Repositório RCAAP

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

There is a divergence between the objective of the banking institutions to ration credit because its rational behavior to face difficulties of get informations about the market , and the intention of the economic policy makers to offer credit to all the agents of the economy as an instrument to leverage the development. Looking up it, the expansion of the credit can be observed through from an alternative financial service in despite of the other offered by the traditional banking sector: the microcredit. However, the concession methodology of the microcredit in Brazil has seemed the methodology used for the traditional banking sector, limiting, of this form, the offered of financial services to the agents of lower income and to the informal enterprises sector of the economy. Information from seven institutions of microfinances of the state of Minas Gerais indicated the collection of relatively high interest rates, the existence of bureaucratic requests that raise costs of customers transactions, the useless of solidary endorsement as substitute guarantee, as well as the strong influence of the interest rate of the economy on the composition of the patrimonial structure of the microfinances institutions.

The recurrent and magnificent crises been faced in the last few years, particularly in the 1990´s, have raised an important debate over the need for reordering the international financial architecture, due to the incapacity of the current capitalist institutionalized framework in compelling such crises. Thus, this paper presents the panorama of the reordering proposals been debated, having the writings of Keynes as a backdrop, which so well exposes the fundaments of the capitalist wealth. Depending upon the theoretical interpretation one may convene, these proposals may have broader or more restrict application and their unfoldings may even imply deleterious effects to diverse types of economies, especially to the developing ones.

Mestre em Economia

The market regulation is a fundamental factor in infrastructure sectors. In the Brazilian electric industry, whose enterprises were privatized in the 1990 s, the regulatory governance is a competence of National Electric Energy Agency, Aneel. The agency was created in 1996 to regulate the electric segment and to promote the competition in the sector. Nevertheless, the privatization and the market regulation have not created an attractive environment to investments. One of the negative points is the great instability of the regulation, due to its constant modifications. The electricity industry is an infrastructure activity and the changes in this sector cause impacts on several other segments of the economy. This is what happens in the aluminium industry, which is employing resources to the self generation of electric energy. The aluminium production requires a high consumption of electric energy that represents a relevant part of the production costs. In this regard, the changes in electric energy regulation and the low attraction of investments to that market cause insecurity to the great consumers of energy, like the aluminium entrepreneurs, who choose to generate its own electric energy necessary to the metal production.

Mestre em Economia

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The Brazilian labor market is characterized by considerable differences in income, treatment and occupational insertion between white and black workers. With this in mind, this paper aims to identify and measure the factors causing this discrepancy between blacks and whites, highlighting discrimination and occupational segregation and using the PNAD 2009 as database. In order to measure the level of occupational segregation by color we used the following Occupational Segregation Indices: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D) Index of Dissimilarity Standardized by Size (Ds) and Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results of these indices showed that there is considerable occupational segregation by color in the Brazilian labor market, and the blacks are inserted in occupations with lower pay. The analysis of color discrimination was performed using the Oaxaca decomposition, and this method was applied separately for integrated and segregated occupations, indicating that the integrated occupations have a high level of discrimination and the occupation of majority white show less discrimination. The analyzes were also applied separately to the Northeast and Southeast in order to more efficiently capture the determinants of the wage differential by color between these different regions of Brazil. It was shown that both occupational segregation and discrimination are important factors to explain the wage gap between whites and blacks, and public policies necessary to combat this discriminatory treatment, especially policies aimed at equal opportunities, in order to obtain greater social justice and equal treatment among different groups of workers.

This study analyse the Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) - Growth Acceleration Program, highlighting its regional dimension. For both, the history, structure and nature of the PAC are presented and discussed as a basis for trend analysis of the initial impacts of the program, studied both nationally and regionally. This analysis is based on examination of the investments planned and carried out for the whole country, and their distribution by region, considering the macro-regional division of the IBGE, and macroeconomic indicators in the survey and regional focus on employment, credit and infrastructure road, among other things. The study highlights the relevance of the PAC in terms of renewed government investment in infrastructure in a favorable macroeconomic context (and to some extent influenced by the CAP) but also for its deficiency in promoting structural changes in the relevant regional dynamics, characterizing the PAC unplugged as regional policies, despite his new-developmental nature.

Micro and small enterprises play a key role in generating employment and income, what qualifies them as inducers of economic development. Inserted in markets increasingly competitive and globalized, the micro and small businesses increasingly rely on technological capability and the generation of innovations to ensure their survival and success. The theoretical work is based on unorthodox approaches, which give innovation a central role in economic activity. We start from the hypothesis that in Brazil there is a significant sectoral heterogeneity in relation to the characteristics of the innovative process in small enterprises. The objective is therefore to demonstrate the sectoral peculiarities of Brazilian small firms regard to the process of generation of innovations. The characterization of innovation activities is made from performance indicators of the innovative process, efforts made to innovate, cooperation and government support. The analysis of sectoral differences in innovative activity of small Brazilian companies was only possible thanks to the sending of a special tabulation of Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC) 2008 by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Some industries such as Pharmaceuticals and Computer and electronics had rates that give a prominent position inside the universe of small businesses. In other sectors such as Wood products and Metallurgy were found relatively poor indicators. The results thus corroborate the hypothesis of sectoral heterogeneity and demonstrate the complexity of the universe of Brazilian micro and small enterprises regard to the characteristics of the innovation process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Despite the adjective \'sustainable\' follows almost all public policies in Brazil, in most cases, there is no explicit definition of the sustainability concept used. This dissertation deals, in the second chapter, with the institutionalization of sustainable development concept and the incorporation of the environmental issues in economic theory. We discuss in this work different concepts of sustainability in economic theory, giving priority to neoclassical and ecological economics. The third chapter discusses the evidence that space has acquired in development policies and recommendations by the multilateral development agencies, who started to prescribe the endogenous development aproach. In the last part of the third chapter, we discussed the territorial cohesion concept, which take sustainability as essential for the harmonious territory development, with natural resources, biodiversity and environmental services protection. The fourth chapter shows the first territorial experiences in Brazil and an analysis of sustainability concept in development policies of the Agrarian Development and the Social Development Ministries. Finally, we test the heterogeneity of the sustainability concet in territorial development policies of these ministries.

With the intensification of changing weather conditions on the planet, the debate on environmental issues is emphasized at the agenda of the international. The concern about the negative impacts to the environment and the continued use of fossil fuels has generated a search for alternative sources of cleaner energy. In this context, Brazil is inserted as a major supplier in the global renewable energy, proposing to be a major producer of biofuels in the world, mainly ethanol from cane sugar. This study aims at analyzing the impacts of the expansion of cultivation of cane sugar on food production, using as instruments to analyze the decomposition model \"shift-share\" and the scale and substitution effects. We also tried to determine the effects of farming on employment and land ownership structure, using as instruments of analysis regression models with panel data.

The Bolsa Verde program was established as a recent initiative of environmental policy of the Minas Gerais state, which provides financial incentives to farmers who practice conservation activities and/or restoration of native vegetation within their farms. In late 2010 and early 2011 registrations were made by farmers to participate in the program. Due to its innovative character Minas Gerais is one of the first Brazilian states to create such a state law and its importance as a policy to reverse the degradation process of native vegetation, it is imperative the monitoring of its implementation. In this sense, this thesis aims to analyze the participation of farmers in the state of Minas Gerais in the first phase of Bolsa Verde, and the data analyzed came from the Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF), responsible for the operationalization of the program. During the first stage of registration to the program modality of maintenance of existing native vegetation 980 farms were awarded of 2.587 inscriptions, with a total area of 860.835.19 hectares and a total value of R$6.467 million. This means that Bolsa Verde program will provide that amount of financial resources to benefit farmers during five years as a way to reward them for the preservation of native vegetation and, in return, farmers are committed to protect it, thus ensuring the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is believed the results can be used as initial indications on the first implementation phase of the program, and another contribution that can be pointed out is the support in the policy dissemination, whose knowledge from the audience (farmers) side is still not adequate.

The goal of this work is to study the Territory of Sisal. Located in the semiarid region of Bahia, the Territory of Sisal covers 20 counties: Araci, Barrocas, Biritinga, Candeal, Cansanção, Conceição do Coité, Ichu, Itiúba, Lamarão, Monte Santo, Queimadas, Retirolândia, São Domingos, Quijingue, Nordestina, Santaluz, Serrinha, Teofilândia, Tucano, and Valente. In the Territory of Sisal, since 1960, civil society has been organized and the government has put into operation several successful projects. The Territory of Sisal was formed from the recent implementation of territorial development policies. However, 10 years after the adoption of the territorial approach, the Territory of Sisal continues to experience low economic progress and high levels of poverty and social exclusion. Why it is that, despite the strong presence of social actors and local institutions (civil society) and its designation as a territory of public policy, the Territory of Sisal continues to register some of the worst social and economic statistics in Bahia and Brazil? To answer this question, this work aims at exploring how civil society in the Territory of Sisal was organized and how it was able to establish collective enterprises and understand why, despite this the territory continues to display some of the worst socioeconomic indicators in Bahia and Brazil. Using primary data and secondary data beyond the perspective of neocorporativism and the territorial approach this work has revealed that the Territory of Sisal, in Bahia, still has much to do to achieve a high level of socioeconomic development, especially because it must overcome some obstacles, such as economic dependence on municipal governments, the \"natural phenomenon of drought,\" the decay of the sisal production chain, the dichotomy between urban (city) and rural (countryside) interests, and excessive conflicts, both \"open\" and \"closed,\" that hinder the development of social cohesion.

This dissertation studies the impacts and profiles of public policies made of different conceptions of development in the Territórios da Cidadania do Noroeste de Minas, highlighting the role due by Territórios da Cidadania Program. Two types of planning are included in the analyzed policies, the first is recorded from the 1970s, based in a centralized scope, with a strong regional inspiration and whose focus was the development of agriculture; the second occurred from mid-1990s and deepened in the 2000s, based in a decentralized planning, with territorial public policies, taking into account the peculiarities of the territory and farmers. In this sense we tried to verify which profile of public policy is best for the territory to reach the economic and social development, since it is a territory with low economic dynamism. Nevertheless, we sought to verify the initial impacts of the Territórios da Cidadania Program, analyzing whether it is still doing in practice what it set out to do. The analyzed indicators point to a substantial increase in quality of life of the territory over the period analyzed. Some of these indicators has evolved due to conjunctural factors, but a considerable part evolved, mainly because of specific public policies, particularly in the 2000s.

This dissertation intends to support the analysis of Macroeconomic Policies in Brazil after 1999, here treated as restricted to the tripod: Inflation Targeting, generation of primary surpluses, and control of interest rates, in contrast to the Keynes s policies. First, it reviews the literature on the main propositions of Keynes. The next step is the preparation of analysis of what are, in fact, Keynes\'s policies. The following is made a study of Brazilian macroeconomic policies from the time when the country joined the Inflation Targeting Regime, i.e., from 1999, and the development of this measure for the remainder of macroeconomic policies to the present day, to finally be able to check whether such policies are consistent with the Keynes s policies.

This present dissertation analyzes the performance of public accounts of Goiás during 2002/2011. There were two main problems treated: first, from the fact that the total tax revenue surpassed, in good measure, the significant economic growth in the region, it was investigated the causes for such performance. Additionally, was analyzed what kind of behavior occurred in the intertemporal Goiás revenue and expenditure relationship, so that such a relationship may or may not justify budgetary imbalances occurred during the period or that would compromise the ongoing fiscal adjustment. Such analysis allows to compare the results of Goiás with those obtained in other studies that, in general, fit the majority of Brazilian states as having performed fine adjustment, much as the volume of transfers from the Union that, properly, for their autonomous capacity to tax and collect. The results of Goiás indicated a relative strength of independent taxation, arising from the total revenue from its main tax (ICMS), but occurred much because of the tax effort reflected in the subgroups Debt and Fiscal Action, accompanied by an increasing transfers government volume and a greater proportion than 20% of total revenue in the period. Added to this set, the long cycle of the regional economy and positive force that provided the spontaneous collection of ICMS, however, the intensity lower than that cited in the subgroups. On the other hand, contributed to the fiscal results obtained for the answer the second research problem: the intertemporal relationship between revenues and expenditures for the state in the period indicated a strong tendency to fiscal synchronization, which allowed at least ease the fiscal situation worse when the state was in the recent past.