Repositório RCAAP

A surplus-yield model of Schaefer (1954; 1957) was used to study a maximum sustainable yield of the Brazilian sardine. Applying the prices of sardine and operation cost, an economical yield of sardine was discussed. The maximum sustainable yield of sardine was estimated on 173 thousands metric tons and the optimum fishing effort was 28,292 sets of net. With the operation cost of Cr$ 71,040.00 per cruise, the price of sardine has to be higher than Cr$ 10,00/kg.

The presence of specimens of Micropogonias funieri suffering from cataracts was observed in the area occupied by the population I (Vazzoler, 1971). The frequency and distribution of these specimens were analysed and the electrophoretic patterns of soluble eye-lens proteins were determined. This cataract is not of parasitic origin and was rare in specimens from the coastal area. In the lagunar region it occurs mainly in specimens of the River Baguagu, from April to November. Only young fish (200 to 250 mm) in imature or in maturation stages were affected. Two main pathways of evolution in the process seems to occur with a "radial" and a "difuse" type. The analysis of electrophoretic patterns showed 5 steps of evolution with remarkable alterations on the concentration of total soluble proteins as well as on the relative concentration of 8 proteic fractions grouped in 4 agregates in electropherograms, There is an increase in the relative concentration of the agregate I (more cathodic) and II, and a decrease of the III and IV (anodic) with the disappearance of the last two fractions of the latter in the final stages of the process. No alterations were determined in the relative concentrations of these agregates when comparing eye-lens of normal specimens with normal eye-lens of affected fish suggesting that the occurence of cataract in one eye does not cause any alteration in the normal eye. The results suggest that cataract may be the cause of natural mortality in the area, and its incidence may be due to a physiological or metabolic factor induced by environmental conditions.

Experiments of water enrichments with natural populations of phytoplankton were carried out at the region of Ubatuba (Lat. 23º30'S - Long. 45º06'W) during winter and summer time. Special attention was given to the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on the standing-stock (chlorophyll-α) and 14C assimilation and dark fixation in situ conditions. The phytoplankton populations was analysed in terms of its composition and hydrographical parameters were made according to Strickland & Parsons (1968). The enrichments with surface waters reveal that nitrogen may be the major limiting factor for phytoplankton biomass sensu Liebig.

Two species of Palmyridae were found- in colonies of the bryozoan Schizoporella unicorns (Johnston): Bhawania brunea new for the science, and Chrysopetalum occidentale Johnson, cited for the first time for the Brazilian coast. These two species are described and their distribution is established. Bhawania brunea sp. nov. is conspicuously characterized by the structures on the prostomium and the configuration of the paleae.

Four species of Polynoidae, found in colonies of the bryozoan Schizoporella unicorns (Johnston), are here described. Among these Scalisetosus gracilis is a new species for science, and Halosdna glabra Hartman and Harmathöe macginitiei Pettibone, cited by the first time for Brazilian coast. Lepisdonotus caeruleus was the most abundant species of the family. Scalisetosus gracilis sp. nov. is characterized by the elytra with long and bifid papillae scattered on the surface as well as on external borders and distinct notosetae and neurosetae.

No summary/description provided

No summary/description provided

The author studies seventeen surface level samples of Diatoms and Dinoflagellates collected between June 7 and October 28, 1949, by the São Paulo Oceanographic Institute, on the southern inshore region ol São Paulo State, Brazil. Thirty-two species of diatoms distributed among twenty-four genera were present in the samples collected. Neritic forms of northerly and southerly temperate habitats predominated, varying very little from those found commonly in the open ocean. Coscinodiscus excentricus and C. radiatus were the most prominent species. Chaetoceros curvisetum, Coscinodiscus grani, Thalassionema nitzschioides and Thalassiotrix frauenfeldii occurred in very large numbers in the samples. Certain regions are shown to be consistently more productive than others at the surface level. The species of diatoms represented throughout .the region were cosmopolitan; in character. Dinoflagellate population was represented by 8 species distributed, among 3 genera, but at no time did they occur in large numbers.

The present elaboration is a "previous note" about two watercourses, Maria Rodrigues and Baguaçú, belonging to Hydrografic System of the Cananeas Lagoon Region in the Southern Part of it he Coast of the Estado de São Paulo, Brazil, which is the objete of our physical and chemical researches. It is based on the first results obtained from our contact with that region, ttfie studies of which are being continued and will still have to confirm or not the previous conclusions, which we are presenting in this "provisional paper". We studied the Maria Rodrigues and the Baguacu under the discussion whether they are to be clasified as a river in the poper sense ot the word or waUer-courses of any other origin. For this purpose we established observatory-stations along their whole course where we collected quantities of water to be analised. The data included in the table nº 1 and 2 refer to the physical and chemical properties of these portions of water. These physical and chemical properties were discussed and compared one with the other according to the observatory-stations, at the same moment and the tide predominating on that occasion. The physical and chemical datas were obtained according to the norms recommended by the Conseil International permanent pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Copenhague. We also presented a sketch of both; we described their relations with regard to the Mar de Cananéia; we inserted comprehensible histograms of the distribution of the observatory-stations, each of them with the respective indices, and at last we tried to correlate the occurrence of the "plancton" with the physical and chemical properties of water as well in the Maria Rodrigues as in the Baguacú. From these researches result the following previous conclusions: 1 - By the data obtained up to now nothing could be formulated as to a cyclical or "seasonal" aspect. 2 - By the comparison of the phenomena which present the rivers in the proper sense of the word and those observed in the Maria Rodrigues and the Baguacú, we are convinced that both are water-courses of the classical type "marigot,". 3 - Their channels are maintained open by the effect of the tide and, more perphaps, by the infiltration-water deriving from the underground-water level owing to the type of the soil of that region, which in mean shows an elevation of 2-4 meters over sea-level. 4 - From tables 1 and 2 and histograms 2 and 3 we stated that the water, not only of the Maria Rodrigues but also of the Baguacú, conserve more or less the same physical and chemical properties, provided that: 1) the localities to be compared are the mouths or equidistant points from them in the lower course, and 2) the moment and tide must be the same. Tables 3a and 3b show sufficiently this supposition.

Dans la région de São Sebastião, dans le canal du même nom a été capturé un lot de larves et alevins de Sardinella aurita: Cur. & Val.. Ce lot étant composé de trois séries, chacune étant le résultat d'une levée séparée du même engin de capture. Le lot était composé de spécimens de tailles très différentes allant de 22mm. à 105mm. Après mensurations (au millimètre) les diagrammes de variabilité ont montré l'existence de nombreux sommets (prés de 20) mais se sont avéré confus et illisibles. Après avoir tenté diverses opérations on est parvenu à séparer 5 courbes plus ou moins plausibles. La recherche de ces courbes de variabilité n'avait comme but que l'explication de l'ensemble des diagrammes obtenus. La découverte de plusieurs courbes prouve que l'on est en présence d'un série de pontes consécutives.

In Anis paper are listed 19 different species of Hydrozca collected during a trip to the oceanic island of Trindade, located at lat. 20º 30' 00" S. and long. 29º 22' 00" W., 600 miles off the brazilian coast. During the trip hawls and dredges were done at different points of the island and of banks that exist between the coast and the island. Of the 19 listed species one is here considered new to science: Hebellopsis besnardi (p. 83), characterized by having thecae with a single curvature and a strongly everted margin. Its measures are intermediate between those os H. hartmeyeri and H. sinuosa, which are its closest allies. H. besnardi was found epizoic on D. quadridentata. Of the remainder 18, 14 were already known from the brazilian coast. Of these 14, 4 were previously known only from the coast south of Cabo Frio, and 10 are at present known only from the region north of Cabo Frio. Five species are found both north and south of this Cape. As a whole, 5 species are recorded now for the first time on the brazilian coast, of these are given a full description and figures. This paper has the purpose of increasing the faunistical knowledge of this region of the Atlantic Ocean as a first step towards the understanding of the zoogeographical relationships with the other oceans and the establishment of the zoogeographical regions of this coast.

In May 1950, upon request of the Minister João Alberto Lins de Barros, the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institution) sent a delegation to She Trindade Island, situated on the south Atlantic at 20º 28' S. and 31º 46' W., to study the fishes. The expenses were defrayed by the Minister that had as it chief assignements an investigation of the abundance of the fishery resources of the region, to provide nourishing food for a population thac wIII be probably established on the island. Three scientific expeditions were engaged on the study of lhe Trindade fishes. The first was organized by the American Musem of New York (1912-1913), the second by the Museu Nacional, of Rio de Janeiro (1916) and the third by the Instituto Paulisía de Oceanografia (1950). During the course of the explorations, researches were carried out also at Cabo Frio, São João da Barra, and at the banks of São Tomé, Jaseur and Victoria; a collection of 153 fishes, now deposited in the Instivuto Paulista de Oceanografia, was obtained. This work is wholly based on a collection made by Prof. W. Besnard, Director of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, and resulted in the recognition of 58 species of coastal and pelagic fishes from the entire region investigated. Among the main results of this scientific expedition, must be pointed out the occurrence of one species similar to Neopercis ledanoisi Cadenat, from Cabo Frio, that is now under investigation. At Trindade Island, was captured Kyphosus lutescens (Jordan & Gilbert), peculiar to the RevIIIa Gigedo Archipelago, Socorro and Clarion islands, of the Pacific region. It was also found, in the same collection, Balistes polylepis Steindachner from lower California and Peru, and Paracubiceps ledanoisi Belloc inhabiting the Westafrican coast.

Re-finding of Balanoglossus gigas FR. MUULLER on the brasilian sea shore. Balanoglossus gigas, the giant Enteropneusta, has been described for the first time by Fritz Muller in his notes collected and published by Dr. HERMANN VON IHERING (1898, pg. 35). FR. MULLER found the Balanoglossus on the coats of the State of Santa Catarina in 1884. Once again in 1885 several specimens of that animal were captured by FR. MULLER in the same place. Since that time up to now no references on the occurrence of this animal have been found in the zoological bibliography. During the spring of 1948 Prof. W. BESNARD, Director of he Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia saw some signals indicating the existence of Balanoglossus at the beach of São Sebastião, State of São Paulo. From 1948 to now several attempts have been made to catch the animal alive and complete. On the last September during a shorts visit to the beach of São Sebastião one Balanoglossus was captured and brought to the Department of General and Animal Physiology in good conditions. The animal measured 1.80 m in length. It seems to be the largest Balanoglossus known. According to the descriptions of SPENGEL (1893, pg. 158), and VAN DER HORST (1939) pg. 717) it was possible to identify this Enteropneusta as Balanoglossus gigas FR. MULLER, refound at the Brazilian coast sixty six years after its discovery by FR. MÜLLER.

This short essay about the lagoon Region of Cananeia, the first part of which has appeared in the nº 1 of the same Bulletin, has the special finality of serving as an introduction to the different notes, studies and works concerning this region of extreme interest. Some of them have already been published in the nº 1 of this Bulletin. This introduction seems to be, if not indispensable at least useful, regarding the very special character of the lagoon system, a circumtance which makes it sometimes very difficult to understand certain details without knowing the totality of the Region and its pecularities. We thought it to be useful, to understand the finality and to facilitate the comprehension of certain phenomena, to draw an hypothesis of the genesis of the Region. The first part, already published in nº 1, comprises a summarian description of the Region as a whole and presents an hypothetic essay of its genesis: the pre-existence of a gulf rich in mountainous islands; its obstruction by the residues of erosion and by terrigenous materials; the work of the predominating winds and tide currents; the importance of the mangrove, etc. An abbreviated schematization of the process was presented in four hypothetical phases. The second part, the present one, is dedicated to the description of the different actual aspects of the lagoon Region: Division of the Region in natural zones: 1.º The Main Channel; 2.º The Mar do Cubatao; 3º The Bay of Trapande, and its dependencies; 4º The "marigots"; 5.º The canal of the Ribeira de Iguape and 6.º The Mar do Ararapira and its canal. A certain number of pecularities has chiefly drawn our attention to it; among others - the structure of the "marigots" of The second type; the part played by the oscillation of the tides in their maintainance and chiefly the problem of the phytoplancton in the lagoons and its distribuition in the different zones. These latter researches which represent up to now but an attempt for an orientation towards a plan of further studies, allow us already to suppose that the distribution of the phytoplancton in the "marigots" of all the southern part of the system, as well as in a great part of the body of the lagoon itself, is dependant on a determinate regime of salinity, represents zones of intensive production of phytoplancton, specially Diatoms. Finally another statement: the outflow of large masses of phytoplancton towards the ocean at every ebb.

Neste trabalho, trata o autor da fauna e da flora das orlas do Atlântico Sul em que se situam o Brasil e a África Ocidental. Sôbre ambas, com justa razão, se tem procurado evidenciar, frequentemente, a semelhança existente quanto ao aspecto geológico. Em relação à fauna e à flora terrestres e de água doce, recorda o autor que essa semelhança não ultrapassa o limite de famílias, nada de comum existindo, nos dois continentes, quanto a gêneros e espécies. Por outro lado, porém, a fauna e a flora das duas margens do Atlântico são muito parecidas, havendo mesmo, nesse "habitat", numerosos gêneros e espécies em comum, conforme se depreende da relação constante à pag. 30. Apezar disso, existem divergências bastante acentuadas, capazes de permitir, como de fato acontece, que se considere as duas regiões como biogeográficamente distintas. A fauna das costas brasileiras do Norte, até a latitude do Rio de Janeiro, é integrada pelos remanescentes de uma fauna tropical rica, proveniente do mar de "Tethis", do início do Terciário. Em altas latitudes, deu-se, no Quaternário médio, a invasão de águas austrais do "Nereis", que trouxeram consigo fôrmas de águas frias. De maneira diversa, a fauna da África ocidental perdeu o seu caráter tropical, tanto no Norte como no Sul, exibindo representantes faunísticos de zonas temperadas. A fauna da costa ocidental africana é muito pobre, fato esse que pode ser explicado à luz da história geológica da região e em íace da situação fisiográfica e hidrológica atual. Há numerosos exemplos da assimetria reinante nas duas margens do Atlântico, dentre os quais se podem citar os seguintes: a) precipitações muito mais abundantes no Atlântico ocidental, úmido, em confronto com o oriental seco; b) côr mais azulada do Atlântico ocidental, fato relacionado com a salinidade, com a riqueza do plancton e com a produtividade das águas: c) salinidade muito maior nas margens ocidentais; d) a zona quente (25ºC. em média) é muito mais extensa nas costas ocidentais; e) existência de numerosas anomalias térmicas superficiais no Atlântico ocidental; f) diferenças de correntes marítimas nas duas margens do Atlântico. Apezar das profundas divergências constatadas em ambas as margens, lembra o autor que desde o século XV , o Atlântico tornou-se um meio eficiente para se promover relações entre o Brasil e a África do Sul. Afirma, assim, que novas ligações devem unir, presentemente, os países limítrofes de um mesmo oceano. Os navios negreiros de outrora devem ser substituídos por barcos oceanográficos, visando o estabelecimento de relações amigáveis e de uma fecunda colaboração. Diz ainda o autor que, para serem eficientes, as pesquisas oceanográficas levadas a cabo nas duas orlas de um mesmo oceano, devem ser realizadas sincrónica e paralelamente. Os meios tendentes a alcançar tal objetivo já se esboçam desde que - diz o autor - "no Brasil inicia-se tal trabalho através do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, e, na África Ocidental funciona o Instituí; FrançaiS i'Afrique Noire que já possue uma secção de Oceanografia e de biologia marinha, com um laboratório instalado na ilha de Gorée perto de Dakar e outro nas cercanias de Abidjan (costa do Marfim) oara estudo das lagunas". Julga, portanto, o autor que se torna imperiosa a manutenção de relações cordiais e de intercambio entre os pesquisadores dos dois lados do Atlântico, afim de que chegue o dia em que se realizem cruzeiros oceanográficos em comum, com trocas de cientistas. Pensa o autor ser extremamente interessante desenvolver a oceanografia no Brasil, pois a sua região atlântica é uma das menos conhecidas, podendo-se, através da pesquisa, obter resultados importantíssimos, tanto sob o ponto de vista da ciência pura como no que respeita a exploração racional das riquezas marinhas. Recorda ainda o autor que existe uma descrição das embarcações dos Azenegues, da costa do Sahara, de autoria de um cronista do século XV I que lembra muito as jangadas brasileiras. Provavelmente, existe, cí um problema etnográfico, de palpitante interesse, mas que, na sua opinião, representa antes um símbolo da colaboração técnico-científica que, segundo o seu parecer, deve ser mantida entre as duas margens do Atlântico.

No presente trabalho, o autor trata da formação de campo petrolífero que se teria formado às expensas de organismos planctónicos, misturados com areia das dunas, material esse que teria sido transportado pelo vento. Refere-se, assim, o autor, ao campo petrolífero de "Wilmington", situado na Ilha Terminal, ao sul de Los Angeles, California. Esse campo, que já fora descrito, em 1943, por GILLULY & GRANT, faz parte do Mioceno e do Plioceno inferior, achando-se separado dos schistos Jurássicos metamórficos, por uma discordância localizada a 6.000 pés de profundidade. O conjunto das camadas petrolíferas alcança espessura de 1 .500 pés, sendo cada uma delas separada das outras por estratos do "siltstone" (siltito). O tamanho dos grãos, nos dois tipos de rochas, é o de depósitos eólicos, mas, ao contrário do que acontece em depósitos sub-aéreos, esses grãos são angulosos ou sub-angulosos. De acordo com MCNAUGHTON , esses depósitos se teriam formado em profundidade crescente, de 200 a 5.000 pés; esse fato, relacionado com as dimensões dos grãos, leva a crer que o material tenha sido transportado pelo vento. A sedimentação deu-se longe da costa, de maneira muito lenta, provavelmente em consequência de tempestades de excepcional intensidade. O petróleo teria sido produzido por organismos planctónicos que se teriam misturado com areia das dunas, sendo a velocidade da sedimentação desta, muito menor. Os cálculos indicam que foram armazenados somente 23% dos hidrocarbonetos que caíram sobre a areia de sedimentação, sob a forma de organismos mortos. M. V.

In this work, the author studies the Brasilian Engraulidae of the genus Anchoa. In first place, the author points out that, from the nomenclatural point of view, there still remains a certain confusion in this group since the specialists frequently put some species either into the genus Anchoa or into the genus Anchoviella. As a matter of fact, the determination of the anchovies is a painstaking task due to the species being similar among themselves and in view of the variablity of certain features of great taxonomical significance which vary considerably in single species. In order to illustrate this view, the author sets forth, in table I, the frequency of the distribution of gill rakers in Anchoa, referring to the specimens inhabiting the Brazilian coast. Studying a large number of specimens which have been forwarded to the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute), the author, basing himself on studies carried out in 1948 under the supervision of Dr. SAMUEL F. HILDEBRAND. an ichthyologist of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington D. O, organized a key for the identification of the Brazilian anchovies of the genus Anchoa, following the norm adopted by Dr. HILDEBRAN D in this revision of the American Anchovies (1943). After discussing the meaning of the term "Manjuba" given to the Brazilian anchovies, the author emphasizes the importance of these small fishes, especially in the São Paulo state, where large quantities of Anchoa nasuta Hildebrand & Carvalho, Engraulis anchcita Hubbs & Marini and Anchoa januatia (Steindachner) are caught for industrial purposes. The author condemns the manner in which the industrialists prepare these species, holding that the product is far from corresponding to what could be expected from them. Presenting some biological data on Anchoa januatia, A. hepsetus hepsetus and A. tricolor, the author refers to 10 species found on Brazil's seashore region, illustrating detailed redescriptions of each specimen with two plates containing 5 drawings each.

This preliminary paper gives new informations concerning occurrence and geographical dispersal of some Chlorophyceae collected at TRINDADE ISLAND (20º 30' Lat. S. and 29º 22' Long. W. Gw.). The following species are considered: Halimeda Opuntia (L.) Lamx. Penicillus Lamourouxii Dcne. Udotea Flabellum (E. & Sol.) Howe. Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Dcne. Anadyomene stellata (W.) J. Ag.

This work deals with Anchoviella hildebrandi n. sp. received from Caxoeira, Paraguaçú river, Bahia State. The species is related to Anchoviella brasilensis HILDEBRAND, iron the Ribeira de Iguape river (South of S. Paulo State, Brazil), and Anchovilla j ame si (JORDAN & SEALE) , from Jutai river and Aleixo fake, both situated on the Amazon State, Brazil. The author presents the diagnosis of the new species, making comparisons with the other related species. This species is described from 33% of the total catch (48 specimens), ranging in total length from about 80 to 92 mm. A specimen of about 86 mm long is designated as type, and is deposited in the collections of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute). Ths species is named for the memory of Dr. SAMUE L F. HILDEBRAND , of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service of Washington.

The finality of this work is to register the occurrence of a Crustacean denominated "Lagostim" - Nephrops rubellus MOREIRA - found in waters of the neighbourhood of Xavier Island, off the coast of the State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). This specimen was captured in a "trawl" net by the fishing boat "Libertador" in depth of 30 to 60 fathoms (66-132 m), in the middle of June 1950. The species which was described in 1903 by CARLOS MOREIRA, does not seem to be of a very common one at the Braz lian coast, its cxistance having been, however, recorded from the Argentine coast, by DOELLO JURADO, in 1938. The present v/ork seems te be justified since it deals with a Crustacean never mentioned, in our specialised literature since its description half a century ago and also by being the characters of this specimen not exactly the same as the previously deseribed. A key has been worked out for the genus Nephrops, for the determination of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacifc species, the key organized by DE MAN was adopted as a starting-point.