Repositório RCAAP

Umbilical structures infections can be followed by bacteremic, septicemic infections and death in newborns with passive immunity deficiency. Microorganisms isolated in omphalitis have been also isolated from animals with bacteremia. From september/2002 to september/2003, a research was developed using 44 calves, in order to evaluate bacteremia frequency in newborns and to correlate microorganisms isolated from blood samples and umbilical structures. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein for microorganisms isolation. Twenty four samples were collected in a period of 24 to 48 hours, the other 20 samples from thirty to fifty days after birth. Umbilical structures materials were collected though swabs. Microbial growth occurred in 17 (38,67%) blood samples and in 100% of umbilical samples. Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp. and Streptococcus spp were the major isolated microorganisms from blood. All bacteremic animals presented systemic or localized clinical manifestations. The most reported clinical sign was thickness of umbilical structures. Bacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Micrococcus spp. and E. coli were isolated from umbilical structures. Data confirm a mixed bacterial environment in omphalitis, and suggest a high prevalence of bacteremic infections in newborns calves, pointing out the need of passive immunity transfer through colostrum.

Due to scarcity of studies on forced molt in alternative production birds, this experiment had the objective of performing an induced molt in Guinea Fowls observing the best body weight losses (BWL) that could promote good post-molt productions. With this purpose, 110 Guinea fowls were housed in individual commercial cages and were submitted to induced molt through the addition of zinc oxide in feed with the concentration of 20000 ppm during 21 days and received drinking water ad libitum. In the analysis of BWL related to post-molt productivity, 60 birds were organized in the groups, according to the percentage of BWL: 24% (n=18), 26% (n=18), 28% (n=12) and more than 30% (n=12). The other 50 birds were sacrificed for analyses of the reproductive organs, in which the oviduct size and weight of oviduct and ovary were measured with 0% of BWL and since then the regression of these organs were calculated to 24%, 26%, 28% and more than 30% of BWL. The medium of post-molt return to production was 60% and the group of 24% of BWL presented the best productive return (100%), however this group presented an insufficient production rate as the birds with 30% of BWL. In this way, the induced molt in Guinea fowls was viable with BWL around 26 and 28% and unviable with less than 24% or more than 30%. In relation to regression of the reproductive organs the best productive results were 65,15%, 90,49% and 94,27% to oviduct size and weight and ovary weight, respectively.

Em fêmeas bovinas a utilização da técnica de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) é possibilitada pelo emprego de fármacos que tem como objetivos sincronizar a emergência das ondas foliculares, os estros e a ovulação. Em rebanhos comerciais, o custo de tais fármacos deve estabelecer uma vantajosa relação com os benefícios. O presente estudo, objetivou comparar as taxas de prenhez em vacas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) inseminadas em tempo fixo, tratadas com implantes auriculares contendo 3mg de norgestomet (Crestar®), novos (IN) ou utilizados uma vez (IR; reutilizados), associados a administração de norgestomet (NG) e valerato de estradiol (VE) ou progesterona (P4) e benzoato de estradiol (BE). Vacas Nelore PO (n=241), amamentando, com o bezerro ao pé, receberam um dos quatro tratamentos: Crestar®novo durante 10 dias associado a administração de 3mg de NG e 5mg de VE (grupo IN/NG+VE; n=61); Crestar®novo inserido durante 8 dias associado a 50mg de P4 e 2mg de BE (grupo IN/P4+BE; n=61); Crestar®reutilizado inserido durante 10 dias associado a administração de 3mg de NG e 5mg de VE (grupo IR/NG+VE; n=58) ou Crestar®reutilizado inserido durante 8 dias associado a e 50mg de P4 e 2mg de BE (grupo IR/P4+BE; n=61). No dia da remoção dos implantes os animais receberam 7,5mg de Luprostiol e 24 horas após a remoção 1mg de BE. A IATF foi realizada 54 a 56 horas após a retirada dos implantes. Após a IATF, as vacas tiveram os estros observados durante um período de 49 dias e em estro foram reinseminadas 12 horas após a observação. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado por ultra-sonografia 35 dias após a IATF e após o final da estação de monta. Foram avaliadas as taxas de prenhez na IATF (TP IATF) e no final da estação de monta (TP EM). Não houve interação entre as características dos implantes (novos e reutilizados) e os tratamentos administrados no dia da inserção do implante (NG+VE e P4+BE). A utilização do CIDR®novo ou reutilizado não teve efeito nas TP IATF (48,3% vs 48,7%) e nas TP EM (85,2 vs 86,5%). Os tratamentos com NG+VE e P4+BE não tiveram efeito nas TP IATF (49,5 vs 47,5%) e TP EM (86,5 vs 85,2%). Houve efeito do número de parições (primíparas e multíparas) nas TP IATF (35% vs. 52,7%; P<0,01) e nas TP EM (71,9% vs. 90,2%; P<0,01). Conclui-se que implantes de norgestomet novos e reutilizados, quando associados ao NG+VE ou P4+BE promovem taxas de prenhez bastante satisfatórias em vacas Nelore e que melhores taxas são obtidas em fêmeas multíparas.

In order to describe the ultrasonographic anatomy of patellar ligaments (medial, middle, lateral) and associated structures, 20 femorotibiopatellar joints of adult horses were investigated. Echogenicity, collagen fibers alignment, size, shape and surrounding structures were evaluated. All ligaments presented uniform echogenicity and collagen fibers parallelism. The longitudinal section of the medial and middle patellar ligaments presented a significant larger thickness (p<0,01) of the distal region when compared to the proximal region. When comparing the same site between the three ligaments, LPI was thicker (p<0,01) than lateral patellar ligament (LPL) and LPM. The LPL transversal section (cm²) presented a significant larger area (p<0,01), followed by the LPI and LPM. The transversal section of the medium region revealed a LPM with triangular shape, triangular or circular LPI, and flattened LPL. The surrounding structures observed during the evaluation were: femoral groove, articular cartilages, periligamentar fat tissue, patella and proximal tibia.

Objetivou-se examinar a superfície posterior do endotélio corneano e realizar análise morfométrica das células endoteliais da córnea de olhos normais de cães à microscopia especular. Procedeu-se à morfometria avaliando-se a área celular média e a densidade endotelial. Ambos os olhos de dez cães, sem raça definida, machos ou fêmeas, com 6 anos de idade, com peso médio de 15 kg, eutanasiados por razões não relacionadas a este estudo foram estudados. Os olhos foram avaliados para determinar as condições de higidez e transportados ao laboratório em câmara úmida. Valendo-se de microscópio especular de contato o endotélio corneano foi examinado. Obteve-se 3 imagens da região central de cada córnea. Realizou-se a análise morfométrica valendo-se de software adequado para determinação da área celular média e da densidade endotelial. A área celular média foi 395 ± 36 µm² e a densidade endotelial 2555 ± 240 células/mm². O presente estudo demonstrou que o endotélio de bulbos oculares normais de cães é similar ao endotélio de indivíduos da espécie humana.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo métrico dos segmentos corpóreos do sistema reprodutor das espécies Achatina fulica e Achatina monochromatica, estabelecendo parâmetros comparativos entre ambas, para melhor conhecimento dessas espécies. Foram usados 15 exemplares adultos de cada espécie. Após o processo seletivo, pesagem e tomada das medidas da concha, os espécimes foram sacrificados por congelamento em freezer, a -2ºC por aproximadamente 10min. Retirado o sistema reprodutor, com incisão longitudinal, procedeu-se as medidas de cada segmento. A análise estatística mostrou que, apesar dos espécimes serem mantidos sob as mesmas condições ambientais e alimentares e submetidos ao mesmo tipo de seleção, ocorreram variações no desenvolvimento e tamanho dos órgãos reprodutores. O aspecto morfológico do sistema reprodutor das duas espécies difere macroscopicamente em seus vários segmentos, porém, a disposição e a localização dos mesmos são idênticas.

The role of improper hoof balance causing lameness in sport horses is well documented in the literature. Hoof balance can be divided into geometric, dynamic and natural balance. This study assessed the geometric balance of 97 adult Crioulo horses in training at 16 different training centers to determine the incidence of poor hoof conformation. Nine measurements of the hoof were taken: angle at the toe, circumference at the coronary band, lateral and medial quarter and heel length, toe length, frog length and width. From these measurements the following hoof problems could be identified: 85 out of 97 horses (87.62%) had contracted heels, 48 (49.48%) had medial to lateral hoof imbalance, 23 (23.71%) had mismatched hoof angles and 11 (11.34%) had a broken back hoof axis. The frequency of mismatched hoof angles was different between the five age groups (p<0.05). The hoof angle varied from 45° to 58° (52.71 ± 0.15°). The average toe length was 8.7 ± 0.6 cm and was considered to be excessive for horses with 411.4 ± 34.80 Kg body weight. The high frequency of hoof abnormalities in this population of horses suggests that trimming and shoeing practices employed should be reviewed and improved.

This study was performed to standardize parasite egg counting in feces of sheep by TF-Test, in addition to compare this test to the Gordon & Whitlock technique (G&W). Twenty-four lambs were artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus throughout 12 weeks. At the end of this time, faecal samples were taken and animals were slaughtered for worm identification and counting. G&W and TF-Test methods were carried out on each fecal sample. Both tests showed Haemonchus eggs in 95.8% of the samples (P>;0.05). The correlation coefficients (r) between fecal egg counts (FEC) using G&W x Total Worm Count (TWC) were r=0.52 (not transformed data) and r=0.85 (transformed data); between FEC by TF-Test x TWC were r=0.51 (not transformed data) and r=0.87 (transformed data). Other 100 fecal samples were taken from naturally infected sheep. In these animals, the G&W and TF-Test methods showed 85% and 86% of fecal samples positive for Strongylidea eggs, respectively (P>;0.05). Also in those animals, Eimeria oocysts were found in 33% of fecal samples by TF-Test, whereas in the G&W only 12% were positive (P<0.001). For Strongyloides spp., TF-Test showed 15% of positive fecal samples, whereas G&W showed 5% (P<0.05). In conclusion, both methods were efficient to diagnose gastrointestinal nematodes and TF-Test was superior to diagnose oocysts of Eimeria spp. and eggs of Strongyloides spp; conversely, Strongylidea eggs counting using TF-Test was underestimated.

Twelve rumen canulated male sheep were used to evaluate ruminal effective degradability (EDG) and volatile fatty acids(VFA), ammonia nitrogen(N-NH3) and pH of rumen contents, and blood ureic nitrogen . They received six treatments in a factorial arrangement 2 x 3: sugar cane fresh (CAF) or as silage (CAS) x urea levels of 0%, 0.5% and 1.0% for both forages. Values of EDG of CAF and CAS dry matter(DM) were not significantly different. Addition of crescent levels of urea to the forages resulted in a linear decrease of DM EDG for CAF and CAS. Considering CAS, EDG of neutral detergent fiber was linearly lower with crescent levels of urea. Ruminal contents pH values were higher for CAF than for CAS but no differences were find among levels of urea addition. Ruminal contents levels of total VFA and propionic acid were higher for CAF than for CAS; inversely, acetic acid levels were higher for CAS. N-NH3 levels of ruminal contents were higher for CAS than for CAF. For both fresh and silage treatments, N-NH3 concentrations in ruminal contents, as well N-ureic blood concentrations increased linearly with higher levels of urea addition. It was concluded that 0.5% and 1.0% urea added to fresh or ensiled forages had no satisfactory results and that CAF indicated better nutritional value than CAS.

The transforming growth factor alpha (TGF±) is a molecule from the family of the transforming growth factors and has been pointed out as a probable regulator of testicular development. The hypotheses in the present study was that bulls from synthetic breeds with deficient seminal quality presented different TGF± expression and average number of Sertoli cells when compared to normal bulls. Testicles from six Braford and eight Brangus-Ibagé bulls with and without problems in semen quality were used. The immunohistochemical technique was employed to determine the TGF± expression in seminiferous epithelium and to mark the nucleus of the Sertoli cells with the use of respectively of monoclonal antibody anti-TGF± (Ab-2; Calbiochem) and anti-S100 protein polyclonal antibody (DAKO). The general average of spermatogonia marked by the antibody was different for each breed: 9.2±0.4 for Braford and 11.0±0.3 for Brangus-Ibagé. No difference regarding the expression of TGF± was found between sound and unsound bulls. The average number of Sertoli cells was similar between bull breeds. A smaller Sertoli cell population was found in the sound Brangus-Ibagé bulls, which may be an indication that the origin of the low seminal quality in synthetic bulls should be detached from the embryonic or the early newborn phase when the total number of such cells in adults is established. The understanding of cell interaction in the seminiferous epithelium, involving growth related factors, requires not only the identification of the expression site but also the in vivo meaning to spermiogenesis. The study of the growth factors in the testicle in adult bulls is worth further research in order to understand the regulation of spermiogenesis at the paracrine level in adult animals.

Claw lameness can be associated to biomechanical factors caused by unbalanced pressure distribution under the hooves when cows are confined in modern dairy operations with hard concrete flooring. In the present study, an original claw subdivision4 was slightly modified to differentiate between the anterior (typical sole lesion spot) and posterior portions of the medial sole, and to emphasize the maximum pressures applied only on the area of contact without including the total area within these regions during midstance. The results, obtained showed significance (p < 0.044) for the interaction among Group, Leg and region (G*L*R). It was observed that the rear portion of the claws (heels) on the hind limb of untrimmed cows, are more stressed than the heel region on trimmed cows (23 % versus 16.72% of total pressure applied on the claw for untrimmed and trimmed respectively). The typical sole lesion spot pressures were increased slightly on trimmed cows as compared to untrimmed (20.20% versus 15.9%). The front feet presented differences in pressure concentration on the lateral sole between both groups (29% versus 23.25% for untrimmed versus trimmed respectively). It was concluded that, although the differences were small (5%) changes in pressure concentration, untrimmed cows stress more the sole lateral as compared to trimmed on the front feet, and on the rear feet, they stress more the heel region whereas trimmed cows tend to have a slight better balance among regions. Conversely, when cows are trimmed, the typical sole lesion spot concentrates more pressure than the heel itself (20.20% versus 16.72% respectively) and may favor the occurrence of sole ulcers.

A manipulação nutricional da capacidade de absorção de ácidos graxos voláteis pela parede do rúmen pode ser uma estratégia para controlar acidose em vacas leiteiras. Objetivando induzir variação morfológica da parede do rúmen através da dieta e estabelecer marcadores morfológicos eficientes para epitélio ruminal, dois experimentos foram relizados. No experimento um, sete vacas com cânula ruminal foram alimentadas com concentrado uma ou quatro vezes ao dia por 19 dias seguidos por 72 horas de jejum. Papilas ruminais foram coletadas nos dias zero, quatro, 12 e 19 do período de tratamento e 24, 48 e 72 horas após o início do período de jejum. Baixa freqüência de alimentação concentrada foi associada a um aumento de insulina plasmática através do tempo (P=0,02) e a um maior (P=0,03) índice mitótico (IM), mas não afetou outros parâmetros morfológicos. No experimento dois, foram realizados dois ensaios não-simultâneos com três ovinos canulados no rúmen, os quais foram submetidos abruptamente a 72 horas de jejum. Papilas ruminais foram coletadas no final do período de alimentação e no final do jejum. O IM foi mais alto no período de alimentação do que no período de jejum (P<0,01), mas outros parâmetros morfológicos não foram capazes de responder à variação nutricional. Entres os marcadores morfológicos estudados o IM parece ser a melhor variável para avaliação da resposta morfológica do epitélio ao plano alimentar. A freqüência de alimentação concentrada pode ser usada para regular a morfologia das papilas ruminais.

Os vírus da anemia infecciosa eqüina (EIAV), da influenza eqüina tipo 2 (EIV-2) e o herpesvírus eqüino tipo 1 (EHV-1) são agentes causadores de enfermidades que podem causar graves prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste presente estudo foi estimar a freqüência de anticorpos contra o EIAV, EIV-2 e o EHV-1 em rebanhos do sul do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os anticorpos contra EIAV, EIV-2 e EHV-1 foram detectados pelo teste de IDGA, pelo método de inibição da hemaglutinação e pela técnica de soroneutralização (TCID50 =100), respectivamente. Amostras de sangue de 672, 514 e de 506 equídeos saudáveis e sem histórico de vacinação contra nenhum dos três vírus foram testadas, respectivamente, para EIAV, EIV-2, EHV-1. A seguinte freqüência de soro reativos foi observada: 1,34% para o EIAV; 35,79% para o EIV-2; 45,45% para o EHV-1. Estes resultados indicam que estes agentes estão presentes no rebanho paraense e a adoção de medidas de manejo e profilaxia devem ser priorizadas, garantindo deste modo, a prosperidade da eqüideocultura brasileira.

In poultry breeding, male fertility has extreme importance to assure a better production of fertile eggs. Evaluation techniques for fertility of fowls are not well explored and in most cases, the evaluation is done through sampling considering only morphophysiological factors directly related with the spermatozoon. It's known that in other species, besides morphophysiological factors, there are intrinsic problems to the spermatozoon such as less chromatin condensation that can lead to fertility problems that in most cases are not diagnosised. The purpose of this work was the adaptation of techniques of chromatin evaluation for chicken (Gallus Gallus, Linnaeus, 1758) which have already been described in other species, correlating the chromatin alterations with the morphological alterations and the fertility. Fowl semen samples with different levels of fertility were used for test different methods to identify chromatin alterations using toluidine blue and acridine orange die. Evaluations have shown that smears of fresh semen with posterior fixation generate artfacts that change the head shape and the chromatin integrity not being indicated in methods of fertility evaluation. Although all the tested methods have presented methodology imperfections and some certain degree of subjectivity, the method that has generated best results was the mixture of one semen drop conserved in buffered phormol and a drop of acridine orange on microscopy slide with posterior staining and observation in fluorescence microscopy with blue excitation filter. Through this method it was verified that alterations in the chromatin condensation of fowl spermatozoa are generally not followed by morphological alterations and that generally the morphologic alterations of fowl spermatozoa are generally followed by alterations in chromatin condensation. This is an important factor in the determination of the fowl fertility.

The spermiogram is one of the principal methods of evaluation of the fertility in mammals; however some semen modifications as the spermatozoa chromatin condensation, are not identified in this routine, and can expressively interfere in the fertility of reproducers. In poultry breeding, generally the evaluation of reproducers is made by sampling and the evaluated parameters are in fewer quantities than in mammals, considering the spermatozoa chromatin condensation of the fowl has never been exploited. The objective of this work is verifying through the transmission electron microscopy, whether there are different intensities of spermatozoa chromatin condensation of fowl. So that, have been collected 20 samples of fowl semen, which were placed in 4% glutaraldehyde buffered in 0.1M sodium cacodilate to pH 7.2 for 48 hours, after being centrifugated and rinsed in cacodilate tampon, the semen was post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide plus 1.25% potassium ferrocyanide. The sediment was embedded, cut and contrasted. The thin sections were examined and documented in transmission electronic microscopy Zeiss EM-109. Generally the fowl spermatozoon has acrosome with homogenic or slightly granular and of moderate density material, the nucleus with dense or slightly granular chromatin, varies the gray scales, that is, the grades of condensation. It was also observed the "perforatorium", structure that links the nucleus to the acrosome. The insertion of the tail is made through two cetriules, being one transversal and the other longitudinal to the axle. The intermediate piece has typical axoneme involved by mitochondrias, apparently displayed longitudinally. The transition between the principal and the intermediate pieces of the tail is marked by the absence of the mitochondrias. The principal piece is formed by axoneme involved by a granular cytoplasm layer. In the evaluation of the morphological pathologies, it was observed rounded heads, folded, involved by the intermediate container of the piece, in a hook and all of them showing different grades of condensation.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da vasectomia bilateral nas características seminais de macacos pregos (Cebus apella) mantidos em cativeiro. Foram utilizados seis animais da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Sêmen foi colhido por eletroejaculação, após anestesia geral dos animais. A primeira colheita foi realizada 15 dias antes da vasectomia e as colheitas posteriores foram realizadas com intervalo de 30 dias até o momento da eliminação completa de espermatozóides do líquido seminal. Imediatamente após a ejaculação, o sêmen foi avaliado quanto suas características físicas, iniciando-se pelo volume (ml) da fração líquida e medição do pH. Posteriormente foram avaliados motilidade (%) e vigor espermático (0-5). Uma fração do sêmen foi diluída em formol salina 10%, para posterior avaliação da concentração espermática (cel/ml) e das características morfológicas (%). A integridade do acrossoma foi avaliada apenas na primeira colheita e a concentração espermática foi avaliada em apenas quatro animais na colheita antes da vasectomia devido ao fato de não haver quantidade suficiente de sêmen. Na primeira colheita após a vasectomia, todos os animais apresentaram espermatozóides com motilidade e vigor iguais a zero. No entanto, a concentração espermática pode ser avaliada até a segunda colheita pós-vasectomia, apresentando as Médias/EP 2.8±1.3 x 10(6)/ml antes da vasectomia e 4.7±1.6 e 0.8±0.7 x 10(6)/ml, após a vasectomia, respectivamente. Apenas na terceira colheita a média da concentração espermática foi igual a zero. Os resultados sugerem que machos vasectomizados devam voltar ao grupo, sem risco de fecundação acidental, após três meses da realização da vasectomia.

The effects of romifidine (60µg/kg) and butorphanol (40µg/kg) combination were studied in eight horses. The parameters were measured before (T0) and 10 (T1), 15 (T2), 30 (T3), 40 (T4) and 65 (T5) minutes after sedation. Heart rate, cardiac output and cardiac index decreased significantly post-treatment. A significant increase was present in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance values at post-treatment period. Systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, stroke index and pulmonary vascular resistance did not change significantly. Respiratory rate, mixed venous saturation of oxygen, mixed venous oxygen content and oxygen delivery index decreased significantly post-treatment. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial saturation of oxygen, mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen, arterial oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, oxygen consumption index, oxygen extraction ratio, pH and arterial bicarbonate did not change significantly. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased significantly 40 minutes post-treatment. The romifidine and butorphanol combination produced cardiovascular depression similar to those reported with romifidine used alone.

Theorigins, ramifications and distributions of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries were studied in 30 male fowls (Gallus gallus) from Cobb 500lineage, between 5 and 6 weeks old. The arterial vases of the specimens were filled with colored water-based solutionof Neoprene Latex "450" at 50% concentration afterwards they were fixed in a water-based solution of formaldehyde at 10% concentration. Thecranial mesenteric artery emerged from the right lateral surface of the descending aorta caudally the coeliac artery and through the ileocecal, jejunal and ileal arteries distributing itself by the jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum to end next to the vitelline diverticulum. The caudal mesenteric artery originated from the ventral surface of the descending aorta and soon divided into cranial and caudal branches, distributed by the rectum, cloaca and cloacal bursa. There were anastomoses among branches of the cranial mesenteric artery and also among branches of the cranial mesenteric artery and branches of the caudal mesenteric and coeliac arteries.

Estudou-se, mediante dissecação, a origem e a ramificação dos ramos do tronco braquiocefálico em 30 gansos adultos (Anser domestica), 21 machos e 09 fêmeas. Os animais, após eutanásia, foram injetados, na artéria isquiática direita, com solução de neoprene látex corado e fixados em solução aquosa de formalina 10%. Os troncos braquiocefálicos, direito e esquerdo, originam-se na aorta, logo após a emergência desta, no átrio esquerdo e, dividem-se nas artérias subclávia e carótida comum homônimas. As artérias subclávias emitiram em todos os espécimes, em ambos os antímeros, as artérias esternoclaviculares, axilares e torácicas internas e os troncos peitorais e de forma inconstante as artérias esternoclaviculares acessórias e os ramos pericárdicos. As artérias esternoclaviculares surgiram no antímero direito em 27 (90,0% ± 6,0) e no antímero esquerdo em 25 animais (83,3% ± 7,5). Encontrou-se ramos pericárdicos em 7 animais (23,3% ± 8,5) no antímero direito, em 11 animais (36,7% ± 9,6) no antímero esquerdo e em 4 animais (13,3% ± 6,8) em ambos os antímeros. O tronco peitoral era o ramo terminal da artéria subclávia e dividiu-se nas artérias peitorais cranial e caudal. Não se observou diferenças significativas entre machos e fêmeas quando ao padrão vascular dos dados analisados.

The sciatic nerve is the largest of all nerves of the body. It emerges from the pelvic cavity through the major sciatic foramen as a wide, flat and brownish cord. It extends caudally and ventrally over the distal and lateral part of the pelvic broad ligament. There are several experimental and clinical evidences supporting that the majority of injuries affecting the sciatic nerve in bovines are associated with its 6th lumbar nerve. This study analyzed the sciatic nerve origin and topography by means of dissection in 33 crossbred zebu fetuses. The sciatic nerve originates from the ventral branches of the 5th and 6th lumbar nerves and 1st, 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves. The most frequent origin of the sciatic nerve is represented by the ventral branch of the 6th lumbar nerve and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves (100%). The most conspicuous participation in the sciatic nerve formation is from the 6th lumbar nerve and 1st sacral nerve (39.4%), followed only by the 1st sacral nerve in 33% and from the association of the 1st and 2nd sacral nerves in 18.18%. The sciatic nerve shows close apposition in the sacral ventral face and as to the 5th and 6th lumbar nerve ventral roots. In general, the obtained results concerning the nerve origin and its topography do not demonstrate any discrepancy when compared to data from the literature regarding European cattle.