Repositório RCAAP

The overcoming bud dormancy in apple trees occurs after an increase of chilling hours in autumn/winter. If the environment does not supply the need for cold plants, budburst inductors are used to overcome dormancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the overcoming of bud dormancy of apple trees by combining the effect of cold and the use of a budburst inductor. The standard budburst inductor for apple tree cultivation (Dormex® 1% + Mineral Oil 4% - D/OM) was used in the Royal Gala (RG) cultivar after the variety received different cold times. RG cuttings were collected in April/2016 and submitted to D/OM treatment after 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 CH. A control treatment was included, applying only chilling at 7.2 ºC. In the control treatment, the RG cultivar overcome the dormancy with 549 CH after regression analysis (to 70% budburst range). When tested D/OM combined with cold, the products were not efficient to overcome dormancy after 0, 100 and 200 CH, reaching approximately 50% of budburst. However, when D/OM was applied after 300, 400, 500 and 600 CH, the plants responded with a high budburst rate (above 90% of budburst). In this case, overcoming dormancy (70% of budburst) with D/OM was achieved after 255 CH. It is concluded that the D/OM will have an effect only if the environment supplies 46.4% or more of the genotype chilling requirement in the field.

The aim of this study was to analyze the consumer behavior and to identify the attributes of meat quality that are most relevant for sheep meat consumers. Through a survey research with non-probabilistic convenience samples, interviews were performed through semi-structured and an online interview questionnaires form with lamb meat consumers. This research was aimed at characterizing lamb meat consumer from Porto Alegre, Brazil. In total, 207 people were interviewed, 100 consumers from a lamb meat boutique and 107 questionnaires answered online. Data analysis was performed using the model Tobit and the dependent variable was the consumption rate of lamb meat. Generally, we showed that preferences in the purchase of lamb meat by 413 consumers. The main quality of the lamb meat was softness when the meat consumption is frequently high and the flavor when the frequency of consumption is low. The meat cuts diversity was the most important aspect for the consumers with high frequency of consumption. As family income increases the lamb meat consumption decreases, demonstrating that lamb meat is a competitor of the most consumed meat in the region. Marketing strategies can be directed to the audience that consumes frequently meat in general, focused on the quality attribute in the issue softness and the search attribute in the issue cuts diversity and that consumers have low frequency of consumption in the experience attribute in the issue flavor.

In order to characterize the phenology, thermal requirements and mineral composition of leaves of olive varieties, observations were made and samples were collected from 2015 to 2018, in an olive grove. The observations were made in 10 varieties: Cipressino, Coratina, Manzanilla, Arbosana, Koroneiki, Picual, Arbequina, Alfafara, Lecino and Frantoio, in the period of 2015 to 2018. For the phenological determinations, the pruning dates (P), the beginning of the cluster (IC), the appearance of inflorescence (AI) and the beginning of fruiting (IF) were observed. To assess the mineral composition, leaves of the ten varieties were sampled and analyzed during winter, spring, summer and autumn. There were differences in phenology between varieties and between harvests. In the 2015/2016 harvest, the cycle was shorter than in 2016/2017. In the 2015/2016 the Arbosana and Alfafara were later, while in 2016/2017 there was no difference between varieties. The olive varieties showed differences regarding the leaf content of all analyzed nutrients. The most evident difference was in the phosphorus content, with the Arbequina and Arbosana varieties having higher content. The nutrients showed differences in the levels in the leaves at different sampling times, with the exception of calcium and boron.

Sheep farming is an important livestock activity in southern Brazil, providing income and contributing to the social reproduction of small producers in rural areas. Among the existing phases within a sheep meat production system, the finishing has been widely discussed in recent years, due to its importance in ensuring a quality product that meets consumer demand. Thus, this literature review aims to address the particularities of some sheep finishing systems in southern Brazil, such as the use of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana pasture, the silvopastoral system and confinement. Pasture systems are predominant in southern Brazil, due to large territorial extensions and because they are less costly alternatives in the short term. The forestry system has a higher initial cost when compared to the previous one, but in the long run it can be more profitable by associating two activities, livestock and forestry. However, both systems may not meet the nutritional need of finishing animals throughout the year, requiring the use of supplementation. On the other hand, confinement has a high initial cost, but it can be an important tool to ensure the regularity of meat supply throughout the year. In addition to animals finished in this type of system, they present good productive results.

Trifolium polymorphum and T. argentinense (Leguminosae) are two amphicarpic forage species native to the natural pastures of the southern half of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Information about seed production in both species is scarce. In the present work we evaluated the number of inflorescences and the production of aerial seeds in T. polymorphum and T. argentinense in a protected environment and without access of pollinators. T. polymorphum plants produced significantly more inflorescences and seeds (63.15 and 8.94) than those of T. argentinense (24.84 and 1.05), respectively. The low seed production in a protected environment and without access to pollinators suggests the need for mechanical stimulation to ensure pollination, usually performed by insects to form seeds. This information can be used to plan future experiments where T. polymorphum and T. argentinense have free access to pollinators to obtain a higher seed production.    

Studies that evaluate the crop responses to the soil modifications intermediated by gypsumapplication are relatively abundant, but most of them are performed in highlands. Such studies are still scarce in lowlands. The objective of our study was to evaluate soil acidity and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability, as well as crop (irrigated rice and soybean) yields, as a function of different rates of gypsum application in lowland. The experiments were conducted in a Planosol (Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The treatments consisted of six gypsum rates (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 t ha-1) and the experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications. The soil was sampled after crop harvests, in the 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm layers. The soil pH (in water), the potential acidity (H+Al) and the available P (Mehlich 1) were not affected by gypsum application. After the irrigated rice cropping and in the soil layer of 0–5 cm, the available K (Mehlich 1) contents was impacted by the gypsum application, with increase in content for rates up to 1.00 t ha-1 and decrease in content for higher rates (2.00 and 4.00 t ha-1). After the soybean cropping, the available K content was not affected by gypsum application. The gypsum application did not impact irrigated rice and soybean yields in the evaluated season, which did not present water deficit.

As the long-term phenotype and genetic stability of bacteria used as inoculant are important parameters in their ecology and for agricultural purposes, this study aimed genotypically characterize several-rescued bradyrhizobia of an experimental field thirty years after the first inoculation. A high genetic diversity of 30 bradyrhizobia isolates was observed, either by AFLP (H = 4.87) or rep-PCR (H = 4.18). The results indicate that the Bradyrhizobium population that persists in the Eldorado soil is genetically very diverse and different from the parental strains. All isolates were infective and trapped in IAS-5 soybean variety maintaining their nodulation and nitrogen fixation properties. Given that many rhizobia in a soil can lost the infective capacity and that the host genotype can affect the spectrum of rhizobial genotype selected from a soil, the genetic diversity of the complete bradyrhizobia population in Eldorado soil could be even higher than the identified in this work.

Artisanal cheeses can be considered heritage of the communities that produce them, as they express the evolution of a knowledge shared by the community over time. The consumption of these cheeses involves the appreciation of tangible attributes, such as flavor, and intangible characteristics such as typicality, environmental, social and economic sustainability. Communities of descendants of immigrants, especially Italians and Germans, have produced colonial cheese from Rio Grande do Sul since the mid-19th century. The volume of annual production is around 12.5 thousand tons, most of which is processed by hand. The objective of this work is to analyze the perceptions of consumers in Rio Grande do Sul regarding this product, discussing activated consumption values ​​and the attributes associated with it. The data collection was done through a structured questionnaire; the methodology followed the survey model, in which 456 consumers participated. Our results demonstrate that Colonial Cheese has a positive reputation with consumers, presenting characteristics such as taste, cost-benefit ratio and following hygiene standards that meet the emotional and functional needs of consumption. But it is also perceived as a product that has a cultural identity, being an expression of historical know-how, produced in a way that respects the environment and has relevance to the economy of the places where it is produced, which shows that consumers perceive the heritage content of the Colonial Cheese of Rio Grande do Sul.

Abstract: The perception of veterinary medicine students about the use of animals in practical classes was analyzed through the application of a questionnaire with objective and discursive questions. The objective of this work was not to judge the use of animals, but to understand how students perceive this practice. One hundred and trirty students from 16 higher education institutions (HEIs) participated in the study, covering six Brazilian states and the Federal District. Most were female (80%) and they had between 18 and 27 years old (87%). The majority (80.7%) of students reported that teachers do not ask if there is any objection to participating in practical classes with animals, and the minority of students (16.2%) reported that they would refuse to participate practical classes with live animals. As for the contribution of animals in practical classes, 81.5% of students believe that animals are indispensable in practical classes, being statistically higher in public HEIs, and 76.9% of students think that the student cannot be well prepared without using animals also being statistically higher in public HEIs. Mannequins and dolls were the most cited alternative methods. The percentage of students who believe that alternative methods are effective for learning and the percentage of students who would like alternative methods to be applied is statistically higher in private HEIs.

About two thirds of the national territory is located in the tropical zone of the planet, where high temperature and solar radiation predominates, being able to surpass the zone of comfort of the animals, leading to the thermal stress, and consequently affecting the production and the quality of the milk, mainly in cows because they are more sensitive to heat and have greater difficulty in dissipating it. Thus, the objective of this review was to address the main impacts related to thermal stress in milk production and some factors that can be used to minimize these conditions. To control the effects of thermal stress the producer can make use of some strategies of environmental, nutritional management and cooling system. The use of some methods such as natural and artificial shading, diet with lower caloric increment, and use of systems such as ventilator, sprinkler and evaporative panel may prove to be efficient for animals that are subjected to heat. Thus, it is concluded that thermal stress causes several problems to dairy herds and when identified, we can control their effects and minimize economic losses. Several methods to control the effect of thermal stress have proved to be efficient, but the choice of the appropriate method depends on its cost benefit and the specific characteristics of each property.

A difficulty in the production of tomato seedlings in containers is to assure the production of shoot biomass with limited portion of roots, restricted to a small volume of substrate. Therefore, we investigated if substrates associated with tomato cultivars interfere in the seedling quality. In this study, the treatments used were two tomato cultivars and three substrates. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a two-factorial scheme (2 x 3), with four replications. We carried out the physical and chemical characterization of the substrates and evaluated the attributes of the shoot and the root system of tomato seedlings. The results showed that the substrate with the highest water retention was Horta 2® and the lightest material was TN Gold®. Still, seedlings produced on the substrate with greater water retention capacity had higher performance in relation to the shoot morphology and the root system morphology. We conclude that the seedling quality of tomato cultivars is not associated with the studied substrates and that seedlings produced in substrate with greater water retention have better quality.

The current research aimed to quantify the decomposition of summer crop residues with different compositions, kept on the surface or incorporated into the soil, as well as to evaluate the microbial activity and the mineral nitrogen content in the soil and to establish relationships between these processes. The decomposition of the residues of corn, pigeon pea and its mixture was evaluated, in addition to the release of C-CO2 and the mineral nitrogen content in the soil with the addition of these residues. The decomposition of the residues was greater in the first 30 days, being accelerated by the incorporation. The corn residue incorporated into the soil showed a more intense decomposition. The levels of mineral nitrogen in the soil were higher with the addition of pigeon pea residue, indicating the occurrence of liquid mineralization with the addition of the legume residue. The lower decomposition of pigeonpea residue, compared to corn residue, indicates that the presence of recalcitrant compounds may be more important than the C: N ratio to determine the rate of degradation of a residue.

Fruit fly is the main pest of plum trees. This study aimed to evaluate the production and damage caused by fruit fly in protected cultivated plum with screen, unprotected and conventional with insecticide. Nine 'Fortune' plum plants were used: three control plants (without screen and without insecticide); three plants wrapped laterally by sombrite 70% screen with 5 m of high; and three plants with conventional management (insecticide). The experiment was installed at beginning of the vegetative cycle. The production per treatment, fruit size, flesh firmness, soluble solids-SS, titratable acidity-TA and damaged fruits and/or with larvae of fruit fly were evaluated. The insecticide and screen treatments showed greater fruit size and firmness of pulp compared to the control. The treatments with insecticide, screen and control presented 2%, 17% 44% of the production dropped on the ground. In the fruits harvested on the plant, the insecticide, screen and control treatments showed 10%, 25% and 90% of the fruits damaged by fruit fly. The SS was lower in the treatment with screen. TA of fruits of the control treatment was lower compared to the other treatments. The use of screen is a sustainable alternative to reduce the damage by fruit fly in plums.

Rootstocks of ‘Rangpur’ Lime and ‘Swingle’ Citrumelo were grown in containers with substrate in a greenhouse, aiming to evaluate the effects of N (urea) fertilization on the vegetative growth and macronutrient content of the plant tissue. The experimental design was a factorial randomized block design with four repetitions, and each experimental plot was composed of five plants. Four doses of N (0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g.plant-1) were evaluated and applied every week (15 applications) to both of the rootstocks. After 200 days of transplanting, the following parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth and total content of macronutrients on the dry weight of the leaves, stems, and roots. ‘Rangpur’ Lime was more vigorous that ‘Swingle’ Citrumelo. ‘Rangpur’ Lime showed the greatest accumulation of plant dry weight with 3.38 g.plant-1 of N and a greater root dry weight with 2.03 g.plant-1. For ‘Swingle’ Citrumelo, 2.03 g.plant-1 of N provided a greater plant dry weight, however, nitrogen fertilization reduced the root:canopy ratio of the rootstocks. The leaf content of N and P were favored by high doses of N in the tested range. Intermediate doses favored the Ca and Mg leaf contents. The leaf K content was decreased by nitrogen fertilization.

The eucalyptus gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) causes severe damage to its host plants. One of the main strategies to control its dispersion is biological control with parasitoid hymenopterans. Some parasitoid species, like Megastigmus brasiliensis, may have potential in the biological control of gall wasp in the southern region of Brazil. The study aimed to report the occurrence of parasitoids associated with L. invasa as well as to gather information about its distribution in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state. The collections were carried out in twelve cities in the central region of the state between December and March 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Eucalyptus branches with galls were collected and kept in laboratory under controlled temperature conditions (28 ± 2°C). After two months, the collected individuals were screened and identified. In all sampled cities there was the presence of gall wasp with different levels of density, which may be related to the genetic material of host plants and the local weather conditions. The only parasitoid collected was M. brasiliensis. This work presents the first occurrence record of M. brasiliensis in Rio Grande do Sul and the second record in Brazil.

The objective of present work was to evaluate the effect of luminosity and temperature on Carya illinoinensis germination seeds. In order to standardize imbibition process, seeds were previously submitted to scarification process. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged with a 3x4 factorial scheme, in which were tested three luminosity regimes (absence of light, continuous light and alternating light of 12 hours) and four temperature conditions (20°C, 25°C, 30°C and alternating 12 hours at 15°C and 12 hours at 25°C), with five replicates. Variables evaluated were emission of radicle (%),seed germination rate (SGR), germination time (GT),  normal seedlings (%), abnormal seedlings (%),  hard seeds (%),  dead seeds (%) root and shoot length(mm/seedling). Combination of absence of light and high temperature favors the emission of the radicle, SGR and reduces GT, as well as provides greater root and shoot length. However, the temperature of 25°C together with absence of light obtained superior results for the formation of normal seedlings, being the most suitable combination for the germination of C. illinoinensis seeds.

This study evaluated the effect of Cuniculture commercialization on household poverty in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency counts, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Household Commercialization Index (HCI) and Tobit Regression was used to analyze data collected from 120 respondents randomly selected from the register of Rabbit Farmers and Breeders Association of Nigeria (RFABAN) of Ife/Ijesha Agricultural development Project (ADP). The results of the study show that Cuniculture is a male dominated enterprise. The modal age of respondents was 18-60 with 87.5% of respondents educated. Majority of respondents earned between NGN20000 - NGN100000 monthly from Cuniculture. The study found that 16% of respondents were poor and living below the poverty line. The HCI of Cuniculture indicates that 54.2% of production was done mainly for household consumption. Access to credit and unavailability of markets were the major constraints with Household size and access to credit influencing the commercialization of Cuniculture. The study recommends that more people be encouraged to go into Cuniculture to serve as additional income to household; rabbit farmers become more market oriented beyond their present level; they organize themselves into cooperative for access to credits and market creation and that appropriate solutions be sought for the challenges encountered.

Food production on large scale has led to an expansion in the use of pesticides. An important process in this dynamic is the pollination, carried out by bees, which is affected by the use that of these products considered stressors of the metabolism of these arthropods. Given these facts, the objective of this review was to verify whether the use of antioxidants in supplementing bee feeding can mitigate the oxidative stress caused by pesticides. The methodology used was an adaptation of the PRISMA method, selecting articles related to the theme, published in the last 20 years. Out of 196 articles found, 26 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the research. Thus, it was possible to state that pesticides aggravate oxidative stress, affect survival, induce the expression of regulating health genes, and may interfere with the prevalence of pathogens in bees. In this context, it was concluded that it is indicated to supplement the feeding of these insects with oxidation-protective compounds, but it is necessary to develop studies to determine the appropriate antioxidant as a nutraceutical, the stage of development in which it is most effective and the ideal dose to ensure less susceptibility of bees to pesticides.

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The rabbits can improve part of the fibers due to the caecal fermentation process and the habit of caecotrophy. In this sense the use of conserved forage as a feed supplement is an alternative in rabbit breeding since commercial feed being the most expensive input. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of sunflower silage or corn silage in the diet of growing rabbits on performance and diet economic viability.  The study used 15 animals of both sexes, with 45 days, distributed in 3 treatments and five repetitions each lasted 69 days. The treatments evaluated were basal diet (DB), basal diet and sunflower silage (SG) and basal diet and corn silage (SM). Animals fed SM consumed 20% less feed than animals fed DB. Daily silage consumption was different between the types of silage fed. Water consumption was lower in animals fed silage. The average daily gain did not differ, being 33 g, 38 g, 34 g respectively for animals fed DB, SG and SM. There was a reduction in feed cost by using silage in rabbit diets. The rabbits that were fed with SM presented better economic viability.