Repositório RCAAP

This article compares the space standards that apply to theconstruction of social housing in Portugal and in the municipality ofSão Paulo and seeks explanations for the identified differences inthe socioeconomic context of each territory. The Controlled CostHousing (CCH) program from Portugal and the My Home My Life(MHML) program in São Paulo are investigated.The space standards are more stringent for CCH than for MHML.The less-stringent space standards in the municipality of São Paulomay be justified by the housing deficit that exists in Brazil, the lowincome of poor households, and the option to sell highly subsidizedaffordable housing. Although affordable homes are substantiallysmaller in the municipality of São Paulo, user satisfaction withdwelling size is higher.Based on the results of this study, these authors recommendconducting an examination of the feasibility of several improvementsto the MCMV program. The following improvements should beconsidered: increase the total floor area of the dwellings; encourageinnovative spatial and construction solutions that are economic andcomply with the user needs; enable the construction of dwellingswith one, two, three, or four bedrooms; and increase the return onpublic investment with more sustainable economic models.

Assuming that the territory is the whole space and the city is partt here of, this article focuses on the knowledge produced as of the 19th century that eventually flows into what we will call the urban development of Modernism. This author investigates initialconceptions widely held at the beginning of the 20th centuryregarding two spatial sciences – urbanism and urban planning.This author argues that both studies are at the same timeantagonistic and complementary. The difference between them is notonly an etymological question but rather part of their nature andobjectives. This difference leads us to a series of bipolarities, such asEurope against North America and the history of urbanism againstthe history of social production of the built space. In the gap between urbanism and urban planning we can better understand the city in all its complexity.The author concludes that urbanism was markedly European ing eneral and French in particular. In turn, planning was distinctly Anglo-Saxon in general and North American in particular. However, byseeking to respond to the demands of the cities from the 19th century onward, these two areas complement each other in the study of capitalist urbanization associated with the Second Industrial Revolution.

A segunda metade do século 20 foi marcada pela revisão, crítica esuperação do pensamento urbanístico pautado nos ideais do MovimentoModerno. As tentativas de revisão desse movimento foram suplantadaspor experiências em que a questão urbana apoiava-se, necessariamente,no binômio cidade/ Arquitetura.A partir da década de 1970, são materializadas experiências queconfiguram uma inflexão nos fundamentos dessa prática urbanísticaanterior. A IBA de Berlim, a Vila Olímpica de Barcelona, e areconstrução de Berlim reunificada são exemplos, onde a cidadeexistente é enfrentada como objeto de estudo. Ditas experiências foramgenericamente rotuladas como contextualistas, visto que equiparam-se,em parâmetros similares, à cidade existente, ainda que apresentemprogramas e problemáticas distintas e bastante particulares. A ideia decidade como construção histórica, e de sua planimetria e imagem comopontos a serem resgatados são fatores que, em graus diferenciados,perpassam esses três episódios. Também a dura crítica à cidade doUrbanismo moderno é o argumento que está na raiz dessas formulações.Entretanto vemos que também essas experiências geraram diversascríticas, dando a entender que o problema da intervenção na cidadeexistente demandava, no final do século 20, a adição de novos fatores àlimitada equação do pensamento urbano contextualista. Os conceitosestabelecidos por Ignasi de Solà-Morales, no Congresso da UniãoInternacional de Arquitetos (UIA) de 1996, parecem ter sido algumasdas pautas nas quais a complexidade da cidade contemporânea passoua ser trabalhada.

The relationship between the urban landscape and its perception– seen as a process and a historical product – is a recurringtheme in cinema and literature at various occasions and in anexemplary fashion, especially when dealing with the contradictionswithin the relationships among machines, nature, and society.This article establishes a dialogue regarding the changes of urbanlandscape, the perception of its contradictions, and the differentexpressions of this theme in architecture, literature, and cinemaby means of some selected works about Brazil and other nationsof the world and from different periods.

During the first two decades of the 20th century, the city of SãoPaulo still faced many problems in its efforts to supply water toits population. The large investments carried out to improve thesanitation infrastructure and to implement water and sewagenetworks ??since the first years of Empire fell short of meetingthe pressing needs of a city that had grown and diversifiedeconomically with the expansion of commercial and industrialactivities. The building of the water supply system in the city byCompanhia Cantareira e Esgotos, hired in 1875 by the provincialgovernment of São Paulo, faced many hurdles, resulting in thecancellation of the contract in the early years of the FirstRepublic, following a stormy crisis managed by the State PublicWorks Superintendents, which took over the installation of thesenetworks after 1892. By the end of the First Republic, there hadbeen many attempts to solve the serious problems with the citywater supply. Between 1902 and 1904, three proposals for thewater distribution in São Paulo were submitted to the stategovernment in reaction to the serious supply crisis caused bydrought and the gradual increase in the urban population. Thispaper presents each of these three proposals to show not only thedifferent views and solutions on the organization of the urbansanitation system but also the relationship between urbandevelopment and its fruition through state intervention, acharacteristic already present at that time.

Il ciclo di seminari “Arte e luce. Indagine di unrapporto” – organizzato nell’agosto 2011 per gli allievidella pós-graduaçao della FAUUSP – nasce dallaconsapevolezza del ruolo dell’elemento luminoso nellapercezione di forme e colori e dalla conseguentevolontà di riflettere criticamente sull’impiego odiernodell’illuminazione nella valorizzazione delle opered’arte.Il punto di partenza è uno studio storico-artistico cheha permesso di ricostruire e riconoscere l’importanzache - nell’età in cui si è sviluppato in Italia illinguaggio barocco - pittori, scultori ed architettiattribuivano alla luce. Costoro, in funzione di essa,compirono scelte operative specifiche ed arrivaronoaddirittura ad intervenire sugli ambienti didestinazione delle loro creazioni per ottenere precisecondizioni di rischiaramento che ne avrebberoottimizzato la percezione visiva o completato ilmessaggio con la loro significante presenza.Il discorso si allarga, poi, a considerare, sempre dalpunto di vista dello storico dell’arte, gli ambiticonservativo, architettonico, religioso, museologico emuseografico che sono coinvolti nella complessa eproblematica relazione oggetto dei seminari: èauspicabile che solo dalla coscienza di talemolteplicità di fattori scaturiscano le soluzionioperative che si avvalgono delle potenzialità propriedell’odierna tecnologia illuminotecnica. Tali sceltedovrebbero essere, cioè, l’esito di un compromesso traesigenze differenti e spesso tra loro contrastanti,consapevolmente valutate e condivise da parte di tuttele figure professionali che sono coinvolte in questospecifico settore.

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