Repositório RCAAP

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Since the mid-twentieth century, the agrarian issue and agrarian reform have been at the center of debates on social and economic reforms related to rural workers. In this sense, this paper aims to revisit the Brazilian agrarian issue and agrarian reform, articulating the analyses of Ignácio Rangel and Caio Padro Junior, authors who have focused on the proposed theme. Although the authors have different theoretical bases and interpretations, they present a project of transformation of the Brazilian rural areas; this transformation is still necessary for the current Brazilian political and economic condition. Based on a bibliographical review of these two authors, as well as of related researchers, it is possible to highlight that agrarian reform is necessary today, but it requires adequate public policies to be carried out to mitigate the existing problems in Brazilian society.

This article is an experience report, while a representative of a farm, during professional activity in the irrigated perimeter of the Várzeas of Sousa-PB, from 2014 to 2020. The objective of this study is to report the social, environmental, and economic context of irrigators, demonstrating the importance of water resources for an arid region, the multiple uses of water, environmental problems, social conflicts and the problems caused by drought, and how everything converges to a single point. Thus, looked for demonstrating the way of life of irrigators and the problems of their daily lives, with the perspective of correlating theory and practice. Through the theoretical approach of literature and field experience, starting from the context of the irrigated perimeter as an oasis, capable of generating wealth and conflicts, where everything revolves around water.

This research seeks to understand how theory and practice methodologically proposed by the School of Agroecology of Nova Iguaçu/RJ (EANI), from the synergy between public action and society, contribute to the structuring of mutual learning networks, to strengthen the social reproduction of agroecological family farming in the city of Nova Iguaçu/RJ and for the permanence of the subjects involved in the territory. The theoretical framework is based on contributions about food systems, rural development, agroecology, urban and peri-urban agriculture, social capital, the agency capacity of social actors and the territory as a space of relationships, and form the scope for the analysis of the results achieved. The methodology was conducted as a case study of the EANI experience, based on the application of semi-structured interviews, using the non-probabilistic “snowball” sampling technique, followed by the content analysis proposed by Bardin (1977). The results showed that the relationships established between EANI, partner organizations and movements and associations of family farming in the Baixada Fluminense, are supported by the extension action of Emater-Rio in partnership with the CPT-Baixada, through a process of construction of the knowledge from the appreciation of the experiences lived by the EANI beneficiaries themselves in the construction of an agroecological territory, triggering a process of catalyzing the agency capacity of family farming actors and consequently inducing local development, given the difficulties of access to public policies, absence of municipal government and urban pressure exerted on productive areas.

This article aims to communicate reflections made possible by the development of the project “Real food: rural extension to strengthen the production chain of cassava flour in the Rural Territory of Identity Rio Machado”. This project was developed with the support of Paulo Freire's dialogic method (1980, 1981, 1983), and involved research and social outreach activities, with the main objective of contributing to the strengthening of cassava production in the aforementioned geographic area. The results pointed to a reduction in the production of cassava in two of the municipalities in the territory investigated, in stagnation in three municipalities and an increase in production in two, showing the conflict between this activity and the expansion of soy. The advance of soy agribusiness has been carrying out socio-territorial transformations in Rondônia. Its multivariate and multiscale effects are manifested in the pressure on the land, on founders who combine in a family regime, on indigenous lands and conservation units, among other aspects. It is concluded that the strengthening of family farming, through specific lines of support, and the protection of indigenous lands and conservation areas is essential for the nutritional and food security of these populations.

This report describes the experience of an ecologically-based family farming and its organization, ad dressing three spheres (technological, productive and social) of its process in the agroecological transition of the cultivated area, which allowed the construction and strengthening of the contextualized production system and conservation of natural resources in the Araripe plateau. The report includes the beginning of the intervention sand challenges encountered, the advances and the means that brought change, with the insertion of social technologies and the sectorization of areas and agroecological activities ad op ted on the property, in addition to the social inclusion of the family through rural associations and participation in collectives that discuss public policies for the region in the economic, political, environment ta land social spheres.

The objective is to report the experience of technical assistance to family farming families in the municipality of Moreilândia/PE. The intention is to report the practice of ATER, to contribute to the construction of knowledge from the extensionist (author) and the beneficiaries, exemplifying the work carried out by the NGO CAATINGA. The main focus was to provide farmers with alternatives and practical contributions, less aggressive to the environment, in the search for viable ways of living with the semiarid, sustainable development and agroecological practices.

The Amazon biome has presented complex forms of appropriation of the territory associated with diversified productive systems. The spatial dynamics of the Amazon of Pará has undergone transformations with the advance of the borders of large enterprises and their significant environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to understand the main events related to public policies that encourage the occupation and/or expansion of large enterprises, the environmental regulatory instruments that legalize the operation of activities, and reflect on environmental licensing as a legitimizing instrument of the occupied space. A systematic review of scientific and documentary literature was conducted. The events were grouped under different government scenarios. The environmental regulatory instruments were surveyed, highlighting those that grant permission to implement activities with significant impacts. Subsequently, there was an interpretative analysis of the presence of significant socio-environmental effects even after the creation of environmental licensing. The results indicate the Amazon as a territory absorbing significant environmental impacts since the first major projects implemented. Environmental licensing legitimizes the occupation of the territory and the use of natural resources on a large scale, and, therefore, it should be considered that there is no legitimization of impacts without efficient treatment, as well as agrarian conflicts and socio-environmental accidents with severe and irreversible damage, mainly involving traditional populations. In view of the above, the need to deepen debates involving society, as an interested party and achieved, together with the enterprises, scientific community and public power, is ratified, addressing the socio-environmental responsibility of these enterprises and public policy strategies for environmental planning and territorial development.

Abstract The text intends to critically analyze the rural territorial development in a multidimensional way at the identity territories in the semiarid of Ceará, considering the rural settlements areas. The data used to analyze the rural development were collected by a field research, having six settlements localized in five identity territories as its sample space. The index founded for the semiarid of Ceará was 0,5163. Considering that the index varies between “zero” and “one”, it presented a median or intermediate situation, indicating that the actions remained more on an emergency level, not consolidating themselves as a long term policy, thus blocking the reach of an effective sustainable development. The indicators that most contributed positively were the environmental and political/organizational, and the indicators that contributed negatively were the social and economic. Key words: Rural development; Ceará’s semiarid; Rural settlements

The general objective of this article is to present an overview of the use of pesticides in Paraná, and the southwestern mesoregion of the state, discussing the problems and consequences of the exacerbated use of these products for the environment and human health. For that, the methodological procedures are anchored in the analysis of secondary official data about the commercialization of active ingredients, the resident population, the agrarian structure, and the productive specialization. The results show that although Paraná has a predominance of family farming, productive specialization is a striking feature. The production of agricultural commodities, mainly soybeans, corn, and wheat, is extremely dependent on the use of active ingredients such as the herbicides Glyphosate and 2,4-D, associated with the development of various damages to human and environmental health. In the Southwestern mesoregion, this reality is no different, which suggests that the population is subject to a high environmental and occupational exposure, so that environmental injustices are rooted while pesticides are promote by the agrochemical oligarchic complex and the government Brazilian. Keywords: Pesticides. Agribusiness. Paraná.

Literature has brought up the issue of the (in)visibility of women in fishing activities, mainly discussing the origin of gender prejudices embedded in the activity, as well as advances and obstacles in the recognition of female work. The present study is part of this debate, aiming to clarify gender differences based on the labor profile in Brazilian fishing, as well as to examine the main situations that subject these women to working conditions that are more severe than those of men. Thus, the approach of the study is based on the literature review regarding the insertion of women in fishing, as well as the use of the analytical, descriptive and statistical microdata method of the 2019 annual Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC). It is noted that the work of fisherwomen lacks visibility, since it is recurrently mixed with household chores, as well as being inserted in more vulnerable working conditions, thus requiring public policies that these women will consider, considering the multiplicity of fishing activities that they carry out and, at the same time, are not recognized.

In Brazil, in the 1990s there were intense debates about food production, modernization of the countryside and the place of family farming in this context. Marginalized, family farmers organized themselves to build specific public rights and policies. This article analyzes how family farmers in Vale do Jequitinhonha relate to institutional purchasing channels promoted by the National School Meals Program. The research carried out, of a qualitative nature, comprised secondary data from public institutions and a case study in the municipality of Turmalina. The results indicated that family farming organizations created a shared form of governance to adapt the PNAE to local production and diet. He also pointed out that flexible programs and organized social groups are fundamental to leverage development possibilities.

Over thousands of years cannabis has been used by humans. Currently prohibited in like Brazil, until shortly after the beginning of the 20th century, this plant it had hardly been repressed throughout the existence of mankind. Although in recent years Brazil has been rethinking its legal treatment, the legal cultivation and trade of cannabis is exclusively for medicinal purposes, while recreational use, which has not ended with prohibition and repression, constitutes a demand for cannabis that is sustained by illegal production. Different groups of individuals project their intentions onto cannabis, resulting in different representations in the national territory regarding this plant. At any moment cannabis can become legalized or more repressed if one intention prevails over the other. Although these intentions also come from other countries in significant ways, such as the worldwide influence on drug policy exerted by the United States, territorial disputes have unique configurations in each country. The case of Brazil investigated in this text, may involve internal and external relations. However, so far not even an effort has been made to identify the possible territories configured in this dispute. This study aims to conceptualize the main territorial disputes constituted by cannabis in Brazil. After reviewing historical-geographical aspects of cannabis in relation to its interests for humanity, the concept that allows us to understand how the different territories are configured in this dispute is defined. Four territories were identified and conceptualized. This is a unique study that is just beginning, and despite the valuable discussion, there is still much to investigate about the geographies of cannabis, and its possible subfields, such as the territorialities involved. Thus it is also hoped that this discussion will stimulate further research.

Expediente

The socio-productive reinsertion of families resettled by the São Francisco River Transposition Project – PISF, is one of the great challenges faced in the Rural Productive Villages of the project. The objective of this article is to present the experience of a family in the Quixeramobim productive village in the municipality of São José de Piranhas – PB, which develops agroecological practices of production in its productive backyard, from the perspective of food security and income generation. In the context of the semi-arid region of the Northeast, the Basic Environmental Program (PBA 08), developed by the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF in partnership with the Ministry of Regional Development - MDA, proposed local social processes that contribute to food security, generation of occupation and income and autonomy of resettled families from the PISF. Through Participatory Methodologies (Timeline, Cross-walk and SWOT) family farmers indicated the courses of Productive Backyard and Agroecological Garden as means of developing production systems adapted to coexistence with the Semiarid region, in line with the preservation of the environment.  

El tema agrario brasileño es complejo y contradictorio, y su comprensión es importante para quienes defienden la justicia social, es un tema latente, así como la implementación de la reforma agraria, incluso como política pública redistributiva, que en el contexto actual fue desmantelada. y paralizada. En Minas Gerais, en el Triângulo Mineiro, se manifiesta fuertemente y ha mostrado la necesidad de fortalecer la agricultura campesina / familiar, ya que la agroindustria profundiza las históricas desigualdades sociales en este territorio. Hay estudios que apuntan a una crisis alimentaria en Uberaba y región y la presencia de movimientos sociales que cuestionan esta realidad. En este contexto, desde la extensión universitaria, en una universidad pública, el objetivo de este artículo es un análisis reflexiva de la Feria de Agricultura Campesina (FAC), que se realiza en la Universidad Federal del Triángulo Mineiro (UFTM), construida a través de la docencia, investigación y extensión, a cargo del equipo multidisciplinario del Programa de Extensión Fortalecimiento de la Agricultura Campesina en Uberaba (FACU), durante los años 2016 a 2019. La metodología que sustenta esta construcción es la observación participante desde la extensión universitaria, así como bibliográfica, documental y trabajo de campo a asentamientos y campamentos rurales en Uberaba y región.

Since the mid-1970s, the Jequitinhonha valley has been the target of public government incentives for the implantation of eucalyptus monocultures. The government's objective was to occupy and integrate the region as a supplier of raw materials for the steel complex. The rural population of this region watched in astonishment as land grabs and restrictions on the use of "veredas" waters implemented by monoculture companies; then they associated the growing scarcity of water with double expropriation, of land and water. This article analyzes changes in the ways of managing natural resources, their influence on water and their effects on rural communities. The methodology articulates social, spatial and agronomic research techniques. The results indicated that the eucalyptus monocultures influenced the water dynamics, drying up water sources, causing water insecurity in localities, generating environmental, cultural and socioeconomic costs for the farming communities, for the public power and for society. Keywords: Monoculture. Eucalyptus. Water scarcity. Family Farmers, Jequitinhonha.

La costa del Pacífico colombiano, también conocida como Chocó biogeográfico, es una región históricamente ocupada por comunidades afrocolombianas que se formaron desde el siglo XVI y mantuvieron sus formas de vida tradicionales a través de la práctica de la agricultura, la pesca y el extractivismo. A lo largo del siglo XX, la región fue objeto de algunos procesos de intervención del gobierno colombiano en un intento de integrar la región, aislada del resto del país, a través de acciones permeadas por el discurso del desarrollo. Muchas de estas acciones generaron conflictos socioambientales y territoriales con las comunidades negras e indígenas establecidas allí. Frente a estos procesos, hubo resistencia de las comunidades que comenzaron a reclamar sus territorios, culminando con la promulgación de la Ley 70 de 1993, que tituló los terrenos baldíos para uso y posesión de los Consejos Comunitarios Afrocolombianos. Así, nos proponemos analizar este proceso de formación del territorio afrocolombiano y discutir cómo fue puesto en disputa, culminando con la creación de la Ley 70 en 1993, que generó la titularidad colectiva del territorio. Palabras-clave: Choco. Afrocolombianos. Territorio. Territorialidad.  

To analyze the fragmentation of the Afro-descendant quilombola territory of Morro São João, municipality of Santa Rosa do Tocantins and, based on the facts, delimit its original territory, comprising the farms, Morro São João, Rome, São Felipe, Barreira das Catas and Santa Rosa. theoretical framework directed to the study of quilombola, whose methodological procedures were qualitative, with comparative analyses. According to book-entry documents issued by the Nativity Registry, it was possible to reach an area of ​​approximately 6,300 a. (six thousand and three hundred alqueires) of land belonging to the Morro São João quilombo. Further studies are needed to better elucidate this territory. Keywords: Original Territory. Fragmentation. Quilombo. Morro São João.

By incorporating new territories, the agricultural frontier of the forest agribusiness has provoked changes in the forms of land use and transforming the territories, including the areas destined to family agriculture and traditional crops. having regard to this context, the aim of this work is to understand the changes arising from the process of expansion of Eucalyptus forestry over family farming territories in the municipalities of São Pedro da Água Branca and Vila Nova dos Martírios, located in the microregion of Imperatriz. Methodologically, the research uses primary data based on field research, visiting eucalyptus plantations, settlements and small family farms to create photographic collections; semi-structured interviews were also carried out with small producers of areas on which the Eucalyptus forestry has advanced. The secondary data used to create maps, graphs and tables were collected in the databases of Incra, IBGE and in reports of the Brazilian Tree Industry. The results of the research indicate that the territorial expansion of the Eucalyptus, through the control and appropriation of lands, has caused transformations in family agriculture, such as the decrease and weakening of traditional crops in the region.