Repositório RCAAP

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith) increased root and shoot growth, and P content in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L) seedlings. The application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 2.0 g/I as root dip was innefective in increasing growth to nonmycorrhizal seedlings, but applications to mycorrhizal seedlings had a positive interactive effect. The application of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.5 g/I was innefective to both nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings. 

This research was carried out at the FEPAGRO Experiment Station (Viamão-RS) in 1995, to study the selectivity of acaricides on natural enemies, in a five-year-old orange orchard of cv. 'Valencia'. The desing was randomized blocks with four replicates. The treatments and the quantities of a. i. at grams/100 liters of water, were: fenpyroximate (5); cyhexatin (25); abamectin + mineral oil (0.54 + 189); acrinathrin (0.5); amitraz (37.5); sulfur (400); fenpropathrin (15); check. The estimates were done at three days before and at five, 12, 25, and 45 days after pulverization. The sampling was based on five-minute-suction at two troes per plot, with a suction collecting machine. The counting of beneficiai artropods captured, was done in laboratory, with a stereoscopic microscope adjusted for until 40 times. The sulfur showed prominence in selectivity for the artropods whereas the fenpropathrin showed higher toxicity.

This trial was conducted in Lages, SC, Brazil, with the purpose of evaluating the effects of using higher than recommended plant densities on com yield and components. Two hybrids were used: Cargill 901 (very early) and XL 370 (early). Each hybrid was evaluated at three plant densities: 57,500, 71,500 and 82,500 pl/ha. Increasing plant population from 57,500 to 82,500 pilha did not affect grain yield of hybrid C 901 but it linearly reduced productivity of hybrid XL 370. Hybrid XL 370 presented heavier grains than hybrid C 901. Both cultivars linearly decreased number of grains per ear with the increase in plant density. The number of ears per plant was not affected by treatments. Within the levei of productivity obtained in the experiment, increasing plant density above the values suggested currently did not promote any positive effect to com grain yield. 

The Fronteira Oeste region of Rio Grande do Sul State has been highlighted by the productive diversification and the development in the fruit sector. The correct nutrition of the orchards is one of the essential factors to guarantee the success of this new producing region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of the orange trees 'Lanelate', 'Navelina', 'Salustiana', 'Valencia', 'Midknight Valencia' and ' Valencia Delta Seedless' grafted under Poncirus trifoliata under the edaphoclimatic conditions of this region. The orchards in which the samples were taken are adult plants. It was observed that the orchards of Cacequi and Rosário do Sul generally have deficiency in N, Ca, Mn and Zn and excess of the elements: Cu and P. This indicates the need of adequacy of soil management and fertilization, in order to increase the content of organic matter, the splitting nitrogen fertilization and the improvement of Mn and Zn fertilization.

Bees are responsible for the majority of cross-pollination dependent on animals, and their breeding has economic and environmental relevance. Therefore, beekeepers and stingless bee breeders, in addition to producing honey and other products, can be important in the process of preserving these insects. However, bees suffer from various pests and diseases, such as varroa mites, nosemosis and sac brood disease, for example. Lately, other factors, such as global warming, deforestation and use of pesticides, resulting from anthropic activity, have caused high bee mortality. But, one of the current problems has been the theft of hives. Thus, this study aimed to assess the occurrence of theft in beekeeping and meliponiculture, through a semi-structured questionnaire, available online, with anonymous and voluntary responses. Of the 259 who responded, 29.1% said they had already been stolen. The item most targeted by thieves was beehives, as 83% declared that they had already lost in wooden boxes or baits. Despite the high rate of thefts, 75.5% did not report the occurrence to the police and 56.4% do not believe that the record has any practical effect. Thus, it is concluded that the man, although promoter of the creations, can be considered a pest of beekeeping and stingless bee creations, and needs specific policies for the activity.

A utilização de sementes de elevada qualidade representa prática de manejo essencial para o estabelecimento e desempenho das culturas, sendo insumo fundamental para o desenvolvimento da agricultura. O uso de técnicas adequadas nos diversos sistemas de produção das culturas é fator fundamental para se obter maiores produtividades. Nesse sentido, cita-se que é crescente a utilização de novos produtos para incorporação de aditivos às sementes, objetivando melhorar seu potencial produtivo. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o real efeito desses produtos no desenvolvimento e produtividade agrícola e qualidade das sementes produzidas. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho abordar os principais efeitos verificados no tratamento de sementes com produtos à base de fertilizantes e reguladores de crescimento. Destaca-se que os resultados verificados na literatura quanto à utilização de fertilizantes e reguladores de crescimento fornecidos via sementes já é uma realidade na agricultura e com resultados bem promissores. É importante destacar que as repostas à aplicação desses produtos dependem de uma série de fatores como espécie em estudo, composição das substâncias presentes nos produtos, das condições do ambiente e formas de aplicação, fatos estes que justificam mais estudos no setor.

The overcoming bud dormancy in apple trees occurs after an increase of chilling hours in autumn/winter. If the environment does not supply the need for cold plants, budburst inductors are used to overcome dormancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the overcoming of bud dormancy of apple trees by combining the effect of cold and the use of a budburst inductor. The standard budburst inductor for apple tree cultivation (Dormex® 1% + Mineral Oil 4% - D/OM) was used in the Royal Gala (RG) cultivar after the variety received different cold times. RG cuttings were collected in April/2016 and submitted to D/OM treatment after 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 CH. A control treatment was included, applying only chilling at 7.2 ºC. In the control treatment, the RG cultivar overcome the dormancy with 549 CH after regression analysis (to 70% budburst range). When tested D/OM combined with cold, the products were not efficient to overcome dormancy after 0, 100 and 200 CH, reaching approximately 50% of budburst. However, when D/OM was applied after 300, 400, 500 and 600 CH, the plants responded with a high budburst rate (above 90% of budburst). In this case, overcoming dormancy (70% of budburst) with D/OM was achieved after 255 CH. It is concluded that the D/OM will have an effect only if the environment supplies 46.4% or more of the genotype chilling requirement in the field.

The aim of this study was to analyze the consumer behavior and to identify the attributes of meat quality that are most relevant for sheep meat consumers. Through a survey research with non-probabilistic convenience samples, interviews were performed through semi-structured and an online interview questionnaires form with lamb meat consumers. This research was aimed at characterizing lamb meat consumer from Porto Alegre, Brazil. In total, 207 people were interviewed, 100 consumers from a lamb meat boutique and 107 questionnaires answered online. Data analysis was performed using the model Tobit and the dependent variable was the consumption rate of lamb meat. Generally, we showed that preferences in the purchase of lamb meat by 413 consumers. The main quality of the lamb meat was softness when the meat consumption is frequently high and the flavor when the frequency of consumption is low. The meat cuts diversity was the most important aspect for the consumers with high frequency of consumption. As family income increases the lamb meat consumption decreases, demonstrating that lamb meat is a competitor of the most consumed meat in the region. Marketing strategies can be directed to the audience that consumes frequently meat in general, focused on the quality attribute in the issue softness and the search attribute in the issue cuts diversity and that consumers have low frequency of consumption in the experience attribute in the issue flavor.

The mate, product of infusion of the mate leaves as part of the diet and customs, mainly of the South Brazil consumers. That's because the drink features sensory individuals characteristics andbenefit of their consumers health, such as anti-inflammatory properties, therapeutic, rheumatic, stimulant and diuretic, among others. Aiming to contribute information on the nutritionalcharacteristics of mate, were performed physico-chemical analyzes on different product samples before and after the mate simulation. With the intention of check the physical safety of mate analyzed, there was also microscopic analysis of the natural samples. The results of mate after mate simulation  showed that the proteins, minerals, lipids, sugars and caffeine contained in the product, could be ingested by consumers drink at rates ranging from 4.44% to 87.21% depending on the parameter measured. Moreover, microscopic analysis revealed fragments of insects in 60% of samples. Implying the need for better quality control during processing and beneficiation of mate.

In order to characterize the phenology, thermal requirements and mineral composition of leaves of olive varieties, observations were made and samples were collected from 2015 to 2018, in an olive grove. The observations were made in 10 varieties: Cipressino, Coratina, Manzanilla, Arbosana, Koroneiki, Picual, Arbequina, Alfafara, Lecino and Frantoio, in the period of 2015 to 2018. For the phenological determinations, the pruning dates (P), the beginning of the cluster (IC), the appearance of inflorescence (AI) and the beginning of fruiting (IF) were observed. To assess the mineral composition, leaves of the ten varieties were sampled and analyzed during winter, spring, summer and autumn. There were differences in phenology between varieties and between harvests. In the 2015/2016 harvest, the cycle was shorter than in 2016/2017. In the 2015/2016 the Arbosana and Alfafara were later, while in 2016/2017 there was no difference between varieties. The olive varieties showed differences regarding the leaf content of all analyzed nutrients. The most evident difference was in the phosphorus content, with the Arbequina and Arbosana varieties having higher content. The nutrients showed differences in the levels in the leaves at different sampling times, with the exception of calcium and boron.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shading levels of commercial meshes on vegetative, qualitative and productive aspects of "Pérola" pineapple grown on the Northern Coast of RS. A randomized complete block design with four replications and four treatments was used: T1 (full sun, without shade mesh), and three types of black shading meshes found in the commerce of 30% (T2), 50 % (T3) and 65% (T4) shading. Were used seedlings of the cv. Peróla in plots composed of 200 plants, and the fruits used for evaluation were taken from 12 plants, from the four central lines, totaling 48 plants in the useful plot area. Productivity reduced to less than half in plants grown in full sun, compared to shade-grown crops, due to the loss by solar flaring. Sweeter fruits were obtained in treatments in the absence of shading or meshes with less shading (30%). Harvest peaks varied according to treatments, in full sun, the fruits matured earlier, in contrast to 65% shading. There was no influence of the treatments on the contents of macroelements in the leaves.  

Sheep farming is an important livestock activity in southern Brazil, providing income and contributing to the social reproduction of small producers in rural areas. Among the existing phases within a sheep meat production system, the finishing has been widely discussed in recent years, due to its importance in ensuring a quality product that meets consumer demand. Thus, this literature review aims to address the particularities of some sheep finishing systems in southern Brazil, such as the use of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana pasture, the silvopastoral system and confinement. Pasture systems are predominant in southern Brazil, due to large territorial extensions and because they are less costly alternatives in the short term. The forestry system has a higher initial cost when compared to the previous one, but in the long run it can be more profitable by associating two activities, livestock and forestry. However, both systems may not meet the nutritional need of finishing animals throughout the year, requiring the use of supplementation. On the other hand, confinement has a high initial cost, but it can be an important tool to ensure the regularity of meat supply throughout the year. In addition to animals finished in this type of system, they present good productive results.

Trifolium polymorphum and T. argentinense (Leguminosae) are two amphicarpic forage species native to the natural pastures of the southern half of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Information about seed production in both species is scarce. In the present work we evaluated the number of inflorescences and the production of aerial seeds in T. polymorphum and T. argentinense in a protected environment and without access of pollinators. T. polymorphum plants produced significantly more inflorescences and seeds (63.15 and 8.94) than those of T. argentinense (24.84 and 1.05), respectively. The low seed production in a protected environment and without access to pollinators suggests the need for mechanical stimulation to ensure pollination, usually performed by insects to form seeds. This information can be used to plan future experiments where T. polymorphum and T. argentinense have free access to pollinators to obtain a higher seed production.    

Studies that evaluate the crop responses to the soil modifications intermediated by gypsumapplication are relatively abundant, but most of them are performed in highlands. Such studies are still scarce in lowlands. The objective of our study was to evaluate soil acidity and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability, as well as crop (irrigated rice and soybean) yields, as a function of different rates of gypsum application in lowland. The experiments were conducted in a Planosol (Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The treatments consisted of six gypsum rates (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 t ha-1) and the experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications. The soil was sampled after crop harvests, in the 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm layers. The soil pH (in water), the potential acidity (H+Al) and the available P (Mehlich 1) were not affected by gypsum application. After the irrigated rice cropping and in the soil layer of 0–5 cm, the available K (Mehlich 1) contents was impacted by the gypsum application, with increase in content for rates up to 1.00 t ha-1 and decrease in content for higher rates (2.00 and 4.00 t ha-1). After the soybean cropping, the available K content was not affected by gypsum application. The gypsum application did not impact irrigated rice and soybean yields in the evaluated season, which did not present water deficit.

As the long-term phenotype and genetic stability of bacteria used as inoculant are important parameters in their ecology and for agricultural purposes, this study aimed genotypically characterize several-rescued bradyrhizobia of an experimental field thirty years after the first inoculation. A high genetic diversity of 30 bradyrhizobia isolates was observed, either by AFLP (H = 4.87) or rep-PCR (H = 4.18). The results indicate that the Bradyrhizobium population that persists in the Eldorado soil is genetically very diverse and different from the parental strains. All isolates were infective and trapped in IAS-5 soybean variety maintaining their nodulation and nitrogen fixation properties. Given that many rhizobia in a soil can lost the infective capacity and that the host genotype can affect the spectrum of rhizobial genotype selected from a soil, the genetic diversity of the complete bradyrhizobia population in Eldorado soil could be even higher than the identified in this work.

Artisanal cheeses can be considered heritage of the communities that produce them, as they express the evolution of a knowledge shared by the community over time. The consumption of these cheeses involves the appreciation of tangible attributes, such as flavor, and intangible characteristics such as typicality, environmental, social and economic sustainability. Communities of descendants of immigrants, especially Italians and Germans, have produced colonial cheese from Rio Grande do Sul since the mid-19th century. The volume of annual production is around 12.5 thousand tons, most of which is processed by hand. The objective of this work is to analyze the perceptions of consumers in Rio Grande do Sul regarding this product, discussing activated consumption values ​​and the attributes associated with it. The data collection was done through a structured questionnaire; the methodology followed the survey model, in which 456 consumers participated. Our results demonstrate that Colonial Cheese has a positive reputation with consumers, presenting characteristics such as taste, cost-benefit ratio and following hygiene standards that meet the emotional and functional needs of consumption. But it is also perceived as a product that has a cultural identity, being an expression of historical know-how, produced in a way that respects the environment and has relevance to the economy of the places where it is produced, which shows that consumers perceive the heritage content of the Colonial Cheese of Rio Grande do Sul.

Abstract: The perception of veterinary medicine students about the use of animals in practical classes was analyzed through the application of a questionnaire with objective and discursive questions. The objective of this work was not to judge the use of animals, but to understand how students perceive this practice. One hundred and trirty students from 16 higher education institutions (HEIs) participated in the study, covering six Brazilian states and the Federal District. Most were female (80%) and they had between 18 and 27 years old (87%). The majority (80.7%) of students reported that teachers do not ask if there is any objection to participating in practical classes with animals, and the minority of students (16.2%) reported that they would refuse to participate practical classes with live animals. As for the contribution of animals in practical classes, 81.5% of students believe that animals are indispensable in practical classes, being statistically higher in public HEIs, and 76.9% of students think that the student cannot be well prepared without using animals also being statistically higher in public HEIs. Mannequins and dolls were the most cited alternative methods. The percentage of students who believe that alternative methods are effective for learning and the percentage of students who would like alternative methods to be applied is statistically higher in private HEIs.

About two thirds of the national territory is located in the tropical zone of the planet, where high temperature and solar radiation predominates, being able to surpass the zone of comfort of the animals, leading to the thermal stress, and consequently affecting the production and the quality of the milk, mainly in cows because they are more sensitive to heat and have greater difficulty in dissipating it. Thus, the objective of this review was to address the main impacts related to thermal stress in milk production and some factors that can be used to minimize these conditions. To control the effects of thermal stress the producer can make use of some strategies of environmental, nutritional management and cooling system. The use of some methods such as natural and artificial shading, diet with lower caloric increment, and use of systems such as ventilator, sprinkler and evaporative panel may prove to be efficient for animals that are subjected to heat. Thus, it is concluded that thermal stress causes several problems to dairy herds and when identified, we can control their effects and minimize economic losses. Several methods to control the effect of thermal stress have proved to be efficient, but the choice of the appropriate method depends on its cost benefit and the specific characteristics of each property.

A difficulty in the production of tomato seedlings in containers is to assure the production of shoot biomass with limited portion of roots, restricted to a small volume of substrate. Therefore, we investigated if substrates associated with tomato cultivars interfere in the seedling quality. In this study, the treatments used were two tomato cultivars and three substrates. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a two-factorial scheme (2 x 3), with four replications. We carried out the physical and chemical characterization of the substrates and evaluated the attributes of the shoot and the root system of tomato seedlings. The results showed that the substrate with the highest water retention was Horta 2® and the lightest material was TN Gold®. Still, seedlings produced on the substrate with greater water retention capacity had higher performance in relation to the shoot morphology and the root system morphology. We conclude that the seedling quality of tomato cultivars is not associated with the studied substrates and that seedlings produced in substrate with greater water retention have better quality.

The current research aimed to quantify the decomposition of summer crop residues with different compositions, kept on the surface or incorporated into the soil, as well as to evaluate the microbial activity and the mineral nitrogen content in the soil and to establish relationships between these processes. The decomposition of the residues of corn, pigeon pea and its mixture was evaluated, in addition to the release of C-CO2 and the mineral nitrogen content in the soil with the addition of these residues. The decomposition of the residues was greater in the first 30 days, being accelerated by the incorporation. The corn residue incorporated into the soil showed a more intense decomposition. The levels of mineral nitrogen in the soil were higher with the addition of pigeon pea residue, indicating the occurrence of liquid mineralization with the addition of the legume residue. The lower decomposition of pigeonpea residue, compared to corn residue, indicates that the presence of recalcitrant compounds may be more important than the C: N ratio to determine the rate of degradation of a residue.