Repositório RCAAP

The distribution of 19 species of appendicularia sorted out of a series of plankton samples taken between Cabo Frio (lat. 23º S) and Rio Grande do Sul (lat. 36º S) is discussed in relation to temperature and salinity. Most species showed a wide spectrum of temperature and salinity tolerance. No species was found to be exclusive of a single water mass. Eleven species were present in coastal waters, 16 in shelf waters and 13 in tropical waters. Ten species were found in the three water masses. Oikopleura longicauda was the most abundant species and O. dimca was found only over the shelf. Species of the genus Fritillaria were more sensitive to lower salinities and in a general way the number of species decreases coastalwards. Different groups of species were present in the same water mass and conversely similar groups occurred in different water masses. Five, eight and nineteen different groups of species occurred exclusively in shelf, coastal and tropical waters respectively. There was suggested the occurrence of stratified distribution and consequently the presence of different ecological niches within a single water mass. Several species probably reproduce more than once, most species are proterandric. Parasites and predators are mentioned. It is suggested that the knowledge of the past history of the water mass and its biological dynamics are more important for the interpretation of the distribution of the appendicularian fauna than temperature and salinity factors alone.

In this paper data on catch and effort by gear are analysed, for weakfish (Macrodon ancylodon) landed at Santos from January 1959 to December 1963. The region studied was a narrow band about 30 nautical miles wide, along the southern coast of Brazil, between 23º S and 34º S. From the analysis of monthly data of production per unit-effort by squares of 1º on a side, we divided the studied region in two areas: area I (from 23º S to 27º S) and area II (from 28º S to 34º S). The index of unit-effort production and the effort concentration index were computed grouping the data by quarters. From the results we may drow the following conclusions: 1 - In a general way, the effort for catch weak-fish has been applied satisfactorily because the medium and large parejas have operated almost in areas with average density on¹ higher than average density; 2 - The production per unit-effort in the area I is smaller than the production in area II, which suggests that the index of abundance is higher in area II; 3 - The decrease in production per unit-effort, in area II, suggests a decrease in the abundance or availability of weak-fish in this area; 4 - In the area I, the index of production per unit-effort remained approximately at the same level.

The correlation between the latitude where denser concentrations of the croaker (Micropogon furnieri) occurred and the month of the year were established in this paper. The unit effort production (kg/hour haul) was used as the concentration index and the hauls made within 30' were grouped in the immediate superior latitude. The croaker migrates along the Brazilian coast between 28º S and 33º S, according to the expression: y = 30.6 + 1.85 cos 30 (x - 2), where: y = latitude (ºS) x = 1, 2 .... 12 (months of the year)

The "pescada-foguete" fish presented (1961-1964) migration along the southern coast of Brazil (from 28ºS to 34ºS), according to the following expression, adjusted by the least squares method: y = 30.2 + 1.7 cos 30 (x - 1.5) where: y - latitude with maximum production per unit effort (ºS) X = 1, % .... 12, months of the year

É descrita uma espécie nova de Eunice gigante, encontrada pela primeira vez nas praias de São Sebastião, Estado de São Paulo. A espécie distingue-se das congêneres, pelas características das peças bucais e pela forma do cirro dorsal dos pés da região anterior. São também analisadas as afinidades com outras espécies próximas, particularmente com E. aphroditois.

No summary/description provided

Periodical observations were made in 1958 in the hydrographical system of Cananéia lagoon State of São Paulo. The present paper reports the general characteristics of the regional distribution of chemical constituents in the water of the lagoon as observed on the February 11, 1958. The outer sea water (34 ‰ salinity, 4.5 ml/l O2, pH 8.4, 0.1 µg-atoms-nitrate-N/l, 0.3 µg-atoms-phosphate-P/l and 4 µg-atoms-silicate-Si/l) flows into the lagoon at flood tide through the Barra de Cananéia. The major portion of the inflowing sea water moves westward through the Baía de Trapandé pushing the inner lagoon water toward the northern sheltered region, while a smaller portion enters along the eastern waterway called Mar de Cananéia, but is apparently blocked in its flow because of the narrow passage. In the sheltered inner region the rise of the water level apparently depends upon an accumulation on the water of the tributaries which is blocked by the outer tidal wave. The lowering of the water level of the open sea during the ebb sucks out the lagoon water, and a high velocity of the outflow through the narrow waterway of the Mar de Cananéia is then usually observed. In the inner region of the lagoon when the horizontal movement of the water due to the tides is weakened, a reduction state is likely to develop in the bottom layer on account of active decomposition by bacteria of the deposited organic materials. Accordingly, considerable lowering of the oxygen tension is observed in the water overlying the bottom. In the surface water at the same station the amount of dissolved oxygen is near saturation point. The decomposing activity of the bacteria is very important for the lagoon's metabolism. The return of nutrients into the water undoubtedly contributes efficiently to enrich the phytoplankton crop.

A região de mangue de Cananéia (Lat. 25º01',0S - Long. 47º55',5W) é drenada por pequenos "rios" ("marigots") e contém, principalmente, águas provenientes das oscilações das marés. Na área de junção, as águas do mangue são de côr acastanhada; suas propriedades são características devido à influência geoquímica na área de junção. A comprovação da influência das águas dos "marigots" sobre as da lagoa depende da observação acerca da variação das propriedades das águas com a oscilação da maré; a essa observação associa-se aquela referente ao processo hidrográfico de vazão dos "marigots" em relação com a flutuação da maré na lagoa. Durante a enchente, a água oceânica penetra na entrada do "marigot", pelo fundo, e desloca as águas superficiais deste, misturando-se com elas verticalmente. Durante o processo, forma-se uma camada quimicamente descontínua sobre a camada intermediária (0,5 a 1,0 m de altura), com gradual mistura vertical de duas massas características de águas. Sobre a camada superior descontínua surge uma zona de alta concentração de amônia, provavelmente devido à grande quantidade de matéria orgânica nitrogenada, que se acumula na camada descontínua e sofre ativa decomposição bacteriana. Na enchente, a água salgada aparece na superfície uma hora antes das águas altas bloquearem por duas horas a boca dos "marigots". Na vazante, as águas bloqueadas do "marigot" começam a fluir, recobrando as características perdidas, isto é, alto estado de redução, pH baixo, e densa suspensão de matéria orgânica. Forte radiação solar, durante o verão, aumenta a temperatura do "marigot", acelerando a decomposição bacteriana da matéria orgânica; amônia é produzida e parte dela é liberada para o ar devido à alta temperatura e ao alto estado de redução, tanto da água como do sedimento do "marigot"; parte da amônia é oxidada pelo oxigênio dissolvido, transformando-se em nitrito e nitrato. O aumento constante do fitoplâncton provoca ativo consumo de compostos oxidados de nitrogênio e dos fosfatos. O conteúdo de nitrato, 3-8 µg-atoms-N/l, é mais alto do que nas águas externas da lagoa, como foi observado em fevereiro. É grande a influência dos "marigots" no ciclo bioquímico dos nutrientes na região lagunar em estudo.

This paper deals with the study that was done to show the peculiar biogeochemical reduction process which occurs in the river Nóbrega, one of the "marigots" from the Cananéia lagoon, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

The chelatometry - volumetric titration whith a chelate compound such as EDTA-2Na (disodium ethylenediaminetetracetate) - was applied to the determination of calcium in sea water. Sea water contains in general, approximately three times more magnesium than calcium. It is true that the chelatometry has presently given the possibility" of selective analysis of calcium in the coexistence of magnesium, but an abundant amount of coexisting magnesium, as in the case of sea water, is likely to cause an unfavorable negative-error of the titre in titrating calcium with EDTA using murexide indicator in a strongly alkaline medium. The author firstly examined how the negative error of the titre was affected by the probable conditions of the analysis; i.e., the quantity of coexisting magnenium, the hydrogen-ion concentration of the medium, and the addition of a masking reagent, as sucrose or sodium carbonate. These chemical examinations about the analytical conditions led to a procedure of analysis, by means of which it is possible to determine calcium in sea water easily, in a few minutes, with fairly high precision. As this method is very simple and gives an accuracy of ± 0.4% using only 10 ml of the water sample, it is recommended as a procedure to determine calcium in oceanographical observations aboard, in which a lot of water samples have to be analysed in a comparatively short period of time.

In the present paper, the regional distribution of calcium in the Atlantic water off South Brazil was examined oceanochemically by analyses of calcium contents in 78 water samples which had been collected off the coast of the São Paulo State. The chelatometric titration with EDTA reagent was employed in these analyses of calcium with good results. Calcium content of the water in the present area bears an almost direct relation to the chlorinity. The estimate of Ca/Cl is 21.56 X 10-3. Allowance has been made for the strontium included in the estimate for calcium. The estimate of Ca/Cl as mentioned above is much the same as that made by other researchers, and the Ca/Cl factor of the Atlantic water appears to be lower than that of the Pacific water. It is of great interest that the distribution of calcium in the water shows close correlation to the oceanographic condition in the present area of the South Atlantic Ocean. Namely, the surface water of the Brazil Current gave a relatively low estimate of Ca/Cl as 21.4 X 10-3 compared with that of the subsurface water, where it is 22.0 X 10-3 or more. Such a close relation between them certainly suggests that the Ca/Cl factor is an appreciable clue for distinguishing different water masses in a definite area. A characteristically minimum zone of calcium content was observed in the subsurface layer at the approximate depth of 50 m in the off-shore station (St. 69). This minimum zone can be attributed to the increased development of zooplankton populations, whose active respiration causes a high consumption of dissolved oxygen in a degree of saturation of 70% in the water of this zone. This distribution aspect of the calcium is noteworthy as it shows a close relation between calcium-utilizing organisms and their biochemical and ecological conditions.

In this paper a series of geochemical investigations are reported with respect to calcium contents in different waters collected from the sea off the coast of Cananéia, the lagoon surrounding Cananéia Island and from Nóbrega river (one of the saline branches from the lagoon, also called "marigot"). An almost direct relation of calcium to chlorinity, 0.02168 in average, similar to that of the outer Atlantic water, 0.02156, was observed in the coastal water. This indicates that the terrigenous supply of calcium might not contribute very much to the calcium content in the coastal water. The inflow of land water to the lagoon of Cananéia does not increase the calcium content of the lagoon water, where a slight depression of the Ca/Cl gradient (namely 0.0206) was observed. This characteristic of the calcium distribution is more remarkable in the water of the "marigot", branching off from the lagoon. An extremely low gradient of calcium to chlorinity, 0.0177 is one of the geochemical characteristics found in tropical estuaries where active bacterial decomposition of deposited organic materials renders the geochemical properties of the water more acid and more reduced. The low content of calcium in land water, 4-6 mg/Ca/kg, has also of course, a close relationship to this peculiar aspect of the calcium distribution in the coastal water, and further in the Atlantic water off the Brazilian coast.

A total of 149 samples coming from Cananéia (25º lat. S) was analysed. The samples are part of Series E, Plankton Section, Oceanographic Institute of São Paulo. They were taken fortnightly from January 1958 to May 1959 at three fixed stations. Altogether 591 males, 573 females and 1426 juveniles of Lucifer faxoni Borradaile 1915 were studied. The results are as follows: 1 - There is a linear correlation between length of neck and total length. 2 - Sexual maturity is reached at 1.18 mm neck length for the males and 1.19 mm for the females. 3 - Sexual maturity peaks occur in summer and autumn. 4 - Sexual maturity stages were established according to fetasma and ovary development respectively for males and females. 5 - Based on neck length, from size groups may be traced in males. First group of smallest specimens, neck length 0.64-0.80 mm, was present in March, November 1958 and January-February 1959. The second group, neck length 0.83-1.16 mm was present all year round, except in July 1958. The third group also occurred all year round, the neck is longer than 1.18 mm. The largest males neck length 1.70-1.92 mm were present in July, September, October, November 1958 and May 1959. 6 - Females may also be classed in four categories. The first group neck length 0.54-0.90 mm was present in February, March, April, May 1958 and January, May 1959. The second group has neck length 0.95-1.16 mm. The third group has a neck length 1.19-1.79 mm. The fourth group, neck length 1.80-2.27 mm was present in June, October, November 1958 and January, May 1959; they reach larger sizes than the males. 6 - Juveniles were found throughout the year, neck length varying between 0.32-0.94 mm. 7 - The density of sexed and juveniles is slightly different. The frequency of juveniles shows two peaks, a taller one occurs from December to April and a smaller one from September to October. The frequency of sexed specimens shows only one peak that occurred from December to April. These peaks are slightly displaced as compared to the total zooplankton volume in the same area (VANNUCCI, 1962). 8 - The scarcity of specimens in January 1958 may have been caused by a fall in temperature.

Este trabalho apresenta, pela primeira vez, detalhes de organização do ramo carpogonial de um dos representantes das Rhizophyllidaceae, estrutura essa desconhecida nessa família, bem como detalhes de organização dos ramos de células auxiliares da fecundação e ainda pormenores do desenvolvimento dos espermatângios. Os estudos foram feitos em Ochtodes secundiramea (Mont.) Howe. Deste gênero também são apresentados pela primeira vez os tetrasporângios. Estas estruturas são similares às conhecidas nos gêneros Rhizophyllis e Desmia, os outros dois gêneros da família. Certos detalhes importantes da organização vegetativa são também apresentados. Esta é a primeira referência do gênero e espécie no Atlântico Sul Ocidental.

Seven species of polychaetes are studied from benthonic samples collected by the Museu Riograndense de Ciências Naturais off the Barra do Rio Grande (Southern Brazil). Neanthes succinea, Marphysa sanguinea and Lumbrineris latreilli are considered cosmopolitan. Ophioglycera eximia was known only from the antarctic region. The area of distribution of Eunice rubra, known to go from the Gulf of Mexico and West Indies to the coast of Pernambuco, is now enlarged to South Brazil. Aglaurides fulgida has been identified with doubt because only a median fragment was obtained. The size of the fragment indicates an exceptionally large size for the whole worm. A new species is described Pherusa capitata sp. n.

We determined the age of the commercial marine fish "pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon, Bloch 1801) caught by trawls along the southern coast of Brazil (28ºS-34ºS), from 1961 to 1963, by means of the annuli in otoliths (CHUGUNOVA, 1959). We correlated the mean total length (L) in centimetres with the age (t) in years by means of the BERTALANFFY expression adjusted by FORD-WALFORD method (BEVERTON & HOLT, 1957). The mean total length was correlated with the mean weight (W) in grams, by means of the expression W = aLb adjusted by least square method, after a logarithmic transformation. Results:

The species here described is the first representative of the family Sternaspidae found in Brazilian waters. DIAGNOSIS - Sternaspis capillata sp. n. is a small species, not longer than 20 mm when fully distended. Oral segment well formed with a conspicuous prostomium. Setae of the anterior region strong, bent and spatulate, of metallic colour, golden. Eight median segments with little bundles of capillary setae. Ventral shield formed by two different plates, with no external visible sculpturing and covered by fine mud. Twenty bundles of setae emerge on each side under the shield, those of the eleventh pair four times longer than the nearest ones. The branchial region is densely covered by very thin and long papillae, up to the margin of the ventral shield. The branchiae are 15 to 20 in number on each side and are not grouped in plates. The family is considered by many authors as having only one cosmopolitan species S. scutata (Ranzani) 1817. The incomplete descriptions of the greater part of the 14 species mentioned in HARTMAN'S "Catalogue" renders it difficult to appreciate their validity. S. capillata sp. n. diverges from the species mentioned in HARTMAN'S "Catalogue" by the number of setae of the anterior segments, by the exceptional development of setae of the 11th posterior pair and by the presence of numerous, long, filiform papillae covering the branchial region. I consider the species near to S. laevis Caullery 1944, described from Malasia and known only from its original description.

A new species of Hydromedusa belonging to the genus Octocanna Haeckel 1879, here revived, is described from the coastal waters off Santos. The new species belongs to the family Phialuciidae, it is named Octocanna haeckeli sp. n. and differs from the other two species of the genus in being smaller, in having a high dome shaped umbrella, four tentacles, eight bulbs and eight marginal vesicles at sexual maturity. The genus Octocanna is here revived for Phialuciidae with eight radial canals, eight gonads, four or more tentacles and never more than four lips. The genus Octophialucium Kramp 1955 is considered valid for Phialuciidae with eight radial canals, eight gonads and eight lips. In the same series of samples, some specimens of Octophialucium bigelowi Kramp 1955 were taken which are very similar to Octocanna haeckeli but have eight lips, eight tentacles, rudimentary bulbs and a larger number of marginal vesicles at sexual maturity, which is reached at approximately the same umbrella size. The two similar species were taken in the same water mass at approximately the same time of the same year.

Foram estudadas, no presente trabalho, as causas do enegrecimento do camarão, tendo-se verificado que o mesmo é causado, fundamentalmente, pela ação da tirosinase, produzida no hepato pâncreas do crustáceo. O isolamento e a purificação da enzima foram realizados. A purificação foi feita, até se obter uma atividade 25 vêzes maior do que o extrato inicial, por meio de cromatografia de absorção, através de Celite 545 e avaliada através da velocidade de formação de dopacromo. O uso de diferentes drogas também foi tratado experimentalmente, tendo-se verificado que o melhor inibidor do processo de enegrecimento é o ácido L-arcórbico que evita a formação da mancha preta durante 9 dias à temperatura de 0 a -2ºC e durante tempo mais longo em temperaturas mais baixas. Tiosulfato de sódio e EDTA também têm boa ação inibidora. As técnicas empregadas são descritas detalhadamente e é apresentada discussão com resultados obtidos por outros autores. Ao que se sabe, esta é aprimeira vez que tirosinase é isolada de um invertebrado.

In February-March 1963, during the Equalant Operation for the ICITA program, 476 drift-bottles were released at the equatorial waters off the northern Brazilian coast (01ºS to 09ºN and 043ºW to 053ºW). Thirty-five, bottles were recovered (7,4%). Those were classed in five groups according to their different velocity ranges and areas of recovery (Trinidad Island; Lesser Antilles; Caribbean and Florida area; north Brazil; northeastern Brazil). The recoveries of bottles released within 300 nm off the northern and northeastern coast of Brazil confirmed a strong current along the north and northeast coast in northwestern direction (South Equatorial Current and branches). In late February-early March the bottles showed maximum velocities of this current (3,6 knots). The region off the northern coast of Brazil, between 05ºN and 09ºN up to 050ºW seems to have been under the influence of an eastward component of the surface current in this same period, while at late March this influence appears to have been weaker. In the region from Trinidad Island to Yucatan Peninsula the current seems to be stronger on the northeastern side of the Caribbean Sea.