Repositório RCAAP

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo da contaminação bacteriana do veneno do ferrão dos bagres Genidens genidens (Valenciennes, 1839); e Cathorops agassizii (Agassiz, 1829) encontrados no Complexo Baia-Estuário de Santos e de São Vicente (Estado de São Paulo). Foram obtidas amostras dos peixes para análises bacteriológicas que constituíam de um grupo de 50 espécimes sendo, 25 Cathorops agassizii e 25 de Genidens genidens. As análises bacteriológicas mostraram que havia contaminação nos ferrões por 13 diferentes linhagens de Enterobacteriaceae, sendo a Klebsiella pneumoniae (26,80%) a bactéria mais freqüente enquanto que as Enterobacter sp e Escherichia coli (16,27%), Serratia marcescens, Serratia sp e Proteus mirabilis (1,16%) apresentaram os mais baixos percentuais de contaminação. Nas amostras que apresentaram Bactérias Gram positivas não foram detectadas espécies de fungos. Enquanto que nas amostras que apresentaram bactérias Gram negativas, foi possível considerar alta contaminação bacteriana representando periculosidade em relação aos aspectos ambientais voltados á saúde pública. Destaca-se ainda que acidentes ocorridos por ferimentos causados em função do ferrão do bagre podem desenvolver significativas infecções secundárias agudas em humanos.

We aimed to evaluate the risk factor of serum reactive dogs to antileptospire agglutinin and their spatial distribution in an urban area. We collected 1,000 blood samples from dogs at 20 immunization centers, homogeneously distributed in the urban area (32 km²) of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Diagnosis was made by microscopic serum agglutination using 24 serovars of Leptospira spp. Statistical analysis was performed by Goodman's test with 5% of significance. Spatial clusters were tested by spatial scan statistic using SaTScan. We found that 17.9% dogs reacted to Leptospira spp. (p<0.0001). Dogs with street access (22.14%) were more reactive (p<0.05) than those without (14.83%). The scan test indicated only one significant cluster influenced by age. Incorporating each one of the co-variables gender, breed, and street access to age, we found that street access was the most important. Street access and age were the most important risk factors in the large number of reactive animals in the cluster, with the castellonis serovar being the most reactive in urban dogs. The identification of a cluster with more reactive dogs than expected allows local preventive measures to be taken.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of wheat meal on losses, dry matter recovery and quality of mombaça-grass silage, using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments: 0, 20, 40 and 60% of wheat meal, and three replicates per treatment. Fifteen-liter capacity buckets with bunsen value on the lid were used. Three kilos of sand were placed on the botton of each bucket to capture effluent. Evaluated variable were: losses by gases and effluents, dry matter recovery, pH, amoniacal-N, dry matter content (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose. Wheat meal addition reduced losses by gases, which ranged from 2 to 1.57%, and eliminated losses by effluents. Wheat meal addition reduced losses by gases and effluents. The recovery dry matter was smaller for the treatment without wheat meal. Values for increased with wheat meal addition. Values of NDF and ADF in the silage reduced linearly in function of wheat meal application. The inclusion of 20% of wheat meal is enough to reach improvements in the quality of grass-mombaça silage and, being economical , it can be recommended.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e avaliar um protocolo anestésico em filhotes de gatas submetidas a gonadectomia. Foram estudadas 40 fêmeas, com 2 a 4 meses de idade, sem raça definida, encaminhadas para ovariohisterectomia. O protocolo anestésico empregado consistiu de pré-medicação com acepromazina e meperidina e a indução e manutenção anestésicas realizadas com tiletamina-zolazepam. Foram avaliadas freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, saturação periférica da oxihemoglobina, temperatura corpórea, qualidade do relaxamento de coto uterino e pedículos ovarianos, tempo cirúrgico e de recuperação anestésica, bem como qualidade da recuperação anestésica e outros efeitos adversos. Houve redução da freqüência respiratória e manutenção da cardíaca no período trans-operatório. Apenas dois animais necessitaram de suplementação com oxigênio e a qualidade da recuperação foi satisfatoriamente tranqüila. O relaxamento dos pedículos ovarianos e coto uterino foi adequado e não foram observados demais efeitos adversos. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a técnica anestésica empregada foi segura e efetiva nos animais estudados.

Although artificial insemination (AI) has countless advantages, in Brazil this technique is performed in only 7% of beef cattle. Failures on estrous detection are the main limiting factor to the success of this technique. An electronical system, based on radiotelemetry, was developed for estrous detection. This system provides day, hour and service length. The present study aimed to evaluate by radiotelemetry system the behavioral characteristics of the estrous of crossbred heifers (Bos taurus taurus x Bos taurus indicus) raised at pasture regimen in southwest region of Brazil. The hypothesis is that estrous lenght and service frequency are variable among females and that most of services occur at nocturnal period. For estrous synchronization, heifers received 0,5mg of MGA/animal/day, once a day during 8 days, and 15mg of luprostiol (PG), IM, at the last day of MGA treatment. Estrous were registered in a radiotelemetry system, denominated “Heat-Watch”, during a 120 hours period after PG injection. The mean of estrous length was 10,4 + 5,7 hours (ranging from 45 minutes to 22,7 hours). The mean of number of services was 26,2 + 13,6 (ranging from 3 to 81 services). The mean of services length was 2,7 + 0,3 seconds. Dransfield et al.4 classified the estrous in short (< 7 hours) and long (>; 7 hours) length and low (< 1,5 services/hour) and high (>; 1,5 services/hour) intensity. There was a higher incidence of long length when compared to short lenght (72,8% vs. 27,2%; P<0,05) and higher incidence of high intensity estrous when compared to that of low intensity (70,2% vs. 29,8%; P<0,05). The mean of services at day period (7:00 AM to 7:00 PM) was 10,0 + 9,7 and at night period was 13,0 + 12,4 (7:00 PM to 7:00 AM). Effect of period on services number was not observed (P=0,08). In the present study it was confirmed the hypothesis that estrous behavior is extremely variable among females, however, the hypothesis that most services occur at night period was not confirmed.

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transitory endocrinal structure formed by steroidogenic small luteal cells (SLC) and large luteal cells (LLC) that associated with fibroblast and a wide web of capillaries form a structure specialized in synthesis of progesterone (P4). In general, for the synthesis of P4 in the steroidogenic luteal cells, cholesterol joints specific receptors on the cellular membrane and is transported to the cytosol. Later, cholesterol goes to an internal mitochondrial membrane and by the action of the enzyme P450scc is transformed into pregnenolone. In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum pregnenolone is converted to P4 by the enzyme 3²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3²-HSD). The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and endozepine participate in the transport of cholesterol to the different mitochondrial compartments. Therefore, it is supposed that the capacity of synthesis of P4 in the CL is related to the cellular concentration of receptors that catch cholesterol, to the enzymes P450scc and 3²-HSD and to the cholesterol cellular transport proteins. In bovine, the LLC are responsible for more than 80% of P4 production in the CL. The lowest concentration of cholesterol transport proteins in the mitochondria seems to limit the synthesis of P4 in the SLC. P4 supports a proper uterine environment for the development of conceptuses, depending on the specie. In most species, the lack of fertilization or the conceptus incapacity to signalize its presence in the uterus establishes luteolysis. This physiological event is characterized by the functional and structural regression of the CL. For the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy it is necessary to block luteolysis through different mechanisms among species. In primates and equids it occurs by the secretion of specific gonadotropins and in ruminants by antiluteolytic factors. This review has the objective to characterize the endocrine and molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the corpus luteum and luteolysis.

Jerked beef is officially defined as salted, cured and dried beef. Water activity (Aw), moisture, ash and residual nitrite are the physicochemical parameters that define this product identity and quality standards. In this work, the behavior of these parameters during jerked beef processing was evaluated and a significant correlation among them was revealed. These results allowed the establishment of statistical equations that enable the estimation of all the physicochemical parameters from the results obtained in the measurement of just one of them.

This experiment was developed to compare the performance and uniformity of broilers chickens as related to sex and different stocking rates. 1800 one day Ross breed chicks were distributed in 36 boxes, on a completely randomized block design, 3x2 factorial, with 3 sex (male, female and mixed) and 2 stocking (10 and 15 birds/m²). There were six replications per treatment, with 40 or 60 birds per replication. The experimental ration was formulated with corn and soy bean meal. The results were taken weekly, and after 45 days the animals were slaughtered. The results showed an increase in weight, consumption food, food conversion and daily weight gain in the smaller stocking, with statistical significance (p<0,05) for: food consumption (all period) and food conversion (1-21 and 22-45 days). However, the increase in stocking showed better values in viability and uniformity. With regard the sex, better values were seen for males, with statistical significance (p<0,05) for weight (21 and 45 days), food consumption(22-45 and 1-45 days), food conversion (1-45 days) and daily weight gain.

With the purpose to evaluate the influence of postpartum period on the values of the leucogram of Holstein cows, 142 blood samples were collected from cows during the first 90 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cows that were non-reactive to the antigen of bovine leukosis virus (GP 51). These animals were divided into 9 experimental groups based on the time of the postpartum sample collection. In the blood samples the following tests were done: counting of the total and differential number of leukocytes. During the entire study period, the leukocyte profile was predominantly lymphocytic, having a physiologic leukocytosis due to neutrophilia associated with a left regenerative shift, lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia during the first 24 h after parturition. During the first week after parturition, there was a gradual decrease in the number of leukocytes due to an absolute reduction in the total number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. An exception was observed with the absolute number of eosinophils from the samples collected between 6 - 8 days postpartum, the values of these variables were similar to those animals that had already completed puerperium. During the first week of puerperium the values reference range between 18,977 ± 5,644 and 12,247 ± 5,058 leukocytes/mm³; 8,453 ± 2,956 and 4,376 ± 4,139 neutrophils/mm³ (532 ± 547 and 88 ± 174 band neutrophils/mm³; 7,920 ± 2,689 and 4,289 ± 4,039 segmented neutrophils /mm³); 334 ± 387 and 225 ± 298 eosinophils/mm³; 50 ± 128 and 23 ± 45 basophils/mm³; 10,004 ± 4,901 and 7,595 ± 3,127 lymphocytes/mm³; 121 ± 178 and 21 ± 85 monocytes/mm³.

Leptospirosis was seroepidemiologically investigated in 775 dogs from Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo, in blood samples collected during the annual anti-rabies vaccination campaign. The samples were collected from 14 out of the 45 vaccination stations geographically distributed in five different municipal districts, with a territorial urban area of 31Km². Samples were taken from 449 males and 326 females; 564 were of undetermined breed, and 211 were pedigree animals; ages ranged from 3 months to 20 years. Diagnosis included the microscopic serum agglutination tests using 12 Leptospira spp serovars. Serological results and epidemiological variables were compared using Goodman and chi-square tests, with c=0.05. There were 119 (15.3%) positive samples for 11 serovars; the most important was canicola with 48 (40.3%), followed by pyrogenes 41 (34.5%). Statistical analysis showed significant difference for: breed, 17.7% positive in undetermined breeds and 9.0% in pedigrees; and sex, 18.4% positive in males and 11.0% in females. There was no statistically significant difference in relation to age with uniform distribution of positives.

In the autumn the vas deferens of the Italian variety of domestic quail appeared as a single, thin, and straight duct along its total extension. Thus, transversal histologic sections of this duct showed a circular tubular shape. The pseudoestratified columnar epithelium that lined the vas deferens presented longitudinal folds which invaded the lumen frequently empty of spermatozoa. Although in the winter, spring and summer the usual morphological appearance of the quail's vas deferens was seen as a highly coiling duct. So, each transversal histologic section of the vas deferens, in all the segments, showed parallel cut sections of the duct being irregular in shape and variable in number and interconnected by the adventitial loose connective tissue. In these observations, the tubular lumen was totally performed by spermatozoa and seminal fluid. Consequently, with previous base on the testis kinetics of the Italian quail variety, it was concluded that the spermatozoa production, followed by emission, storage and ejaculation of spermatozoa through the vas deferens did not stop during the winter, spring and summer, but ceased in the autumn the quiescent phase of the circannual reproductive cycle in this bird.

Dogs that had positive and negative sera to Leishmania chagasi from the region of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated for the presence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies as potential co-infecting agents. Blood samples were collected from 204 dogs and out of them 98 were carriers of leishmaniosis. Sera were tested for the presence of anti-L. chagasi antibodies by ELISA, and anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Age, gender, and association between the presences of anti-L. chagasi antibodies and seroprevalence to N. caninum and T. gondii were analyzed by chi-square test. Out of the 204 sera investigated, 36 (17.6%) were positive for N. caninum (IFAT=50) and 75 (36.8%) to T. gondii (IFAT=16) with titers that varied from 50 to 6400 for N. caninum, and from 16 to 16384 for T. gondii. The co-presence of anti-L. chagasi, N. caninum and T. gondii antibodies was observed in 17 (8.3%) dogs. Antibodies to N. caninum were observed in four (3.8%) out of 106 dogs that were negative for L. chagasi, and in 32 (32.6%) out of the 98 dogs that were positive for L. chagasi. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 40 (41.0%) and in 35 (33.0%) of the 98 positive dogs and in 106 negative dogs for L. chagasi, respectively. An association between the presence of antibodies against L. chagasi and a positive response to N. caninum (p;0.05), with the exception of age and presence of anti-L. chagasi antibodies, in which only a slight association was observed (p=0.038). Within this interaction, a higher number of dogs, older than four years, were positive for this agent when compared to other age groups.

Rock cavy (Kerondon rupestris) is a rodent of the Brazilian wild fauna, belonging to the cavied family, and to the caviinae under family. In Brazil, this animal is already been raised in captivity with the aim of food supply, to preserve the species and to offer subsidy to the research development concerning to the deeper knowledge of these species. To know the origin and the nerves of the rock cavy (Keredon rupestris) lumbar sacral plexus, supplying indispensable subsidies for the study of the comparative anatomy, especially of the wild mammals, we intended to accomplish this research. Ten adult animals of different ages from the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Superior School of Agriculture of Mossoró (ESAM) were used. The segments were fastened in 10% aqueous solution of formal for 48 hours, followed by dissection in order to expose the nerves by the retreat of the muscles, psoas major and psoas minor, and the results were registered by schematic drawings and photographed images. Differences were observed in the number of lumbar and sacral vertebrae of these animals. The lumbar sacral Plexus presented their ventral roots starting from the last three lumbar nerves and from the first three sacral nerves, corresponding to 80% of the studied animals. The type II (L5,L6,L7,S1, S2 e S3) was the most commonly found (50%) of the between samples. Considered nerves, originated in the plexus, were: femoral, obturatory, ischiatic, cranial gluteus, caudal gluteus and pudendus.

The aim of the present study was the evaluation of whether the age or the estrous cycle phase would influence the quantity and/or quality of oocytes and in vitro embryo production. Oocytes from ovaries of 63 Holstein- Friesian slaughtered cows, aging between 1 and 15 years old, were divided into 5 groups considering their age and then subdivided according to their phase of estrous cycle. The groups were: ;8 years old. The estrous cycle phase (lutheal or follicular) was evaluated by the presence or absence of a functional corpus luteum. The cumulus-oocyte-complex (COC's) was divided in classes A, B, C and D according to their morphological aspect. The COC's classed as C and D were excluded, being the COC's classed as A and B matured in vitro and fertilized. As result of the study, it was observed that the number of total produced COC's was directly proportional to the age of the cow (R=0,99 - P<0,001). It has also noticed that cows in the lutheal phase produced more COC's than cows in the follicular phase (P<0,001), respectively 7,05 ± 0,11 and 10,87 ± 1,01. The COC's quality augmented from the group of cows aging less than 2 years to cows aging between [7, 8] years old, with a positive correlation (R = 0.94 p<0.01) starting then to decrease. It was also realized that cows in the lutheal phase produced better COC's quality than cows in the follicular phase (6,77 ± 0,64 e 3,84± 0,64; respectively). In what cleavage rate is concerned, better results were achieve with cows in lutheal phase (59,03%) then in follicular phase (45,52%). It was also possible to notice a better embryo production in cows in the lutheal phase (44,23%) then cows in the follicular phase. The results of the present study allow to conclude that there is a relation between the age and the estrous cycle stage in the quality and quantity of COC's and in vitro produced bovine embryos.

In order to evaluate the influence of exercise of different intensities on Red Blood Cell Distribution width (RDW) and Packed Cell Volume (VG) in Thoroughbred horses, blood was collected from 60 animals, 30 males and 30 females, subdivided in groups of horses with 24 to 36 months of age and not in training, and after 12 months of training, and horses with 36 to 48 months of age in training. Blood samples where collected before and after trot and gallop. Samples where analyzed with a automatic cell counter (Cell-Dyn 3500R, Abbott Diagnostic). Red Blood Cell Distribution width (RDW) values increased significantly after trot and gallop demonstrating a variation in the size of red blood cells, while Packed Medium Cell Volume (VGM) values did not show variations before or after exercise.

Este estudo foi conduzido para analisar ao nível histopatológico, lesões produzidas por Acanthostomoides apophalliformis no peixe nativo Galaxias maculatus, e relacioná-las com os resultados do mortalidade induzida por parasitas na população dessa espécie, no lago Moreno, Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Argentina. A ausência de inflamação na maioria das lesões, o fígado sem alterações em uma distância curta do foco das lesões e a aparência viável dos parasitas, sugerem uma boa relação parasita-hospedeiro. Esta hipótese é reforçada pelos dados que mostram a ausência de mortalidade induzida por A. apophalliformis na população dos peixes.

To know the origin of the ischiatic nerve in mocos (Kerodon rupestris Wied,1820) near by intervertebral forames and the muscling belonging to its routes were used 10 adult animals, from CEMAS-ESAM. After natural obit, they were fixed in formol (10%) and dissected to exposition and to singt of the ischiatic nerve. The results were indicated in percentage. Variations in the quantity of the lumber and sacral vertebras nere observed, five animals (50,00%) reveled seven lumbar vertebras and three sacral ones; two animals recrealed seven lumbar vertebras and four sacral ones, and two animals reveled six lumbar vertebras and three sacral ones. An animal (10,00%) revealed six lumbar vertebras and four ones. Therefore, the origin of the nerve was differentiated five animals (50,00%) had the participation of L7,S1,S2; two animals (20,00%) with L7,S1; and a little part of S2. Two animals (20,00%) with L6,S1,S2, and an animal (10,00%) with L6,S1, and a little part of S2. The last root of the ischiatic nerve in all its origins, contribute to the constitution of the first root of pudental nerve. It was verified that in all its route, the ischiatic nerves (100,00%) ceded branches to the muscles: medial gluteus, deep gluteus, superficial gluteus, emiting muscular branches to the femoral biceps or to thigh, and to the semi-membranous and semi-tendinous muscles, that is continuous with a high calibre trunk, originating the fibular nerve(sideways), the tibial nerve(medial) and the lateral plantar sural cutaneous nerve (caudal).

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the utilization of two sources of marine carotenoids added to the diet on the egg yolk pigmentation of laying hens. A completely randomized design using 288 laying hens with 32 weeks of age assigned in 12 treatments, with 3 repetitions of 8 layers each was used. The hens were fed a corn soybean basal diet supplemented with 0.80%; 1.20%; 1.60%; 2.00%; 2.40% salmon oil (Salmo salar) or 0.50%; 0.75%; 1.00%; 1.25%; 1.50%; and 1.75 % of marine algae (Schizochytrium sp). The diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The yolk values of ²-carotene equivalents (µg/g egg yolk) for the laying hens fed salmon oil diet ranged significantly (P<0.05) from 27.04 µg/g to 45.96 µg/g, respectively, for 0.80% and 2.40% salmon oil. Laying hens fed marine algae showed ²-carotene equivalent means ranging from 33.04 µg/g to 72.66 µg /g egg yolk, respectively, for 0.50% and 1.75% of marine algae diets. Visual score for the egg yolk pigmentation at the eighth week of experiment showed significance (P<0.05) among means ranging from 4.75 to 8.17 for 0.80% and 2.40% salmon oil diets, respectively. The yolk pigmentation measured by visual score (colorimetric fan) of eggs from hens fed diets enriched with marine algae ranged from 5.92 (0.50% algae) to 11.58 (1.75% algae). Haugh units were significantly (P<0.05) improved when marine algae was added to the basal diet. The significant (P<0.05) correlation and determination coefficients observed between the percentages of salmon oil or marine algae in the diet and the ²-carotene equivalents found into the yolk (µg/g) showed a strong positive linearity between these variables.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de probiótico em dietas de suínos: Experimento1: incidência de diarréia e desempenho; Experimento 2: consumo e digestibilidade das rações. No experimento1, foram utilizados 40 leitões recém desmamados, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: T0-Dieta basal; T100-Dieta basal+100ppm do probiótico; T200-Dieta basal+200ppm e T300-Dieta basal+300ppm. O experimento 2 foi um ensaio de digestibilidade, onde se utilizou oito suínos machos castrados (23 kg), distribuídos em dois tratamentos: T1-dieta basal e T2-dieta basal+200 ppm do mesmo probiótico utilizado no Experimento1. No período1 os animais do T0 e T100 apresentaram maior incidência de diarréia (P;0,05) entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a adição de 200 e 300 ppm de probiótico em dietas de suínos no período1 reduziu a incidência de diarréia. No entanto, no Período total do Experimento1, o desempenho dos animais foi semelhante. No Experimento 2, foi observado melhor adaptação dos animais que receberam probiótico às gaiolas, o que se manifestou pelo maior consumo de ração.

This study aimed to describe the clinical signs of the initial phase of septic pododermatitis in thirty female girolando bovines under the same handling care from different farms in State of Goiás. Following the diagnosis, they were submitted to daily clinical examination of the hoofs during fifteen days. It was considered as the end of the initial phase the presence of fistula in interdigital space or when the observation time over. It was observed the farm's soil type and the period of the year (if rainy and dryness). During the disease evolution, edema and pain increased in progressive order until skin disruption and fistula formation. In 73,33%, the illness envolved the hind limbs. In 50,00% it was observed moderate edema and 26,67% intense edema in both limbs. Fistula occurred in 83,33% ill animals until sixth day, in 10% between seventh and eleventh days and in 6,67% of the cases it was't observed. Fistulation areas were middle point of interdigital space in 63,33%; dorsal region of interdigital space in 16,67% and in coronary corium of the abaxial region of the hoof in 10,00% and in palmar/plantar region between coronary cushion in 3,33% of cases. The septic pododermatitis showed the same clinical signs in farms considered in this study and in different periods of the year, differing in time and fistula site. The average time from diagnosis and fistulation was five days. The more commom site was the middle point of the interdigital space.