Repositório RCAAP

Fruit fly is the main pest of plum trees. This study aimed to evaluate the production and damage caused by fruit fly in protected cultivated plum with screen, unprotected and conventional with insecticide. Nine 'Fortune' plum plants were used: three control plants (without screen and without insecticide); three plants wrapped laterally by sombrite 70% screen with 5 m of high; and three plants with conventional management (insecticide). The experiment was installed at beginning of the vegetative cycle. The production per treatment, fruit size, flesh firmness, soluble solids-SS, titratable acidity-TA and damaged fruits and/or with larvae of fruit fly were evaluated. The insecticide and screen treatments showed greater fruit size and firmness of pulp compared to the control. The treatments with insecticide, screen and control presented 2%, 17% 44% of the production dropped on the ground. In the fruits harvested on the plant, the insecticide, screen and control treatments showed 10%, 25% and 90% of the fruits damaged by fruit fly. The SS was lower in the treatment with screen. TA of fruits of the control treatment was lower compared to the other treatments. The use of screen is a sustainable alternative to reduce the damage by fruit fly in plums.

This study aimed to characterize agronomically landraces and commercial  genotypes for tolerance to drought stress and investigate the effect of water stress on the agronomic traits of interest. In Rio Grande do Sul, beans are grown from August to April, when water stress is usually observed. First, 25 bean genotypes (19 landraces and 6 commercial varieties) were characterized in the field. Then, the genotypes that excelled in the field and two controls (BAT477 and IPR Jurití) were submitted to two water conditions: i) irrigation according to the water requirement of the crop throughout the cycle and; ii) irrigated according to the water requirement of the crop until the appearance of the first floral bud (stage R6), when irrigation was suspended for a period of 10 days. Water stress had a negative effect on all traits, and caused: i) increased temperature; ii) reduced photosynthetic capacity; iii) reduced number of legumes per plant and; iv) reduced number of grains per legume. Genotypes BAG40, BAG100 and BAG102 may be promising for tolerance to water stress, since they were insensitive in most traits assessed, especially those related to productivity.

Rootstocks of ‘Rangpur’ Lime and ‘Swingle’ Citrumelo were grown in containers with substrate in a greenhouse, aiming to evaluate the effects of N (urea) fertilization on the vegetative growth and macronutrient content of the plant tissue. The experimental design was a factorial randomized block design with four repetitions, and each experimental plot was composed of five plants. Four doses of N (0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g.plant-1) were evaluated and applied every week (15 applications) to both of the rootstocks. After 200 days of transplanting, the following parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth and total content of macronutrients on the dry weight of the leaves, stems, and roots. ‘Rangpur’ Lime was more vigorous that ‘Swingle’ Citrumelo. ‘Rangpur’ Lime showed the greatest accumulation of plant dry weight with 3.38 g.plant-1 of N and a greater root dry weight with 2.03 g.plant-1. For ‘Swingle’ Citrumelo, 2.03 g.plant-1 of N provided a greater plant dry weight, however, nitrogen fertilization reduced the root:canopy ratio of the rootstocks. The leaf content of N and P were favored by high doses of N in the tested range. Intermediate doses favored the Ca and Mg leaf contents. The leaf K content was decreased by nitrogen fertilization.

The Brazilian rural territory is marked by the large number of family farming establishments, which are responsible for much of the food production. The objective of the article was to verify the agricultural and livestock production of the agricultural establishments of the family farming in the municipality of Roque Gonzales, state of Rio Grande do Sul, of the agricultural-harvest year of 2016-2017. The research was conducted with family farmers from semi-structured interviews with the data collection regarding to production, productivity, area, income and establishments. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were used for the analysis. The family establishments concentrated the activities in the agricultural field, with evidence of the production of corn, soybean and dairy cattle. In relation to the area, the agricultural production stood out, with predominance of soybean, creates/recreates of bovine and dairy cattle. As for the monetary value, the agricultural hegemony over the livestock, but with an emphasis on dairy cattle, soybean and corn. The data referring to the main culture refer to the interpretation that family farmers have a tendency in the production of commodities, specifically soybean. In the theme of the area, it was easily visualized the family profile, having as criterion the small productive extensions. In the relation between value/area, the horticulture was large on the others, which allows to admitting that not necessarily the largest extension of the area corresponds to the greater financial return. Corn, soybean and dairy cattle have formed a unique agrarian structure, a heterogeneous system that remarks on a productive product associated with monoculture, but of a familiar character.  

The eucalyptus gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) causes severe damage to its host plants. One of the main strategies to control its dispersion is biological control with parasitoid hymenopterans. Some parasitoid species, like Megastigmus brasiliensis, may have potential in the biological control of gall wasp in the southern region of Brazil. The study aimed to report the occurrence of parasitoids associated with L. invasa as well as to gather information about its distribution in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state. The collections were carried out in twelve cities in the central region of the state between December and March 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Eucalyptus branches with galls were collected and kept in laboratory under controlled temperature conditions (28 ± 2°C). After two months, the collected individuals were screened and identified. In all sampled cities there was the presence of gall wasp with different levels of density, which may be related to the genetic material of host plants and the local weather conditions. The only parasitoid collected was M. brasiliensis. This work presents the first occurrence record of M. brasiliensis in Rio Grande do Sul and the second record in Brazil.

The objective of present work was to evaluate the effect of luminosity and temperature on Carya illinoinensis germination seeds. In order to standardize imbibition process, seeds were previously submitted to scarification process. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged with a 3x4 factorial scheme, in which were tested three luminosity regimes (absence of light, continuous light and alternating light of 12 hours) and four temperature conditions (20°C, 25°C, 30°C and alternating 12 hours at 15°C and 12 hours at 25°C), with five replicates. Variables evaluated were emission of radicle (%),seed germination rate (SGR), germination time (GT),  normal seedlings (%), abnormal seedlings (%),  hard seeds (%),  dead seeds (%) root and shoot length(mm/seedling). Combination of absence of light and high temperature favors the emission of the radicle, SGR and reduces GT, as well as provides greater root and shoot length. However, the temperature of 25°C together with absence of light obtained superior results for the formation of normal seedlings, being the most suitable combination for the germination of C. illinoinensis seeds.

This study evaluated the effect of Cuniculture commercialization on household poverty in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency counts, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Household Commercialization Index (HCI) and Tobit Regression was used to analyze data collected from 120 respondents randomly selected from the register of Rabbit Farmers and Breeders Association of Nigeria (RFABAN) of Ife/Ijesha Agricultural development Project (ADP). The results of the study show that Cuniculture is a male dominated enterprise. The modal age of respondents was 18-60 with 87.5% of respondents educated. Majority of respondents earned between NGN20000 - NGN100000 monthly from Cuniculture. The study found that 16% of respondents were poor and living below the poverty line. The HCI of Cuniculture indicates that 54.2% of production was done mainly for household consumption. Access to credit and unavailability of markets were the major constraints with Household size and access to credit influencing the commercialization of Cuniculture. The study recommends that more people be encouraged to go into Cuniculture to serve as additional income to household; rabbit farmers become more market oriented beyond their present level; they organize themselves into cooperative for access to credits and market creation and that appropriate solutions be sought for the challenges encountered.

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is one of the main topics to be researched in beans. However, studies evaluating the inherent FBN characters such as the number and weight of nodules require more timeconsuming since the nodes viability of the plant after being collected is short. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different storage conditions and containers of bean nodules. The treatments were different storage conditions (ambient, cold room, freezer and refrigerator), containers (aluminum, paper, plastic and glass) and ten periods of storage. The design was completely randomized with three replications. In preparing the samples, 50 nodules of beans, which are used in each treatment / replication were separated. The results revealed that there is a negative influence of storage time on the viability of the nodes and the storage nodes is feasible, but in the short term.The freezer storage condition in the container and aluminum led to increased maintenance on the weight of nodes, enabling the packaging for a longer period of time. 

Food production on large scale has led to an expansion in the use of pesticides. An important process in this dynamic is the pollination, carried out by bees, which is affected by the use that of these products considered stressors of the metabolism of these arthropods. Given these facts, the objective of this review was to verify whether the use of antioxidants in supplementing bee feeding can mitigate the oxidative stress caused by pesticides. The methodology used was an adaptation of the PRISMA method, selecting articles related to the theme, published in the last 20 years. Out of 196 articles found, 26 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the research. Thus, it was possible to state that pesticides aggravate oxidative stress, affect survival, induce the expression of regulating health genes, and may interfere with the prevalence of pathogens in bees. In this context, it was concluded that it is indicated to supplement the feeding of these insects with oxidation-protective compounds, but it is necessary to develop studies to determine the appropriate antioxidant as a nutraceutical, the stage of development in which it is most effective and the ideal dose to ensure less susceptibility of bees to pesticides.

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The rabbits can improve part of the fibers due to the caecal fermentation process and the habit of caecotrophy. In this sense the use of conserved forage as a feed supplement is an alternative in rabbit breeding since commercial feed being the most expensive input. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of sunflower silage or corn silage in the diet of growing rabbits on performance and diet economic viability.  The study used 15 animals of both sexes, with 45 days, distributed in 3 treatments and five repetitions each lasted 69 days. The treatments evaluated were basal diet (DB), basal diet and sunflower silage (SG) and basal diet and corn silage (SM). Animals fed SM consumed 20% less feed than animals fed DB. Daily silage consumption was different between the types of silage fed. Water consumption was lower in animals fed silage. The average daily gain did not differ, being 33 g, 38 g, 34 g respectively for animals fed DB, SG and SM. There was a reduction in feed cost by using silage in rabbit diets. The rabbits that were fed with SM presented better economic viability.

Aquaculture based on environmentally friendly practices is the best alternative for building a better world when it comes to the production of food of animal origin. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) reinforce and direct this new form of farming. Scientists and farmers are concerned with maintaining stocks and sources of natural resources for the next generations, as well as for the maintenance of life on earth. In this perspective, this work brings together the 17 SDG around aquaculture. It briefly presents how we can apply them to make aquaculture better, more sustainable and productive.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical and hydric attributes of an Argissolo (Ultisol) in the peach orchard. The experiment was installed in a four-year-old peach orchard, in plots with and without irrigation, with soil sampling in two layers (0.00 to 0.05 m and 0.10 to 0.15 m), in the position of the orchard wheel line, interline planting, line planting and near the peach plant. Undisturbed soil samples were collected to evaluate the bulk density, porosity, diameter of aggregates, hydraulic conductivity, and water retention. It was observed that irrigation localized in the plants did not influence the physical and hydric attributes of the soil. However, the line and near the peach plant sampling positions showed greater macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity, and smaller bulk density, possibly due to the ridge made in the planting line and because there is no machine traffic in that positions. The traffic of machines increased bulk density in the interline, decreasing macroporosity mainly in the soil surface layer in the wheel position. The volume of available water was not very sensitive in identifying differences in relation to the effects of irrigation, soil layer and sampling position and of the variables related to soil structure.

Small family farms constitute a major part of land use in the surrounding regions of Brazilian cities, as these farms not only contribute to the food supply, but also help conserve rural landscapes and improve environmental services. This study evaluated agricultural impacts on soil quality in seven family farms in Porto Alegre municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, RS. Selected production units (PUs) were managed as conventional or organic farms, producing horticultural crops, fruits and pastures, besides native forests. Soil samples were collected from representative areas for five use and management types, under disturbed and undisturbed conditions, at 0–20 cm depth. Physical and chemical attributes were analyzed, comparing the effects of types of land use. Data analysis showed that more affected attributes were soil density, macro and microporosity, phosphorus content, pH and electrical conductivity. Macroporosity, phosphorus, zinc and cooper contents are the greater threats to soil quality. Horticulture, under both agroecological and conventional production systems caused major changes compared to natural conditions.

The most important peach production regions in Rio Grande do Sul are: Pelotas, Porto Alegre County and Serra Gaúcha. The study aimed to physicochemical characterization of cv. “Eldorado” peaches produced in different conduction systems of plants. The experiment was done in the experimental orchard of the Agricultural Center of Palma (FAEM/UFPel) in the crop year of 2006/2007. It was used orchard planted in 2000, with three conduction systems, Central Leader (CL), Ypsilon (Y) and Vase, with 1.5m spacing (between plants) X 5.0m (between rows). For the evaluations, it was selected five plants from each conduction system, and taken 15 fruits from each plant. The experimental design used was completely randomized with a factorial of 3 X 5. The taken measurements were: total soluble solids (TSS), average fruit weight, estimated production per hectare, pulp firmness, first category fruit percentage, color, titratable acidity (TA), the relation of TSS/TA, Vitamin C (mg 100g-1 ), antioxidants (mg 100g-1 ascorbic acid) and phenolic compounds (mg 100g-1 gallic acid). We conclude that peaches from plants conducted in the Central Leader system showed levels of vitamin C, while in the Vase and Ypsilon systems, the fruit had higher levels of phenolic compounds.

Artichoke is an alternative of extra income for farmers, especially in the Serra Gaúcha region. However, there are few studies on this crop regarding organic fertilization. The objective of this project was to evaluate different organic sources of nutrients in the production and quality of this culture. The experiment was carried out in the town of Fagundes Varela - RS, from April 21, 2018 to November 10, 2018. The variety used was the 'Verde Redonda Melhorada'. The transplant was done in furrows, with a spacing of two meters between the rows and one meter between the plants. The plots consisted of three plants. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of chemical fertilization (control); cattle manure; chicken manure; sheep manure; swine manure; purchased organic compost; a mixture of animal manure. The amount of manure and fertilizer to be added was calculated according to the proportion of nutrients present in each source, aiming to meet the needs of nitrogen. The yield and quality data had no significant difference between treatments. In this way, producers can choose the source of nutrients available on their property to grow artichokes organically using the recommended dose.

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is the primary disease in viticulture worldwide, and your control requires synthetic fungicides applications to avoid quality and yield loss in the grapevines. However, alternatives to reduce synthetic fungicides are needed to ensure the consumer’s health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are amongst the most promising natural plant protection alternatives because of their antifungal properties on several crop diseases. The present study objective was to determine the effect of Eucalyptus staigeriana EO in vitro and in vivo against P. viticola. The EO exhibited the highest activity in vitro, inhibiting 90% of the incidence and severity of disease caused by P. viticola in leaves of grapevines in the greenhouse. In the field (in vivo), treatment with EO could not control the disease; however, treatment with EO in consortium with conventional treatment reduced approximately 50% of the incidence and more than 90% of the severity of downy mildew disease in leaves, decreasing the application of synthetic fungicides by 50%.

Descriptive Statistics and Net Farm Income model was used to analyze data collected from 120 Arable Farmers who adopted various cropping patterns in Niger State, Nigeria. The study specifically examined the socio-economic characteristics of arable farmers, profile the cropping patterns adopted, examined the profitability and highlighted the constraints to crop production among arable farmers in the study area. Results obtained from the study show that crop farming in the area is a male dominated. The mean age of farmers was 33years, 98.3% were married, 80.8% had one form of education or the other and 68.4% adopted a three-crop mix pattern in their crop production. Two and three crop mixes enterprise were profitable than sole cropping when gross income per ha was used as an index of profitability. Profitability was higher in single crop enterprise when returns/man day was used as an index but was higher in a two and three crop mix enterprise when net returns per ha was used as a measure of profitability. Bad roads, drought, theft of farm produce, poor extension per farm advisory services and lack of credit facilities respectively were the constraint to crop production. The study concludes that mixed cropping enterprises was more profitable than sole cropping. We recommend the promotion of mixed cropping among arable farmers for increased profitability and income to farm households, that the constraints identified be addressed by all concerned authorities so as to sustain crop production, reduce food insecurity and eradicate hunger and poverty among arable farmers in the area and Nigeria as a whole.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) has cultural, social and economic importance due to its rusticity and wide climate adaptation, being cultivated in Brazil for human and animal food. However, cultivation is carried out mainly without fertilization and with Creole cultivars. The objective was to evaluate the yield and quality of roots of sweet potato cultivars with and without fertilization of chicken manure in an Oxisol. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons in a randomized block design with three replications in 6 m2 plots. Four sweet potato cultivars, BRS Rubissol, BRS Amélia, BRS Cuia and Crioula, were used. Root productivity, number, length and diameter of roots, and cracked roots were evaluated. In both cultivation conditions, the virus-free cultivars Rubissol, Amélia and Cuia showed higher average root yields, 43,941, 45,498 and 52,095 kg ha-1, respectively, compared to the Crioula cultivar with 3,389 kg ha-1. Fertilization with chicken manure does not increase the productivity, number, length and diameter of roots, but it does increase the number of cracked roots. The cultivation of virus-free sweet potato without fertilizer reduces cracked roots by an average of 51.4%.

This study aimed to evaluate clones of ‘Riesling Itálico’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’ grapevines that best adapt to the edaphoclimatic conditions in Veranópolis, RS. The experiment was carried out at the State Center for Diagnosis and Research in Fruticulture - DDPA/SEAPDR. Three 'Riesling Itálico' clones (ISV-1, RI12V23, VCR-365), four 'Chardonnay' clones (INRA-95, INRA-132, INRA-548, VCR-6), four 'Merlot' clones (INRA-181, INRA-347, VCR-13, VCR-494) and seven 'Cabernet Franc' clones (INRA-212, INRA-214, ISV-8, ISV-101, VCR-2, VCR- 4, VCR-10) were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 4 replications and 10 plants per plot. The clones were evaluated in the 2020/2021 cycle for phenology (budburst and maturation dates), production (kg/plant, ton/ha weight/bunch) and fruit quality (soluble solids-SS, titratable acidity-AT, pH). The results showed the potentiality of the clone RI12V23 for 'Riesling Itálico', INRA-132 for 'Chardonnay', VCR-13 for 'Merlot' and VCR-10 for 'Cabernet Franc'. The 'Riesling Itálico' and 'Chardonnay' clones showed greater production precocity than the 'Merlot' and 'Cabernet Franc' clones.