitment to attend follow-up visits, nighttime oral care and parents’ educational level (p>0.05) were considered protective factors for dental caries. Cariogenic diet and night feeding were determinant factors to the appearance of dental caries. Conclusion : To promote children oral health it is essential to enroll children in oral health programs and adopt healthy habits as early as possible, besides the adherence of the child to their parents’ advice.

Objective : To investigate the influence of the site of measurement of transcutaneous bilirubin (forehead or sternum) in reproducibility of results as compared to plasma bilirubin. Methods : A cohort study including 58 term newborns with no hemolytic disease. Transcutaneous measurements were performed on the forehead (halfway between the headline and the glabella, from the left toward the right side, making consecutive determinations, one-centimeter apart) and the sternum (five measurements, from the suprasternal notch to the xiphoid process with consecutive determinations, one-centimeter apart) using Bilicheck® (SpectRx Inc, Norcross, Georgia, USA). The correlation and agreement between both methods and plasma bilirubin were calculated. Results : There was a strong linear correlation between both determinations of serum bilirubin at the forehead and sternum (r=0.704; p<0.01 and r=0.653; p<0.01, respectively). There was correspondence of the mean values of transcutaneous bilirubin measured on the sternum (9.9±2.2mg/dL) compared to plasma levels (10.2±1.7mg/dL), but both differ from the values measured on the forehead (8.6±2.0mg/dL), p<0.05. Conclusion : In newborn term infants with no hemolytic disease, measuring of transcutaneous bilirubin on the sternum had higher accuracy as compared to serum bilirubin measurement on the forehead.

Objective : To evaluate the incidence of premalignant lesions and cancer in endometrial polyps, in patients undergoing hysteroscopic polypectomy. Methods : The results of 1,020 pathological examinations of patients submitted to hysteroscopic polypectomy were analyzed, as well as their diagnostic and surgical hysteroscopy findings. As to their menstrual status, 295 (28.9%) patients were in menacme. Of the total, 193 (65.4%) presented abnormal uterine bleeding, and 102 (34.6%) were asymptomatic with altered endometrial echo on transvaginal ultrasound. Out of 725 (71.1%) postmenopausal patients, 171 (23.6%) were symptomatic (abnormal uterine bleeding), and 554 (76.4%) were asymptomatic with endometrial echo >5.0mm. Results : Twenty-one (2.0%) patients presented premalignant lesions in the polyps, 13 had simple glandular hyperplasia, of which 5 had no atypia, and eight presented atypia. Eight polyps presented focal area of complex hyperplasia: 4 with atypia and 4 without lesions. Cancer was diagnosed in 5 (0.5%) polyps. Of the 21 polyps that harbored premalignant lesions, 12 were interpreted as benign in diagnostic and surgical hysteroscopy. Of the polyps with cancer, 4 were also histeroscopically interpreted as normal. Conclusion : Symptomatic polyps in menacme and in all postmenopausal women should be resected and submitted to histopathological examination, since they may have a benign aspect, even when harboring areas of cellular atypia or cancer.

Objective : To determine how parturient women tolerate the use of a perineal distensibility assessment technique using the EPI-NO device. Methods : An observational study with a total of 227 full-term parturient women was performed. During the evaluation with EPI-NO, parturient patients were asked about their sensation of discomfort. The degree of discomfort was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale, with a score from zero to 10. The Mann-Whitney test was applied to assess perineal distensibility measured by EPI-NO and the degree of discomfort caused by the test according to parity. The relation between perineal distensibility and discomfort was analyzed by using the Spearman correlation test (r). Results : The test with EPI-NO caused only slight discomfort (mean Visual Analogue Scale of 3.8), and primiparous women reported significantly greater discomfort (mean Visual Analogue Scale of 4.5) than did multiparous (mean Visual Analogue Scale=3.1), with p<0.001 women. A negative correlation was observed, in other words, the greater the perineal distensibility on the EPI-NO, the lower the pain reported by the patients (r=-0.424; p<0.001). Conclusion : The assessment of perineal distensibility with EPI-NO was well tolerated by the parturient women.

Objective : To describe the vertical clinical pharmacist service’s interventions in prevention of venous thromboembolism. Methods : This prospective study was done at a private hospital. From January to May 2012, the clinical pharmacist evaluated medical patients without prophylaxis for thromboembolism. If the patient fulfilled criteria for thromboembolism and did not have contraindications, the clinical pharmacist suggested inclusion of pharmacologic agents and/or mechanical methods for venous thromboembolism prevention. In addition, the appropriate dose, route of administration, duplicity and replacement of the drug were suggested. Results : We evaluated 9,000 hospitalized medical patients and carried out 77 pharmaceutical interventions. A total of 71 cases (92.21%) adhered to treatment so that non-adherence occurred in 6 cases (7.79%). In 25 cases pharmacologic agents were included and in 20 cases mechanical prophylaxis. Dose adjustments, route, frequency, duplicity and replacement made up 32 cases. Conclusion : The vertical clinical pharmacist service included the prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism and promotion of appropriate use of medicines in the hospital.

Objective : To determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in female athletes. Methods : An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted including 50 female athletes with mean age of 20±3 years. Colposcopy, pap smear, and polymerase chain reaction for Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were performed. Blood samples were collected to test for the human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, hepatitis B and C. The athletes presenting clinical diseases or conditions identifiable by laboratory tests were treated and followed up in the unit. Results : Forty-six percent of the participants were unaware of sexually transmitted diseases. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among athletes was 48% (24 cases). Human papillomavirus was the most frequent agent (44%). Considering the human papillomavirus genotypes, subtype 16 was the most prevalent (53%), followed by 11-6 (22%) and 18 (13%). Two athletes tested positive for C. trachomatis. There were no cases diagnosed of infection by N. gonorrhoeae, syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus. However, only 26 athletes had been vaccinated for hepatitis B. Conclusion : The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in female athletes was high. Primary prevention measures (hepatitis B and human papillomavirus vaccination) and secondary (serology, pap smears) must be offered to this specific group of women. The matter should be further approached in sports.

Objective : To report the experience in three Brazilian institutions with the use of rituximab in patients with different clinical forms of lupus erythematosus systemic in activity. Methods : The study consisted of a sample of 17 patients with LES, who were already being treated, but that at some stage of the disease showed refractory symptoms. The patients were subdivided into groups according to the clinical manifestation, and the responses for the use of rituximab were rated as complete, partial or no response. Data were collected through a spreadsheet, and used specific parameters for each group. The treatment was carried on by using therapeutic dose of 1g, and repeating the infusion within an interval of 15 days. Results : The clinical responses to rituximab of the group only hematological and of the group only osteoarticular were complete in all cases. In the renal group there was a clinical complete response, two partial and one absent. In the renal and hematological group complete response, there was one death and a missing response. The pulmonary group presented a complete response and two partial. Conclusion : The present study demonstrated that rituximab can bring benefits to patients with lupus erythematosus systemic, with good tolerability and mild side effects; it presented, however, variable response according to the system affected.

Objective : Our aim was to analyze the effectiveness of oxybutynin for hyperhidrosis treatment in patients over 40 years. Methods : Eighty-seven patients aged over 40 years were divided into two groups. One group consisted of 48 (55.2%) patients aged between 40 and 49 years, and another was composed of 39 (44.8%) patients aged over 50 years (50 to 74 years). A comparative analysis of Quality of Life and level of hyperhidrosis between the groups was carried out 6 weeks after a protocol treatment with oxybutynin. A validated clinical questionnaire was used for evaluation. Results : In the younger age group, 75% of patients referred a “partial” or “great” improvement in level of hyperhidrosis after treatment. This number was particularly impressive in patients over 50 years, in which 87.2% of the cases demonstrated similar levels of improvement. Over 77% of patients in both groups demonstrated improvement in Quality of Life. Excellent outcomes were observed in older patients, in which 87.1% of patients presented “slightly better” (41%) or “much better” (46.1%) improvement. Conclusion : Patients aged over 40 years with hyperhidrosis presented excellent results after oxybutynin treatment. These outcomes were particularly impressive in the age group over 50 years, in which most patients had significant improvement in Quality of Life and in level of hyperhidrosis.

Objective : To assess the nutritional and dietetic profile of freshman Nutrition undergraduate students, and its association with stages of changes (Transtheoretical Model) for fruit and vegetable intake. Methods : Demographic (age and gender), anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference) and nutritional (pattern of fruit and vegetable intake) data were obtained. The Transtheoretical Model was used to identify the stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake. Food consumption was assessed with a questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Health. The significance level considered for all statistical tests was 0.05 (p<0.05). Results : From 433 eligible students, anthropometric measurements were taken from 219 (50.6%), and 299 (69%) underwent food intake evaluation. The sample included undergraduate students with a low frequency of adequate fruit and vegetables intake (29.8%), being the majority (64.9%) of them classified as at the preparation stage to increase the intake of these food groups. Prevalence of adequate fruit and vegetables intake was higher among students at the action/maintenance stages (83.3%) compared to those at the precontemplation/contemplation (18.3%) and at the preparation stages (32.0%). Students at the preparation stage presented the highest medians for body mass index (p=0.004) and waist circumference (p=0.039) compared to those at the precontemplation/contemplation stages. There was no association between fruit and vegetables intake and the presence of overweight or abdominal obesity (p=0.373). Conclusion : This instrument is effective to predict the food intake and, even among aware individuals and ready to change their food behavior, the prevalence of nutritional risk is high.

Objective : To investigate the effectiveness of workplace exercise for employee health by means of health-related physical activity components. Methods : A randomized uncontrolled study with 20 workers was carried out during three months to evaluate a workplace exercise program. The selected outcomes were flexibility, body mass, fat percentage, lean mass, blood pressure, and heart rate. For statistical analysis, the paired t test and the intent-to-treat analysis were used. Results : There was a significant increase in weight, fat percentage, blood pressure, and heart rate. However the clinical significance was 10% in the size of the effect. Conclusion : The changes verified in the outcomes analyzed were not significant; the variables are within normality ranges proposed by academic organizations

Objective : To investigate the influence of anthropometric indices on seminal parameters. Methods : Men who underwent treatment for conjugal infertility during the period of October, 2011, to March, 2012, were randomly selected. Patients with any prior diseases related to sperm alterations were excluded. Patients were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation to obtain body mass index, and the seminal analysis was made through a spermogram. Two anthropometric methods of classification were used: body mass index (normal and altered) and abdominal circumference (<94cm and >94cm). Data were analyzed by statistical tests. Results : The group with the altered body mass index presented lower volumes of ejaculated volume and a larger percentage of patients with abdominal circumference <94cm presented with progressive forms of spermatozoa below reference values. However, in the statistical tests, there was no significant difference. Conclusion : No significant difference was found in the sperm quality relative to the body mass index or abdominal circumference.

Objective : To describe the development, content analysis, and reliability of two questionnaires to assess the perception of nurse leaders, nurse technicians, and licensed practical nurses − coached in the practice of leadership and the relation with the dimensions of the coaching process. Methods : This was a methodological study with a quantitative and qualitative approach, which had the goal of instrumentation in reference to the construction and validation of measuring instruments. The instrument proposition design was based on the literature on leadership, coaching, and assessment of psychometric properties, subjected to content validation as to clarity, relevance, and applicability in order to validate the propositions through the consensus of judges, using the Delphi technique, in 2010. The final version of the questionnaires was administered to 279 nurses and 608 nurse technicians and licensed practical nurses, at two university hospitals and two private hospitals. Results : The Cronbach’s alpha value with all items of the self-perception instrument was very high (0.911). The team members’ instrument of perception showed that for all determinants and for each dimension of the coaching process, Cronbach’s overall alpha value (0.952) was considered quite high, pointing to a very strong consistency of the scale. Confirmatory analysis showed that the models were well adjusted. Conclusion : From the statistical validation we compared the possibility of reusing the questionnaires for other study samples, because there was evidence of reliability and applicability.