Repositório RCAAP

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da calagem nos atributos químicos de um Organossolo Háplico e a influência da interação da calagem com a inoculação de bactérias fixadoras de N2 atmosférico (Rhizobium tropici), nos teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio e na produtividade de grãos de feijão, cultivar Carioca. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas doses de calcário e as subparcelas pela presença e ausência de inoculação. As doses de calcário utilizadas foram 0,0; 4,9; 8,9; 15,0 e 27,2 Mg ha-1, visando elevar respectivamente os níveis de saturação por bases 20; 30; 45 e 75%. Aos 45 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foi realizada uma amostragem do solo para verificar alterações nos atributos químicos do solo. Na fase de florescimento foi realizada a coleta de folhas para avaliação dos teores de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Foi avaliada a produtividade de grãos. A superioridade dos teores de N foliar na interação calagem x inoculação em relação ao controle não inoculado evidência que a calagem favoreceu a simbiose entre o feijoeiro e as estirpes de Rhizobium tropici e, consequentemente, a fixação biológica de N. A calagem associada à inoculação promoveu aumentos nos teores foliares de nitrogênio e na produtividade de grãos.

Na região semiárida, o cultivo da mandioca é praticado essencialmente por pequenos agricultores, cujos ciclos sucessivos na mesma área, podem levar ao esgotamento da fertilidade do solo. O uso de plantas de cobertura em pré-plantio é uma prática recomendada para melhoria das características físico-químicas do solo, todavia, seus efeitos sobre as características agronômicas da mandioca ainda são pouco estudados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a produção da mandioca (Manihot esculenta), referente aos anos safras de 2014/15 e 2015/16, sob a biomassa seca das diferentes coberturas vegetais utilizadas em pré-plantio em LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico psamítico, no litoral Piauiense.O delineamento empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 2 x 3, correspondendo a dois sistemas de manejo: roçado e roçado+incorporado; e três culturas de cobertura: vegetação espontânea, crotalária juncea e feijão-de-porco, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a produtividade, número de raízes por planta, massa média de raiz, diâmetro médio da haste, comprimento médio da raiz, massa verde de raízes, massa verde da parte aérea, massa total índice de colheita, além do aporte de biomassa seca resultante dos cortes das plantas de cobertura. A C. juncea apresentou a maior produção de biomassa seca. As coberturas vegetais utilizadas em pré-plantio como adubos verdes não influenciaram nas características agronômicas da mandioca na região do litoral Piauiese.

A comercialização de frutas exóticas no Brasil vem expandindo-se bastante nos últimos anos, apresentando produção de aproximadamente 40 milhões de toneladas, mantendo-se atrás, apenas da China e da Índia. Conhecer a variabilidade em termos biométricos das frutas é de grande importância, pois cada fruta possui suas características, ainda que faça parte dos mesmos grupos de espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos e o perfil biométrico em frutas exóticas comercializadas em mercados e supermercados na cidade de Teresina-PI. Para a análise deste trabalho foram selecionadas e adquiridas 18 amostras de frutas exóticas em mercados e supermercados nas regiões das zonas norte, leste e sul da cidade de Teresina-PI tais como: ameixa, ata, atemoya, bacuri, cajarana, carambola, caqui, jiló, kiwi, morango, pequi, pêssego, pitanga, pitaya, pitomba, sapoti, seriguela e umbu. Com relação ao perfil biométrico, as frutas pitaya, carambola, jiló, bacuri, atemoya e ata, sofreram variações em relação às dimensões de tamanho. Acompanhando a porcentagem de rendimento de polpa in natura, a ameixa apresentou o maior rendimento com 97,87%. Quanto ao teor de vitamina C, a pitanga mostrou-se com o maior valor, apresentando 174,34 mg/100g. Na análise de pH, a seriguela mostrou-se como a fruta mais ácida, com valor de 1,89. Sendo assim, foi possível verificar que, cada fruta exótica, possui sua variedade físico-química e biométrica. Além disso, a perda de vitamina C está atribuída a alguns fatores externos e a quantidade elevada da mesma está relacionada ao elevado estado de maturação da fruta.

Vou apresentar a geografia econômica moderna e suas relações com a economia. Para explicar a sua gênese e as suas mudanças, acho necessário refletir sobre a evolução da Geografia Econômica e dos seus laços com a Economia. Vou distinguir quatro fases nessas relações, sublinhando as duas ultimas.

This article analyzes the process of production of the Salvador¥s newest central business district - the Iguatemi Area. Using the Land Income Theory, this paper applies its analytical tools to reveal the process of increasing of land income on this part of the city. Based on the data from municipal planning projects, statistics, land use legislation and press coverage, the paper show s that this new center is a result of an integrated system of different governmental and private agencies actions in the last 40 years. The article reveals that behind urban development official discusses and governmental planning policies, one agenda and practices of invisible urban planning were developed, seeking to allocate resources and work in ìa virgin landî of the city of Salvador. This process resulted in the increasing of the land price, what fulfill real states¥ interests. This study is an effort of turning the invisible visible and an attempt to present new and alternative models to analyses the production of the urban space.

The present text tries to examine the development of the urban residential space reproduction in the city of Salvador, Bahia, from the structuring of the urban lands market, organized through the actions of the social agents involved with the local real state market. The discussion on the agrarian speculation and its implications in the reproduction and organization of the urban space becomes an always current fact, since it is directly associated with the issue of the high financial costs referring to the implantation and maintenance of the urban infrastructure; of the not less important inhabitation deficit esteemed, that in 1950 was of 16.539 habitations and in 2000 already reaches 91,170 habitations, of which, in the last period, 98.8% are demanded by families of the social classes of income of up to three minimum wages; and yet to all the precariousness of the peripheral residential areas.

The objective of the present study is to analyze the spatiality of commercial dynamics of the "Upper Town" of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. This former fashionable retail area in the Old Center of the city has gone through several successive phases of development during the last decades, but still today constitutes the densest commercial area of the city. On a practical level, our objective is to characterize the commercial dynamics of the area, based on three interrelated factors in the formation of dynamics: organization of retail firms; personal and professional characteristics of the merchants; perceptions and opinions of the merchants. On a theoretical level, our objective is to discuss the validity of dualist theories of Third World urban economies, based on the empirical results of this specific case of a total area, the Upper Town, that englobes both a priori modern and traditional commercial structures, i.e. new shopping malls and old shopping streets. Finally, in order to stress the pragmatic character of the study, our objective is to evaluate the difficulties and the potentialities of the retail area. The analyses reveal a very heterogeneous and internally hierarchized Upper Town. The shopping malls and the principal avenue, Sete de Setembro, present the highest intensity of activities and concentrate the largest firms that form a link between these commercial spaces. In spite of this structural similarity between the malls and some parts of the shopping streets, locational and functional strategies of the small firms, as well as the characteristics of merchants express a dissociation between the spaces. The predominance of small firms, the qualitative heterogeneity of the establishments, problems of inftastructure and security, and the lack of dynamism of the merchants of shopping streets stand out as the ftagilities of the Upper Town. On the other hand, rescue of historical and cultural values, the extremely diversified scale of retail and service activities, proximity of tourist areas and location in a point of convergence of transportation should constitute the bases for future development of the area.

The Planning must be treated as a fundamental strategy of the Urban Management practice and must be seen as a way of a process related to dynamic complex of the spacial organization in the city. For this, new ways of popular participation must be tried, involving, mainly, the scale of the district. To see the citizenship beeing wield, it is necessary to be aware of injustices whose we are victims, to know your rights, to discuss the strategies of reaction against the imposes , to seek, collectively, participate as an ative chap who does the history of the place which you live. The participation as different social actors in the field of the urban planning may keep, efectivaly, the conquest and the maintenance of the rights to the city.

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This paper shows that the territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization experienced by the Terreiros de Candomblé (Areas of Worship) are recurrent, especially when their spacialization within the city is taken in consideration. This Brazilian religion, which aggregates several African liturgical structures, is the result of a successful strategy of survival of the African blacks, who had gone through deterritorialization and were brought to Brazil as slaves. The cult, with its own identity, was scattered all over the city under the form of Terreiros, its characteristic of settlement, whose territorial domains were delimited by territorial symbolism. Its urban dimension presents variations, whose visible temporalities were determined by the social relationships that were constantly submitted to the segregation processes that characterize the city. Thus, the aim of this research is to analyze the situation of the Terreiros in the city, focusing on their status of dimension producers, showing the ongoing processes of deterritorialization of their space and operation. It also intends to call attention to the importance of the discontinuous territories for the cult preservation, namely woods, lagoons mangroves and natural areas, which are becoming scarcer all over the city. To carry out the research, after the data survey based on a bibliography research were collected, the methodological resource used was to fill out a database with primary data on the candomblé houses, based on questionnaires answered by the qualified community members, followed by interviews to obtain data to visualize the situation of the candomblé houses in the city. This analysis showed the projection that this form of settlement peculiar to the region being studied has gone through in the city of Salvador a visible transformation of its model that was originally implemented in the city. A model that conciliates the dynamics of reproduction inherent to the cult with the possibility of reproduction within the major urban centers, including the economic and social relationships involved, which have a strong influence on the new territorialization.

In the middle of the 1960s, Itinga — located in Lauro of Freitas, municipality of the Metropolitan Area of Salvador — was considered a distant area and characterized by the presence of great abandoned farms, therefore, being a land that attract no commercial interests. On that same decade, among the consequences of the insertion of Bahia State in the national project of industrialization, it happened some alterations in the social-spatial structure of Salvador that expanded its kind of logic and spatial occupation to contiguous municipalities, like Lauro de Freitas. So, Itinga, under the condition of peripheral district of Salvador, started to be an interesting object to the real estate market: in its territory it was quickly established countless popular divisions into lots, without any infrastructure and presenting precarious life conditions. In 2005, Itinga, consolidated as popular neighborhood, counted with countless popular divisions into lots, commercial establishments and public and private services. The life conditions changed and, as their residents use to say, the “progress” of the neighborhood is visible. However, Itinga is still periphery of Salvador and, at the same time, periphery of Lauro de Freitas. In that sense, this article intends to discuss some of the consequences of living in the periphery, for so much, it analyzes the living conditions of Itinga at the beginning of its “urbanization” and nowadays, and it compares such conditions with the existent ones, in other neighborhoods of Lauro de Freitas.

This paper is meant to trace the historical and social trajectory that launched the bases for the Brazilian rural space settlement. It analyses the different forms of access to the land as well as the process which has lead to the capture of the “free lands” in very few hands during the early period of the Portuguese colonization. It also describes how this process has shaped and strengthened the structure of the land monopoly, concentrated and violent by it-self while the number of landless peasants continues to increase. It is an attempt to understand how in different moments of the history, this process was legitimated by the political power through laws that although not always permanent on the paper, were always used to oppose obstacles against the access to the land. Recently, the rural landless workers began to fight this situation. In an organized way, they are acting on the whole national territory with the hope that they will put an end to this heavy heritage and write a new history by themselves with new bases and new rules for the access to the land.

This paper analyzes as the agrarian reform establishment creation process and development would also represents a process of production of human space Each establishment is a territorial unit of the agrarian reform as a result of state intervention in the modification of use and earth property in Brazil. The objective of the research was centered in analyses the results on the space point of view of the creation of one rural establishment, called Assentamento Almas’ Project, located in the municipal district of Itaguaçu da Bahia/ BA. It had its implantation process preceded of a planning, which consisted, basically, in studies that subsidized the definition of a different planning model. The analysis of the rural establishment of Almas from the categories of the space - form, function, structure and process - allowed to apprehend the evolution of the establishment in the perspective of the modifications that taken place in its territorial configuration. The rhythm of production of the space of this establishment was accelerated as the established social dynamics along the time went molding a new space from the pre existent one and the new demands of the social group materialized in new form content and / or reoperating former forms which participate in the dialectics space-society inside the rural establishment.

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The equality of living conditions is one of the most important aims of regional planning in Germany. Politicians tend to describe significant structural differences between the so-called “centres” and the “peripheries” in rather broad terms, especially when referring to Eastern and Western Germany. However, in individual successful federal states which are themselves perceived as centres, such as Bavaria, regional disparities seem largely overcome. Yet, a closer analysis of the structures prevalent in Bavaria reveals the existence of considerable divergences in economy and the distribution of population in this federal state, too. These disparities will become sharper in the future. Despite Bavaria’s general economic power, only a limited equality can be achieved through instruments of regional development.

This article argues the periphery and metropolitan process in Bahia and in Brazil using the Salvador-BA example, approaching topics kike the metropolitan regions creation in national scale, the migratory movements field to city, the industrialization, the raising of “favelas” and the recent phenomena of suburban arise and “metropolitan involution”, observed in Brazilian metropolis. On a second moment, the analyses focus the spatial organization of Salvador and its metropolitan region as well as the social classes distribution in urban and metropolitan space. The conclusion is that, for the Bahia capital social and spatial polarization are phenomena present in all the metropolitan territory and not only in residences production bat also in recreation and work, shopping and services offering. Not at all, even with evident essential public services deficits, a generalized scene of poverty, unemployment and environment problems, the metropolitan popular quarters are central for social and cultural diversity in metropolitan space. And this happens in spite of the concentration of cultural equipments in middle class quarters in Salvador and in the other Metropolitan Region cities.

In Santa Catarina State (South Brazil), after Brazilian Constitution, 06 Metropolitan Regions had been created trying to improve urban and regional structure in a ideological and unreal modernization. We elaborate a diagnosis of the metropolitan process, integration degree and urban structures of Greater Florianópolis and it‘s central agglomeration (Florianópolis, São Jose, Palhoça and Biguaçu), as well as the difficulties to implement a Metropolitan Region in Santa Catarina State. We use, for this purpose, statistics of the cities from 1991 and 2000 and the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. The Greater Florianópolis illustrates that in Santa Catarina exists a lack of conceptual definition and a complex juxtaposition of regional divisions, overlapping some laws. The Greater Florianópolis has a strong physical process of conurbation and a medium functional integration (Florianópolis is dependent of Curitiba and Porto Alegre). We verify that the institutionalization of the Metropolitan Region of Florianópolis, as well the other five in the Santa Catarina State, was based on political criteria and not in geographical definitions.

Regional development within the Ruhr district – from the formally centre of the coal and steel industry to a centre of tertiary services. The Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr district) is an urban agglomeration in the western part of Germany with a population of approximately 5.3 Million, covering an area of 4.435 km². It’s part of the metropolitan area of Rhine-Ruhr with more than 10 Million inhabitants living in an area of about 10.000 km².The black coal resources, deposited during the carboniferous area form the natural backbone for the development of the largest region of coal, iron, and steel industry in Europe. The economy of the Ruhrgebiet was unidirectional dominated for more than 150 years by four heavy industry sectors, black coal, steel, chemical industry and energy production. But later, when petroleum and natural gas and cheaper imported black coal conquered the German market and, as well, steel could be produced at a reduced rate elsewhere in the world the booming producing industry quasi collapsed. Thus, the Region is characterized by an above average unemployment since the mid 70ies. More than 50% of the 1 Million jobs in the region were lost, while only 300.000 new jobs could be added within the service sector between 1980 and 2002. The economic and social structural change within the Ruhr district is primarily based on the expansion of services like advertisement, science, development, transport logistics, consulting, and design. But also the cultural and tourist branches are characterized by growing figures. The BIP, produced within the Ruhrgebiet, is about 26% of the BIP of North-Rhine-Westphalia or 6% of Germany’s BIP. In comparison, the metropolitan area of São Paulo produces 17% of the national BIP of Brazil.

Along the first half of the century XX the formation of the wealth in Bahia felt in a very limited way, based on “agro-mercantile” activities and financial dependents of the generosity of the nature and of the flotations of the prices of the products in the foreign markets. The Recôncavo, as historical nucleus of the economical base of Bahia, contemplated in the technical and productive aspects, in the infrastructure and in the society the declining level of the life conditions and of the wealth production. It is in that adapts that Petrobras is inserted starting from the decade of 1950 and raising to restructure the social, technical and productive organization, around the area where the petroleum and the natural gas are produced and industrialized. As a result of that, along the second half of the century XX an urban and industrial complex space emerged in the surroundings of the municipal district of Salvador.