Repositório RCAAP

This project results from the process of carrying out the inventory of the epigraphic heritage existing in the former Convento de S. Francisco de Lisboa and which today houses the a Faculdade de Belas Artes da Universidade de Lisboa (FBAUL), Faculty of Fine Arts of Lisbon. If we consider that the convent originated in the thirteenth century, it implies an interval of almost eight centuries of history. In these 800 years of history the building has, of course, gone through many situations that changed its structure, from fires to earthquakes. However, there are inscriptions that go from the Medieval Era to our Contemporary Era. In fact we studied and invented a total of 47 inscriptions. The focus of this investigation is on the inventory process, in other words, the main interest lies in the application of a working methodology that can achieve this goal effectively. To establish the field of work with some rigor we put, on the one hand, the historical information and, on the other, our own search and identification of the inscriptions. One can say objective and subjective aspects respectively. However, both necessary aspects, a moment devoted to searching, identifying, reading and their proper photographic record are then confronted with historical documents to objectively clarify our observation on the ground, thus reducing the possibility of error. Crossing aspects that allowed the completion and completion of inventory sheets. Our big goal. The journey through the building motivated another aspect that was also present in this project, although in a secondary way, perhaps the subject of another investigation. The description of a whole typography that we have been observing, information by text, by letters, by numbers that did not fit directly with our research, but which we also considered necessary to expose. We conclude with proposals for the exposure of this existing heritage in the building of FBAUL, since we verify in situ their complete ignorance on the part of the people who usually walk through the building. We believe that inventory can be a factor that changes this situation and allows its valuation and consequent preservation.

Currently a paradigm change is happening in the collaboration between design and social sciences, it’s a change from a user centered design process to participative experiences. This recent approach requires new ways of thinking, feeling and developing the process. The participative experience isn’t simply a method or a set of methodologies but a new attitude towards people. The inclusion of people, from different backgrounds, is changing the landscape around the design practice, creating new collective creativity domains towards more sustainable ways of living in the future. This dissertation explores some meanings and practices associated with participative experience, clarifying the importance of the organization and prioritization of data during the process, having the assertive choice of the methods and activities as the final objective. From this point of view, the present investigation lead to the creation of a Toolkit. In this Toolkit are shown some of the key factors to consider when planning and evaluating a process that involves different people and experiences. More than translating the process through stages, this toolkit leads designers and design teams to take more conscious decisions when comes to developing a project.

Effective CD8(+) T-cell responses against tumor or microbial antigens that are not directly expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) depend on the cross-presentation of these antigens on MHC class I in APCs. To identify signaling molecules that regulate cross-presentation, we used lentiviral-based RNA interference to test the roles of hundreds of kinases and phosphatases in this process. Our study uncovered eight previously unknown genes, consisting of one positive and seven negative regulators of antigen cross-presentation. Depletion of Acvr1c, a type I receptor for TGF-β family of signaling molecules, led to an increase in CD80 and CD86 co-stimulator surface expression and secreted IL-12 in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs, as well as antigen-specific T-cell proliferation.

A common consequence of sticking to a research topic for a fair amount of time is that it starts colonising your everyday life to a point where you may find yourself asking questions to every new acquaintance as if they were participants in your project. Your friends may become tired of your constant interrogations, but unknown people might simply take you as someone with a peculiar sense of curiosity. I believe this is what recently happened to me when coming back from a conference and decided to call an Uber driver at Lisbon airport. This chapter explores some of the functionalities mental maps offer to migration research. Mental maps (or cognitive maps) have long helped understanding how individuals use and perceive local space. Yet, as a visual method, mental maps may be produced and analysed in distinct ways. This chapter navigates through existing research employing mental maps and argues for an interactive approach to mental map analysis, in which the researcher-participant engagement becomes as fundamental as the actual visualisation produced. Based on fieldwork with migrants in Lisbon, Portugal, the chapter illustrates the methodological potential of mental maps for yielding information about the ways migrants actively mobilise urban resources.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible even under bronchodilators effect, caused by a mixture of small airway disease – obstructive bronchiolitis – and parenchymal destruction – emphysema. At the present time, COPD is the fourth leading cause of death and its prevalence and mortality are expected to continue increasing in next decade. Spirometry is the most reproducible way to measure lung function and is nowadays the best tool to diagnose airflow limitation and, consequently, diagnose COPD itself. Biomarkers for diagnosis and/or prognosis as well as novel targets for the development of more effective therapies for COPD are still needed. Proteomics has the capacity to provide large-scale information and consequently it has the potential to expand previous knowledge on COPD. Surprisingly, given the need for new biomarkers in COPD and the power of proteomics, proteomics have been quite neglected so far. Up to date only 50 reports (14 are reviews) match the search at Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, accessed June 23, 2011) for COPD proteomics. Hence, there is a clear need to engage clinically valuable proteomics studies in order to match the need for new biomarkers in COPD. In last decade, the shotgun proteomics approach has become the method of choice for identifying and quantifying proteins in most large-scale studies. Compared with 2DE, shotgun proteomics allows higher data throughput and better protein detection sensitivity. This strategy is based on trypsin digestion of proteins into peptides. This produces a complex peptide mixture that is then separated by one- or multiple dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) and subjected to peptide sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) before automated database searching. In the present work we have employed different methodologies within shotgun proteomics to generate solid and comprehensive data in COPD. There are quite a lot biological materials that can be used to investigate biomarkers for this disease. Although COPD is now known to possess a systemic inflammation xii component which is responsible for affecting other organs, it is in the lung that the events that lead to breathless take place. Investigating to the lung directly is therefore an optimal strategy to be able to identify proteins that may not be detectable elsewhere either because they are not present or diluted into undetectable concentrations. But this means that lung tissue has to be collected by biopsy which is an extremely invasive technique. But besides tissue biospecimens, other sources of biological materials used to study COPD is biofluids which includes sputum, bronchoalveolar and nasal lavage fluid, exhaled breath condensate, and blood. It had been observed before by means of microscopy that red blood cells (RBCs) from COPD patients showed deformations in their shape. RBCs are crucial to the uptake of oxygen from the lungs to the cells and this transport is dependent on their ability to change shapes rapidly while navigating through blood vessels. In addition, RBCs play a crucial role in antioxidant defense when fighting against oxidative stress, which has long been recognized as feature of COPD. In this work we made use of a RBC membrane fractionation procedure, stable isotope labeling and bidimensional liquid chromatography (strong cation exchange / reverse phase) before sample acquisition using a high-resolution fourier transform - ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer (Chapter III). A total of 4697 peptides were quantified as present in both COPD and control spectra corresponding to 1083 proteins. Three-hundred and fourteen proteins possessing at least two peptides were identified, 46% of which were annotated as membrane proteins. Golgin-245/p230 (GOLGA4), was identified as overexpressed in COPD, a protein which is reported to be essential for intracellular trafficking and cell surface delivery of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), the main proinflammatory cytokine made and secreted by inflammatory macrophages enhancing activation and recruitment of T-cells and ensuring robust innate and acquired immune responses. Chorein or Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13A (VPS13A) is reported to play a role in the cytoskeleton organization has been associated with thorny deformations of circulating erythrocytes, possibly due to red cell membranes deformation. This protein was found to be underexpressed in COPD patients when compared to controls by MS and this underexpression was confirmed by WB. Consequently, underexpression of chorein may play an important role in the deformation of COPD RBCs. Many other interesting proteins were identified in the xiii context of COPD and, additionally, there were a considerable number of proteins described in RBC for the first time (Chapter III). To overcome the difficulty of acquiring fresh biopsies of well characterized patients, we have established in our laboratory a procedure to collect human fresh nasal epithelial cells. We have shown previously that these cells presented similar proteome of epithelial cells presented in the lower airway. Here, two different types of studies were presented using these cells: a study performed on the effects of cigarette smoke, which is the main risk factor for developing COPD (Chapter IV) and a comparative proteomic study between COPD patients and healthy individuals (Chapter V). Both were pioneer studies by investigating the proteome of fresh nasal epithelial cells from cigarette smoker subjects (Chapter IV) or COPD patients (Chapter V). In both studies a high-resolution mass analyzer, the orbitrap, was employed increasing the number of confident peptide/protein identifications. In Chapter IV, ninety-six proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the proteomes of healthy smokers and nonsmokers. These proteins were related to processes of antigen presentation, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cell morphology, drug metabolism, DNA repair, energy production or mitochondrial dysfunction. Although requiring further orthogonal validation, our data was consistent with previous evidences showing CD44, MUC5AC or SOD2 differential modulation in smokers due to inflammatory response pathways. In Chapter V, 89968 peptides and 1475 proteins were identified in total, of which 1173 proteins were identified by at least two peptides. We were able to confirm previous evidences that UPR is activated in COPD patients since we were able to observe overexpression in a considerable number of proteins involved in different protein complexes involved in UPR. This includes overexpression of VCP, both components of the Hsp10/Hsp60 chaperone complex (HSPD1 and HSPE1), CALR and two members of a large ER-localized multiprotein complex of at least 11 proteins, PPIB and ERP29. We also observed an increase in expression of proteins related to Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response such as GSTP1, TXNRD1 and GSR. Additionally, we also report an increase in drug metabolism, as all significantly differentially expressed proteins related to this biofunction were overexpressed in COPD: GSTP1, GSR, AKR1C3 and ANXA2. Further validation by orthogonal methods is needed so that the activation of xiv UPR and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response and the increase in drug metabolism on the nasal epithelial cells of COPD patients is fully confirmed. In Chapter VI, serum collected from COPD patients was divided into 4 different groups in all different combinations of presence/absence of the two main features of COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, to study their impact in the serum proteome. Due to its complex protein mixture, serum was first immunodepleted from its most abundant proteins, comprising about 94% of total protein content, before being analyzed by 1D-PAGE – LC-MS/MS (GeLC-MS/MS) in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. This powerful strategy was able to identify as many as 2856 proteins, of which 929 were identified by two or more peptides. Plasminogen was found to be underexpressed in COPD patients that suffer simultaneously from emphysema and chronic bronchitis, while it maintained about the same expression level over the three other groups of COPD patients and this differential expression was successfully validated by ELISA. It was possible to identify other interesting proteins as TRAF3IP2, which is associated with innate immunity in response to pathogens, inflammatory signals and stress and has also been implicated in airway hyperresponsiveness or Isoform 1 of phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D (GPLD1), which is GPI degrading enzyme that was described to be responsible for secretion of prostasin, which was the first of several membrane serine peptidases found to activate the epithelium-sodium channel (ENaC). Prostasin was also reported to have a critical role in regulating epithelial sodium transport in normal and pathological conditions in the lung. The work herein presented confirmed a few findings that had already been reported and more important revealed new insights into COPD disease mechanisms as well as provided new candidate biomarkers for these diseases. Further validation and integration of all data obtained into a systems biology approach will certainly contribute to increase knowledge of COPD and ultimately bringing the well being of patients.

In this chapter, I present the making of an ethnographic film, which I filmed during a research project in geography carried out from 2013 to 2017 and entitled Victory Day. The chapter provides a reflection on the use of film to capture political actions, specifically the ones targeting immigrant groups. It also shows the extent to which filmmaking relates to experiences of the participants involved, and to the sensorial experience of a place. With this, it builds on previous works that have highlighted the potential of moving images to represent the sensory, experiences and intersubjectivities. Finally, it tackles the ethics of working in conflict cities, and even more specifically, when participants take a hawkish stand in that conflict.

To effectively plan and manage the use of agricultural land, it is crucial to identify and evaluate the multiple human and environmental factors that influence it. In this study, we propose a model framework to identify the factors potentially explaining the use of agricultural land for wheat, maize, and olive grove plantations at the regional level. By developing a machine-learning model coupled with a model-agnostic approach, we provide global and local interpretations of the most influential factors. We collected nearly 140 variables related to biophysical, bioclimatic, and agricultural socioeconomic conditions. Overall, the results indicated that biophysical and bioclimatic conditions were more influential than socioeconomic conditions. At the global interpretation level, the proposed model identified a strong contribution of conditions related to drainage density, slope, and soil type. In contrast, the local interpretation level indicated that socioeconomic conditions such as the degree of mechanisation could be influential in specific parcels of wheat. As demonstrated, the proposed analytical approach has the potential to serve as a decision-making tool instrument to better plan and control the use of agricultural land.

The connection between tourism and nature justifies the environmental concerns from tourism agents, namely global hotel chains. This paper explores the differences between smaller hotel chains and their larger global counterparts regarding environmentally sustainable practices. The research approach is qualitative, based on the analysis of 40 company websites and in-depth interviews with 18 entrepreneurs and executives. Results suggest that environmental issues are, for most companies, not a response to societal challenges (‘doing the right thing’), but a response to owners’ concerns (‘doing things right’). Hotel chains develop environmental sustainability practices, mainly for cost-reduction purposes, accommodating the owners’ demands for efficiency. Notwithstanding, there are differences according to the chain’s size. Smaller companies are less prone to adopt environmental practices and to invest in communicating them than global chains. Concerning sustainability in the hotel industry, most studies focus on specific topics and discussions. A more holistic approach to sustainability to establish a deeper understanding of sustainable business decisions in the hotel sector is scarce in the literature. This paper addresses this gap by exploring the strategic reasons behind the sustainable practices of hotel companies, namely smaller ones. Managerial implications of the results are also derived in this paper.

Smart specialization strategies are a new EU approach to cohesion policy, meant to deliver growth and development at EU national and regional level. Bearing in mind its focus on place-based development strategies, this paper intends to shed some light on its appropriateness to tackle uneven development and regional growth divergence. The paper showcases Spanish Extremadura growth trajectory. Extremadura is a poor region in the European context that between 2008 and 2014 diverged from the EU average, despite being eligible for EU funding as a convergence region by cohesion policy. In the 2014–2020 programming period, there was a positive dynamic at the beginning, but from 2017 onwards convergence stopped, which indicates that thematic and regional programmes have not delivered results or have not compensated for higher growth level of other Spanish regions. Moreover, research and innovation strategies for smart specialization (RIS3) seem to have limited impacts on place-based economic transformation in less developed regions. From this example, the suitability of the smart specialisation strategy as the core of cohesion policy in the programming period is discussed. It concludes that this strategy is interesting for intermediate development regions with some industrial base but does not seem appropriate as a convergence driver for poorer regions.

The main objective of this project is to characterize the Caixa Geral de Depósitos’ storage rooms, where its art collection remained between 2008 and 2021, as well as to document the preparatory work for its transfer to the new facilities located in the headquarters building of this banking institution. This report begins with a brief presentation of the collection, with reference to its creation and the guidelines for the acquisition criteria. Storage rooms are characterized, by identifying the main factors of degradation and the preventive conservation measures and procedures adopted regarding space maintenance, characteristics of storage equipment, packaging, and other preservation procedures. On this theoretical/practical approach there has been included the preparatory work for the collection transfer, along with a description of the adopted methodologies regarding the objects’ reorganization on the equipment and on the new space, the disposition of this equipment in the new storage rooms, as well as the packaging identification for the transfer and the methodologies and materials adopted for different objects. Finally, the new storage rooms design evolution is presented, along with a brief characterization of the space, taking into account that, for technical reasons due to the context of the measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic, the transfer did not occur until this report has been submitted. The present report is relevant for the institution, as it documents the period in which the Collection remained in the old facilities and the procedures for its transfer, and it aims to be regarded as future memory for this collection’s history.

Recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, coastal forests in eastern Africa are currently reduced to fragments amidst human modified habitats. Managing for biodiversity depends on our understanding of how many and which species can persist in these modified areas. Aiming at clarifying how habitat structure changes affect bat assemblage composition and richness, we used ground-level mist nets at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (ASF) and adjacent farmlands. Habitat structure was assessed using the point-centered quarter (PCQ) method at 210 points per habitat. We captured a total of 24 bat species (ASF: 19, farmlands: 23) and 5217 individuals (ASF: 19.1%, farmlands: 82.9%). Bat diversity was higher at ASF (H′, ASF: 1.48 ± 0.2, farm: 1.33 ± 0.1), but bat richness and abundance were higher in farmlands [Chao1, ASF: 19 (19–25), farmlands: 24 (24–32) species (95% confidence interval [CI])]. Understory vegetation and canopy cover were highest at ASF and the lower bat richness and abundance observed may be the result of the under-sampling of many clutter tolerant and high flying species. Future surveys should combine different methods of capture and acoustic surveys to comprehensively sample bats at ASF. Nonetheless, the rich bat assemblages observed in farmlands around ASF should be valued and landowners encouraged to maintain orchards on their farms.

The biogeographical importance of Dalmatia, bordered by the Dinaric Alps and the Adriatic Sea, is evident through the rich biodiversity of this region and its network of protected areas. One of those areas, Krka National Park (NP), supports a wide range of natural habitats, but rapidly increasing tourism puts high pressure on its ecosystems, despite its protected status. Accurate knowledge of species and their distributions within natural places such as Krka is essential to direct and prioritize future conservation efforts. As collecting biodiversity data is time and resource-intensive, alternative ways to obtain this information are needed. One possibility is monitoring based on eco-volunteering. From June to August of 2019, an Operation Wallacea/BIOTA scientific team surveyed a section of Krka NP and its surrounding boundaries, within the vicinity of the village of Puljane, to study its butterfly richness and abundance. Pollard walks and static count surveys were conducted with the help of eco-volunteers, testing the effectiveness of gathering field data through this approach. Overall, 57 butterfly species were found throughout the study, including four new records for Krka NP. Three further new species for the park were detected close to its boundaries and are also expected to occur within its borders. Here, we present an updated butterfly checklist for Krka NP, highlighting the positive impact of eco-volunteering initiatives and the importance of combined research efforts to study and protect the rich biodiversity and ecosystems of protected areas.

E-beam irradiation was studied as a post-harvest treatment for red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). Microbial inactivation (natural microbiota and potential pathogenic bacteria) and bioactive properties (phenolic content, vitamin C content and antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity) of these fruits were evaluated before and after irradiation and during storage of 14 days at 4 °C. A reduction of 2 log CFU/g of mesophilic bacteria and 3 log CFU/g on filamentous fungi, and no detection of foodborne inoculated pathogens (3 log CFU/g) was achieved with an e-beam treatment at 3 kGy and during 7 days of refrigerated storage. Regarding bioactive properties, the results suggested that irradiation could preserve the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of raspberries through 7 days of cold storage, even though a decrease of 80% on ascorbic acid concentration was observed. Furthermore, no in vitro inhibitory effect on human cells lines was observed for the extracts from e-beam-treated raspberries. The overall results suggested that use of e-beam irradiation as post-harvest treatment of raspberries as an emergent, clean and environmental friendly process to extend the shelf-life of this fruit with safety and preservation of bioactivity.

The purpose of this study was to examine if teachers who participated in a continuous professional development (CPD) programme were able to develop an understanding of inquiry-based science education (IBSE). The CPD programme was designed to IBSE in both formal and informal, Learning Outside the Classroom (LOtC) contexts, to discuss its role as a tool to improve pedagogic practises in science teaching and to explore the application of the method in teaching biodiversity and climate change. A qualitative design using pre- and post-programme questionnaires was used to investigate teachers’ understanding and classroom implementation of inquiry. Evolution of teachers’ practises were also evaluated during the different steps of CPD course and served as a checking and a remind of what is really an authentic scientific inquiry. The results of two-year independent courses suggest that the CPD programme appeared beneficial in resolving teaching misconceptions about IBSE. Teachers were able to experience, evaluate and reflect on their own practise. At the end, they developed new approaches to apply scientific inquiry while teaching biodiversity and climate change in the context of their own classrooms.

Main conclusion: Higher vacuolar proton pump activity may increase plant energy and nutrient use efficiency and provide the nexus between plant inoculation with Herbaspirillum seropedicae and growth promotion. Abstract: Global change and growing human population are exhausting arable land and resources, including water and fertilizers. We present inoculation with the endophytic plant-growth promoting bacterium (PGPB) Herbaspirillum seropedicae as a strategy for promoting growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Because plant nutrient acquisition is coordinated with photosynthesis and the plant carbon status, we hypothesize that inoculation with H. seropedicae will stimulate proton (H+) pumps, increasing plant growth nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency at low nutrient levels. Plants were inoculated and grown in pots with sterile soil for 90 days. Herbaspirillum seropedicae endophytic colonization was successful and, as hypothesized, inoculation (1) stimulated root vacuolar H+ pumps (vacuolar H+-ATPase and vacuolar H+-PPase), and (2) increased plant growth, nutrient contents and photosynthetic efficiency. The results showed that inoculation with the endophytic bacterium H. seropedicae can promote plant growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency, which will likely result in a more efficient use of resources (nutrients and water) and higher production of nutrient-rich food at reduced economic and environmental costs.

O antigo Egipto foi sendo apreciado pelos Europeus desde a Antiguidade clássica. Este fascínio, sentido especialmente pela sua arte e costumes religiosos, proporcionou o aparecimento de uma arte com reminiscências egípcias e de tratados que se propunham decifrar a escrita hieroglífica. A expedição militar organizada por Napoleão Bonaparte ao Egipto, entre os anos de 1798 e 1802, possibilitou ao Ocidente uma nova redescoberta desse país misterioso. A publicação da obra Description de l'Egypte terá motivado um crescente interesse pelo antigo Egipto, patenteado no desejo, cada vez maior, em obter antiguidades egípcias e no aparecimento da ciência egiptológica, fundada por Jean-François Champollion. A par da restante Europa, o nosso país também se interessou pela egiptomania e pela egiptologia, embora mais modestamente. No século XIX, a introdução em Portugal de um certo gosto pelo Egipto faraónico poderá ser observada tanto em alguns motivos artísticos como em algumas colecções particulares. No âmbito literário, a imagem do Egipto parece ter sido formada principalmente através da leitura de publicações estrangeiras, algumas pertencentes a pessoas directamente relacionadas com a egiptologia da época, mas também através das experiências vividas durante as visitas que alguns fizeram ao país do Nilo. Assim, apesar dos intelectuais portugueses estarem menos envolvidos nas temáticas egiptológicas, o Egipto por eles divulgado não seria muito dissemelhante da realidade imaginativa e cultural da Europa oitocentista.

The need to predict the weather accurantely is one of the oldest dreams of mankind. In recent decades there has been significant progress in weather forecasting models. However, the models have systematic errors that may be corrected with the application of linear statistical models, from the accumulated statistics of a particular model prediction. These corrective models have the generic name of MOS (Model Output Statistics). The linear version of the MOS is based on the use of multilinear regressions. In this study, there were made predictions MOS within 24 hours, for the variables of temperature and horizontal components of the wind, using the 61 stations of the network of Portuguese Institute of Meteorology. The model equations were obtained with a stepwise regression or step-by-step, up to five predictors and assessed by cross-validation. The pre-selected predictors were forecasts of MM5 model (The Fifth-Generation NCAR / Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5)) and observations available at the release of the forecast. The results show an improvement in the mean square error of 60% in the temperature forecasting and 80% in the horizontal components of the wind forecasting, related to the results of the forecast, in 24 hours, by the numerical model MM5. In terms of forecasts of 48 and 72 hours, the application of the model improves MOS of 70% of the MM5 forecasts for the three variables. These results motivate the operational use of this method and its development for other predictive variables.

Seasonality exerts strong pressures on biodiversity patterns. Yet, temporal beta-diversity is poorly studied in tropical systems, and the drivers of variability in amphibian activity and seasonality remain largely unknown. We quantified intra- and interannual variation in temporal beta-diversity relying on a nine-year, year-round survey (51 species, n > 23,000) performed in a protected area (Betampona, Madagascar). We assessed the dependence on climate of beta-diversity and abundance using a distance-based redundancy analysis and generalised linear mixed models, respectively. Despite the majority of species being preferentially active during one specific period, beta-diversity and abundance were more variable between years than within years. Temporal variation in beta-diversity was best explained by temperature (but climate accounted for only 2% of variation). Species abundance was best explained by temperature (for 32% of the tested species), monthly humidity (30%) and monthly rainfall (24%). We found no climatic dependence for 24% of the species. Our results suggest that studies focusing on species phenology can be misleading when based on single-year surveys even in seasonal systems. The high interannual variability in diversity may be due to an adaptive responses to an important regime of stochastic events. Given the direction of the relationships between weather and abundances, we predict that a large proportion of amphibians would suffer from climate change in Madagascar. We emphasise the need to account for multiple temporal scales in studies of tropical species composition and abundance to better understand species phenology and their response to climate change, and make targeted conservation actions more effective.

Range expansion results from complex eco-evolutionary processes where range dynamics and niche shifts interact in a novel physical space and/or environment, with scale playing a major role. Obligate symbionts (i.e. organisms permanently living on hosts) differ from free-living organisms in that they depend on strong biotic interactions with their hosts which alter their niche and spatial dynamics. A symbiotic lifestyle modifies organism–environment relationships across levels of organisation, from individuals to geographical ranges. These changes influence how symbionts experience colonisation and, by extension, range expansion. Here, we investigate the potential implications of a symbiotic lifestyle on range expansion capacity. We present a unified conceptual overview on range expansion of symbionts that integrates concepts grounded in niche and metapopulation theories. Overall, we explain how niche-driven and dispersal-driven processes govern symbiont range dynamics through their interaction across scales, from host switching to geographical range shifts. First, we describe a background framework for range dynamics based on metapopulation concepts applied to symbiont organisation levels. Then, we integrate metapopulation processes operating in the physical space with niche dynamics grounded in the environmental arena. For this purpose, we provide a definition of the biotope (i.e. living place) specific to symbionts as a hinge concept to link the physical and environmental spaces, wherein the biotope unit is a metapopulation patch (either a host individual or a land fragment). Further, we highlight the dual nature of the symbionts' niche, which is characterised by both host traits and the external environment, and define proper conceptual variants to provide a meaningful unification of niche, biotope and symbiont organisation levels. We also explore variation across systems in the relative relevance of both external environment and host traits to the symbiont's niche and their potential implications on range expansion. We describe in detail the potential mechanisms by which hosts, through their function as biotopes, could influence how some symbionts expand their range – depending on the life history and traits of both associates. From the spatial point of view, hosts can extend symbiont dispersal range via host-mediated dispersal, although the requirement for among-host dispersal can challenge symbiont range expansion. From the niche point of view, homeostatic properties of host bodies may allow symbiont populations to become insensitive to off-host environmental gradients during host-mediated dispersal. These two potential benefits of the symbiont–host interaction can enhance symbiont range expansion capacity. On the other hand, the central role of hosts governing the symbiont niche makes symbionts strongly dependent on the availability of suitable hosts. Thus, environmental, dispersal and biotic barriers faced by suitable hosts apply also to the symbiont, unless eventual opportunities for host switching allow the symbiont to expand its repertoire of suitable hosts (thus expanding its fundamental niche). Finally, symbionts can also improve their range expansion capacity through their impacts on hosts, via protecting their affiliated hosts from environmental harshness through biotic facilitation.

The drivers of intraspecific niche variation and its effects on species interactions are still unclear, especially in species-rich Neotropical environments. Here, we investigated how ecological opportunity and interspecific competition affect the degree of individual trophic specialization and the population niche breadth in tetra fish. We studied the four ecologically similar species (Psalidodon aff. gymnodontus, P. aff. paranae, P. bifasciatus, and Bryconamericus ikaa) in subtropical headwater streams (three sites with two co-occurring species and three sites with only one species). We sampled fish in two contrasting seasons (winter/dry and summer/wet) and quantified their trophic niches using gut content analysis. Psalidodon bifasciatus was the only species distributed over all the sampled streams. We observed seasonal differences in population trophic niche breadth of P. bifasciatus just when this species co-occurred with P. aff. gymnodontus. These findings confirm the complex nature of the effects of interspecific competition, depending, for instance, on the identity of the competitor. The degree of individual specialization of P. bifasciatus was higher in the winter, and it was not influenced by the presence of another species. Conversely, the other two Psalidodon species studied presented greater individual specialization in the summer, when fish consumed a higher proportion of allochthonous items (terrestrial insects and seeds), and there were no effects only for B. ikaa. Herein, our results suggest that seasonality in food-resource availability is a major driver of niche variation and it has the potential to play an important role in how these similar tetra species interact and coexist.