Repositório RCAAP

Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos

The general objective of this thesis was to study the processing of maté Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil Lineage Cambona 4, a renewable natural resource of sustainable form of small farmers in the South of Brazil. An analysis becomes on the conception of the agricultural producers of the city of Machadinho-RS on environment and maté organic culture. A study of the mate processing is carried out initiating with the singeing, using units of laboratory, which consists one of the conventional stages in the maté processing. The contact time is determined to produce similar leaves to the ones of industrial processes. The best operational condition consisted of singeing per 5 minutes, operating the singer in the rotation of 80 rpm. The initial moisture content of maté leaves varied of 61,9 - 65.0% (db), and to the ending of singeing, under action of combustion gases GLP in the average temperature of 181oC, the moisture content it is reduced for 14,6% (db). The drying was carried out in vibrated tray drier, at the operations conditions: air flow in the temperature and velocity of 60oC and 0,64 m/s; amplitude and frequency of vibration, 0.5,10-3 m and 183 m rd/s, being Aù.2/g equal to 1,7; average specific area initial of maté leaves processed was 52,63 cm2/g. The convective coefficients of heat transfer had been quantified, in the operations of singeing and drying, being obtained the average values, 0,316 at 0,606 and 0,097 kJ/m2.min.oC, respectively. The extraction studies of soluble had been carried through the use of two techniques. The first method, agitation and mixing of maté triturated water, was effected at the temperature of 90oC. It was quantified that 50.7% of solids in the maté dehydrated are constituted by soluble, that were extracted in multiple stages of leaching. In only stage 37.1% of solids are extracted. The second method, with fixed bed of triturated maté, it was used an extractor with perforated chamber for draining of the extract. The experiments had been carried out with multiple extractions, each one with new amount of solvent. In only extraction, 35.5% of solids are extracted. The extract presented a solid concentration of 3,4 to 4,5%. Arabic gum was added to the extract in the concentrations of 0, 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0; 1,5 and 2.0%, in relation to it solids content. The mixtures had been affected with the objective to study the influence of the Arabic gum in the drying and the flavor of drinks. The extracts had been processed in spray dryer at the average operations conditions: temperature and flow air: 190oC and 32.1 m3/h; extract feed at 340 mL/h. The moisture content of powder had varied from 1,8 to 6,6% (db). Sensorial analysis was carried out with three formulations at the concentrations: 0; 0,2 and 1,0% of Arabic gum. To the experimental results a statistical treatment was applied and was verified best preference for the formulations with 0.2% of the Arabian gum content. This showed the influence of the encapsulating agent in the aroma retention. The Arabian gum facilitated the powder separation in the cyclone. Concentrated of soluble of maté they were lyophylisated and obtained the lyophilisation curve. A study of caffeine traced was carried out during the processing. The caffeine determinations were effectuate in the: natura mate; singed maté; dried maté after the singeing and powder maté obtained by spray dryer. The losses of caffeine had been of: 33,6% in singeing 40,7% after the drying in vibrated tray; 62,2% after the spray drying. With soluble extracts of maté of spray drying and lyophilisation new products were developed: Mateccino mate mixing with chocolate ; maté candy and suggestions of fine drinks with maté extract. The economic feasibility study of a plant with capacity for processing 1,500 kg maté leaves/h, it showed: the necessity of: annual fixed capital investment of R$ 390.514,00; that the total annual product cost is of R$ 800.322,00; that the total income is of R$ 1512,000.00 and that the annual profit before taxes is of R$ 711.678,00.

The current situation of social and environmental degradation observed in rural areas of Brazil derives from a historical multidimensional process involving strong political and economic interests, where the techniques and ideas of the "Green Revolution" justify the propagation of inequities in land ownership and agricultural policies country. This process culminates in the current title of world's largest consumer of pesticides, coupled with the rapid advancement of transgenic seeds, increasingly threatening the autonomy of agriculture and food security in the country. Faced with this, Agroecology emerges as a science engaged in the transformation of social reality in the field, adding knowledge, multidisciplinary actors and social movements. This work was conducted in the Upper Sorocaba/ Middle Tietê Basin, a region with a strong presence of family farming. We sought to understand the situation of family farming and the insertion of Agroecology among this audience. Also sought to systematize learnings and indicate preferential paths for the continuity of actions involving the thematic of Agroforestry Systems, agroecological extension and environmental regularization of farms, as important components of a process of agroecological transition. There has been a considerable advance in associativism in the region, driven primarily by governmental programs of institutional purchase (PAA and school meals), which also show the potential to stimulate the transition to organic agriculture. Virtually no other public policy is recognized as important for this audience. The failure of the structure of public ATER is recognized, and noted a decrease in their staff in recent years. After decades of difficulties in marketing , lack of political support , lack of credit and cultural devaluation, the farmer 's children launch themselves to work in the city , endangering the reproduction of family farming . Faced with this, the main strategies and demands of farmers groups converge to the viability of the market , the primary source of income for families . Although there are examples of technical and economic success of pioneer farmers in organic agriculture in the region, we note that few institutions have actions to stimulate this type of agriculture, prevailing prejudices and misinformation about its technical and economic feasibility. The study of the projects showed that third-sector institutions and universities are responsible for innovative actions in agroforestry systems as forms of land use and for the recovery of degraded areas. It is considered that more continuous actions are needed to consolidate this form of land use, which has the ability to bring economic, social and environmental benefits in the short, medium and long term for the families involved. The group of institutions that have recently articulated around Sorocabana Agroecology Network show potential to advance in the aspects of teaching, research and extension in sustainable agriculture, to deal with regional demands to advancing this paradigm with the family farm, which are: need for certification; establishing solidarity markets, consolidation and exchange experiences; technical monitoring of farmers.

It was carried out the analysis and the environmental characterization of the urban area as a subsidy to the review of the Urban Development Directive Plan of the municipality of Erechim (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), associated with a combined proposal of the environmental zoning and the conceptual management plan of Parque Municipal Longines Malinowski (PMLM), one of the structural-natural elements in the urban landscape, directing the development of actions related to the use and maintenance of this Urban Ppark, in the perspective to ensure the environmental and life quality of the city of Erechim. PMLM comprises a fragment of mixed ombrophilic forest, totally limited by an urban contour. The environmental analysis was made with the use of SIG-IDRISI with structural elements of the urban landscape and of PMLM, resulting in hypsometric, clinographic, hydrographic and soil use and occupation thematic maps. The altimetry variation was of 45 m of altitude for PMLM and of 210 m for the urban area. The city of Erechim presented an green area ratio (IAV) of 3.72 m2/inhabitant, being PMLM responsible for 46.50% of that. Fourteen types of soil use and occupation of for PMLM were identified, with the predominance of the ombrophilic forest in which (Bert.) Kuntze, Mart. ex Reiis.llex dumosa Reiis are found and are described in the list of endangered species. Based on the thematic maps and the creation law, a proposal for the environmental zoning and immediate contour of PMLM were made, as well as a conceptual management plan with 7 programs and 18 subprograms. PMLM presents a great potential for the practice of local biodiversity conservation. The decision-making concerning the use and occupation of its space, in the perspective of its conservation and continuity in the urban landscape, involves the consideration of the environmental zoning and the dynamics of the Park and its surroundin use and occupation of the. Any initiative to improve the environmental quality of PMLM will depend necessarily on the involvement and participation of the community.

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

There is an increase need for remote sensing data and associated analysis techniques in detecting and monitoring landscape change, particularly for resource management and planning. Information derived from remote sensing spatial data landscape has often been used to assist in the formulation of policies and provide insight into land-use patterns. To understanding human disturbance regimes for developing conservation and ecosystem management plan and for targeting ecological areas that define scarce ecosystems services this study has provided a landscape structure digital database at scales of observations that meet various mapping criteria (geology, geomorphology, pedology, hydrography, hypsometry, road net, settlements, legally protected areas and land-use of the São Félix Araguaia municipality. The monitoring current land-use for characterizing anthropogenic and natural surfaces was based on the use of the Systems of Geographical Information and image LandSat 5 TM. The pattern of land-use reflects the outcomes of more than one human process; for instance, cropland, pastureland and settlements expansion. Natural vegetation was the most abundant land use type, occupying 63.20% of the municipal district total area. Following forest, crop was the next most abundant land use type with 34.75% of the total area. The urban area value is incipient (0.76% of the total area), evidencing that the landscape changes are not influenced by the urban growth. In spite of the amount of forested areas in the municipality is important to point out that many of them are fragmented, isolated, or very close to areas in that the agriculture is the predominant activity. Regional and municipal planners require up-to-date information related to a digital database to effectively manage land development and plan for change.

Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos

Psidium cattleianum has great potential for animal and human food, for multiple uses of wood and for recovery of degraded areas. Due to its economic importance and to the lack of information on seed germination and conservation, this study aimed to find the morphology of fruits, seeds, seedlings and young plants and to establish the presence or absence of dormancy. Furthermore, studies have been conducted relating to the conservation of seeds, the germination responses under different temperatures, qualities of light and humidity levels of the substrates. All these studies focus to generate knowledge that can help to support conservation projects, management and restoration of altered and/or protected areas. By the results, it was found that seeds and fruits showed had little biometric variation and the greatest variation occured in number of seeds per fruit. The seeds showed tegumentary dormancy, the germination is hypogeal and the seedlings are cryptocotylar. Seeds immersed in water at room temperature in laboratory, proved germination pending quicker 20- 30oC in white light. The seed immersed in sulfuric acid during ten, 20 and 25 minutes, subjected to temperatures of 20-30oC under white light, showed higher germination rate. The placing of the seeds in waterproof packed and stored in natural environment in the laboratory or in a dry chamber, as well as the seeds packed in semi-permeable package and stored in cold chamber, were suitable for the preservation during 1,107 days and this fact, associated with little variation on the moisture content allowed to classify them as orthodoxe ones. The test of electrical conductivity with scarified seeds in the sulfuric acid during 25 minutes was not efficient to evaluate its physiological quality. The highest values of seed germination and speed rate were obtained at the temperature of 20-30oC under white light. Regardless of temperatures, the seeds showed drastic reduction in speed and germination in absence and presence of far red light. The seeds are positive preferential photoblastic. It is assumed that seeds germination is better under light natural conditions. The highest values of seed speed and germination were obtained, under white light regardless of seed age. The highest seed speed and germination were obtained at 20-30oC, under white light in 15 mL of water, as well as 50 grams of sand moistened with six, nine and 12 mL of water.

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos