Repositório RCAAP

This thesis supports basically the existence of inequality in capitalist system structure. This inequality is constitutive of historical determinations of capitalist social formations, which are organically formed into a global, hierarchical and combined system which tends to reproduce itself. The main focus is towards Latin-American social formations, their nature and global insertion. The motivation of choosing this theme arose when the World Bank presented, in 2011, an interpretation of the evolution of the Subprime Crisis. The defended idea pointed to a significant change in worldwide economy structure when several developing economies assumed leadership roles in determining the overall dynamics. Our argument is a different one, recovering main elements of Marx s interpretation concerning to capitalism nature as well other authors on Marxist Dependence Theory, who developed and deepened these propositions in their concrete treatment of Periphery. Thus, the aim of this study is to discuss the nature of Latin American dependent development as an offshoot of the unequal structure of the world capitalist system. In the context of contemporary capitalism, there is no modification in the international condition of Latin American economies, because they are countries that fuel the capitalism of the central system at the same time that they are conditioned to it. In the current phase, no longer exclusively providers of raw materials because their diversified industry, but remained essentially a reproduction pattern guided in exports of primary goods complementing them with more sophisticated ones. These elements keep a limited internal dynamic, as a form of compensation for such transfer remains by overexploitation, saving the difficulties of realization of production value. Given this situation, we indicate that remains the organist capitalism system as well a social and economic inequality intrinsic to peripheral economies. This is the nature of Latin-American dependent economies. So that, from the open trail proposed by theoreticians of Marxist Theory of Dependency, this thesis contests the approach from dominant field of Economy that highlights the advances of capitalism and conceal their mishaps, such achievements opened to all.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the distribution of resources from the Constitutional Fund for Financing of the Northeast (FNE) in order to verify how this distribution occurs, by number and value of credit loans, in federal units served by the Fund and, within these, in their communities, in the years of 1999-2010. It starts from the recognition that the Constitutional Funds, established by the 1988 Federal Constitution, are an important source of financing for productive activities and infrastructure in the North, Northeast and Midwest. Besides that, they have been created to foment the development of these regions in order to contribute with the reduction of regional inequalities. With the purpose of to observe the distribution of the resources of these Funds, in particular FNE is necessary to understand that this distribution does not happen separately, but within the context of a monetary production economy, where money, credit and banks play a fundamental role in economic growth and regional development, as advocates by Post Keynesian approach. According to this approach, the distribution of the regional resources tends to have a significant concentration in most dynamic regions and economically integrated into larger agents (greater economic integration), even in the case of funds released by public banks, such as the FNE, Funds administered by the Northeast Bank of Brazil (BNB). After reviewing the legal framework that underlies the functioning of the Constitutional Funds, in order to identify major changes since its institutionalization, we proceeded to study the information provided by the Ministry of National Integration and the BNB. Through the Simple Correspondence Analysis (ANACOR), processed in Stata software, we obtained the results of correspondence between two variables: volume of credit FNE by municipality/PIB by municipality and Human Development Index 2000, which allowed understanding the degree of interdependence between the level of funding credit of municipalities served by the FNE and the level of their development, respectively. Finally, with the discussion of the results, this thesis aims to contribute to the deepening of the reflections on the possibilities and the difficulties founded in using the Constitutional Funds as a major funding instruments for public policy for regional development.

The main aim of this paper is to understand the innovative behavior of Brazilian industrial businesses and verify the impact of innovation on two performance indicators: productivity and capacity for exportation. With the intention of reaching these goals, the thesis is structured into 3 essays. Essay 1 analyzed the behavior of the internal and external factors which influence the innovative activities of Brazilian companies. In order to do this, a theoretical framework was constructed concerning the innovation determinants and, after that, a descriptive analysis was carried out of a group of indicators obtained by special tabling for a sample of innovative and non-innovative businesses, with data from the last three editions of PINTEC Research of Technological Innovation. Essay 2 was an empirical investigation about the relationship between the innovation and production performance of Brazilian companies, by means of two productivity measurements: Work Productivity (WP) and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). To analyze such a relationship, the econometric methodology implemented was based on the estimation of cross-section models given in a panel, with microdata from the last three editions of PINTEC. The aim of Essay 3 was to verify the relationship between innovation and the probability of exporting and the intensity of exportation. The Probit, Bivariate Probit and Ordered Probit probabilistic models were estimated, with microdata from the last three editions of PINTEC. The results found in the three essays point out fragile innovative behavior in the Brazilian industrial sector which results in low productivity gain and low international competitivity, especially in high technological intensity sectors. Spending with R&D is still low in the Brazilian industry, especially when compared with more developed countries. Furthermore, it was found that innovative companies belonging to low and medium intensity industries make more investments in the acquisition of machines and equipment than in R&D activities. On the other hand, the companies in high technological intensity sectors have invested a greater percentage of revenue in spending on R&D. Among the results found it can also be pointed out that the innovation still presents a modest impact on the stimulus for performance in Brazilian industrial businesses. Note that innovation produces incipient impacts on competitivity within the national industry, which is reflected in the lack of the estimated coefficient for the innovation variable in that which refers to the productivity of the companies. Regarding the capacity for exportation, the results were positive and significant, and it can be concluded that innovation increases the propensity to export. However, when analyzing the intensity of exportation the results changed. The indicators of product and process innovation have a negative impact on the exportation intensity of Brazilian companies. One of the possible explanations stems from the fact that Brazilian innovative companies have focused on the internal market, and not on exportation. This evidence corroborates with some studies that discuss the Brazilian industry s loss of competitivity on an international scope, especially in the high technological intensity industry, the main source of product innovation.

The economic and strategic importance of oil made the issues related to energy security and access to oil reserves gain relevance from the 1990s on. It was within this context that the World Petroleum Industry, considered a paradigm of modern industrial organization of the 20th Century, restructured and experienced financial, technological and organizational innovations. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of such innovations on competitiveness, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and oil production and trade. Thus, performance indicators (Revealed Comparative Advantage, Market Share and Intra-Industry Trade) were built and analyzed along with FDI inflows. This analysis showed that the consolidation of competitive advantages in this industry strengthened its main features regarding industrial concentration, internationalization, vertical integration, and meaningful participation of state-owned enterprises.

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The thesis has as its objective the study of Local Productive Arrangements of the Automobile Industry in the state of Goiás, as well as their contribution to regional development. The hypothesis adopted for the paper is that following the installation of the automobile industry in Goiás, there was a change to the economic dynamic of the municipalities which are part of their LPAs, with the attraction and fixation of other companies, although the Mitsubishi Motors Corporation of Brazil MMCB and Hyundai Caoa Automakers vehicles are mounted using mostly imported parts. The fact that these companies operate in complex assembly sectors induces, in differing degrees, the formation of arrangements, especially by means of the installation of companies of the auto parts and specialized services sector which can contribute to regional development. The thesis was structured in five chapters; the first chapter presents revision of the literature which makes up the theoretical and analytical framework, and themes related to regional and territorial development and construction of the LPA concept were addressed, as well as the main typologies used for its classification. The second chapter talks about the evolution of the automobile industry in Brazil, and presents indicators of income, business size, personnel employed, densification, productivity levels and average annual salary in the automobile industry in selected states and regions. The third chapter discusses the automobile industry in the State of Goiás, the spatial deconcentration and tax breaks offered to attract businesses in the sector. Following that, chapters four and five address, respectively, the LPA of the Automobile Industry of Catalão and Region and the LPA of the Automobile Industry of Anápolis and Region. The data was obtained by means of field research, and themes such as market, labor, innovation, cooperation, learning and advantages associated with the local environment, among others, were analyzed. Lastly, the paper presents the final considerations. As the main conclusion to our study, it was proved that the LPAs of the Automobile Industry formed in Catalão and region and in Anápolis and region can be classified, according to the typology proposed by Markusen (1995), as predominantly New District Industries NDI Industrial Platform Satellite, due to the tax incentives offered and also for possessing cheap labor, although they also present NDI Central-Radial characteristics, as they possess the MMCB and Hyundai Caoa Automakers acting as anchor companies. Both LPAs can be considered constructed , according to then typology proposed by Mytelka and Farinelli (2000). The LPAs, as in the typology proposed by Cassiolato and Szapiro (2003), possess governance carried out in the form of a hierarchy , with a degree of territoriality considered low , although actions seeking to improve this indicator are in the process of implantation in Catalão and region. Therefore, it is possible that Catalão and region s LPA could reach a medium degree of territoriality in the near future.

The doctorate thesis has the central goal to analyze the current account for a broad set of countries focused in a perspective associated to the global disequilibrium literature, which has raised new concerns and developments since the international financial crisis of 2008. The first chapter develops a historical review on the evolution of the international financial system emphasizing the comparative analysis of the main characteristics of this system in the Bretton Woods period and more recently, it evaluates the validation or not of the hypothesis of the occurrence of what is called Bretton Woods II, that argues the emergency of a new periphery composed by economies with very distinct characteristics reflecting the financial world instability, by the presence of major current account disequilibrium involving considerably number of economies. The argument opposing to Bretton Woods II is that the world is moving towards a financial system with flexible exchange rates since fixed exchange rate regimes imposes high costs to policy makers, requiring higher capital mobility and limiting the efficiency of monetary policy instruments. Other than this, the recent international financial crisis has raised doubts on the Dollar ability to transport value over time since it is the currency used for international transactions and in this context emerges the possibility of a smooth transition towards a shared leadership on the international financial system with the Renminbi and the Euro. The second chapter aims to develop an empirical analysis based on the estimation of thirteen vector autoregressive models (VAR) for a set of selected economies (advanced and emerging / developing). The variance decomposition analysis (VDA) and the impulse response function (IRF) reveals that the investment rate, the real effective exchange rate, the consumption rate and the capital flows (FDI) are the most import variables to understand the current account. The third and last chapter seeks to investigate the current account for a set of seventy-two countries using panel data analysis to estimate fixed / random effect (static) and difference and system GMM (dynamic) models for the period of 1980 to 2012. The empirical evidences corroborates the main results from chapter two. The investment rate is statistically significant in 23 of the 27 estimated models; the consumption rate is significant in 17 out of 27 models while the net inflows of foreign direct investment is significant in 10 of the 18 estimated models. The real effective exchange rate does not have statistically significant coefficients for the System GMM estimated models and considering the entire set of estimation there is statistically significance in only 8 out of the 27 estimated models.

The last two decades were marked by important economic and social changes in a global scope. The financial and commercial globalization, ally to the digital revolution , has been making easier the trade of information between culture, changing , in a subtle way, constant though, the worldwide feed habits . These transformations are bringing reflexes to the productive systems, marketing and logistics of the agribusiness products. It s being created the worldwide taste . Besides, in another way, a few phytosanitaries issues made the commercial walls , particularly by developed countries, using the feed security and the public health as justification. At this new scene, the firms starts looking for alternatives to get new consumers, and then, aggregate values to their products. In this moving, the work had the intention to show that, in special situations with some determinate product, the Geography Indication emerges as one of the alternatives to face the new reality. Search then, not only raises the income, but also the achievement of new markets, trough the singling of the products by the quality seals and accreditations. To reach the intended results, some hypotheses and problematic were noticed. The main one is that, in an international market subject by some amount of information, the competitor has a backdrop of a growing economic globalization. This globalization fiercer competition to reach the best market , that one which has the highest income and accept paying more for a product which offers the best quality to some determinate product. So, the unexceptional work, intended to inquire about the reasons that makes Brazil as a second position country in the world of the rural territorial brands, still being a big agricultural worldwide market player. Based in the analyses, all of them confirmed. It s not noted rude targeted incentives for promoting export and facing imports of value-added products through certifications, by the public s politics, the way we found through comparative study with Spain. In comparative studies, we noticed, still, the distance between our realities with the European s when analyzing the reality related institutions. Analyzing Brazil s fact, completely different than the found in Andalusia (Spain), perceives that the capital social and the representative organizations of agrarian interest s presence in Brazil are lower. Then, in Andalusia, the public politics supported by the social (rural) organization, has been supporting the producers to the achievement of their own accreditation products. Assesses that if there is a major concern of public servants and social workers for specific products in some territories, the IG may represent an important strategy of adding territorial income for rural production.

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the Brazilian literature on the innovative behavior of small and medium enterprises. The focus is the sectoral analysis to identify if the Brazilian manufacturing SMEs conform to sectoral patterns and if these patterns influence the innovative activities of the firms. This empirical work is composed of three different stages. The first stage refers to the investigation by size and sector using descriptive analysis of the innovative activities of the Brazilian SMEs by labor employed (for PINTEC-2008 and PINTEC-2011) and by sectoral patterns (for PINTEC-2008), according to Pavitt´s taxonomy. The second stage made use of a nonparametric methodology applied to the PINTEC-2008´s microdata to distinguish sectoral patterns for SMEs identifying if they influence the innovative behavior of small and medium firms and at last if Pavitt´s taxonomy is applicable. The third stage drew upon the logistic regression method applied to the PINTEC´s microdata for the period of 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2011, to verify if the sectoral technological patterns are significant determinants of the SMEs´ innovative process. That was analyzed for different types of innovative activities, such as: innovative firms, product innovators, process innovators, product and process innovators, highly innovative firms, organizational innovators and marketing innovators. Moreover, identifying if these influences differ from those affecting big firms. The results obtained reveal that sectoral dynamics are relevant to the innovative behavior of SMEs, similarly to what happens to large companies.

This thesis proposes to study the role of trade specialization of the countries on Natural Resources in order to (i) investigate the changes in the nature of trade in products based on NR and whether they refer to new markets, new segments and new arrangements of productive structures in the context of traditional trade and trade in added value. Also, (ii) to evaluate the impacts of the patterns of specialization based on natural resources in economic growth rates of selected countries in the period of 1980-2012. Therefore, the engaged methodology was the calculus of the revealed comparative advantage (traditional VCR) and revealed comparative advantage in trade in value added (VCR added value), cluster analysis and analysis of the breakdown of exports (TiVA). For the analysis of the trajectories of economic growth of countries whose expertise is concentrated in natural resources the VAR modeling was used. The results suggest that the majority of the export profiles of countries specialized in natural resources have changed very little since the 1980s. The restricted membership of the industry based on natural resources in the network (global) production confirmed marginal changes in the nature of trade in primary goods even those products whose statistics showed a greater weight in international trade flows - primary goods with some degree of processing. From the point of view of economic growth, there is a positive contribution of VCRs in economic growth for most countries, except Brazil (negative effect) and Australia and Chile (neutral effect). However, it is worth remembering that this is a marginal contribution on the macroeconomic dynamics surrounding the economies.

Because of its strategic importance to the economy and politics, the Global Oil and Gas Industry (O&G Industry), from the 1970s, becomes part of recurrent policies and state intervention. In Brazil, this is no different. In order to strengthen the exploration and production (E&P) in Brazil, the state has incorporated the role of fostering the development of this industry. This role was observed throughout the state monopoly period, and also after the Law no. 9478 of 1997, creating the basis for opening the sector to the participation of domestic and foreign private companies. The sector\'s opening promoted the intensification of investments and consequently an increase in the demand for products and services of E&P. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the policies to support the competitiveness of enterprises of the National Supply Chain of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry between 1997 and 2014. To study public policy in four different sectors - Physical and Institutional Structuring; Value Chain Development; Generation and Knowledge Transfer; Development and Human Factors it uses a qualitative method of \"Coherence Postulate\". Based on the study of the interrelation of three components - Organizations, Methods and Purposes - with specific elements of a policy, the method is intended to assist in evaluating consistency between the components and the planned policy results. After applying the method to the selected policies, it is concluded that the policies in the four sectors are inconsistent and they do not allow for the development of public actions and to achieve the required results to increase domestic enterprises competitiveness.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada

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This dissertation main goal is to develop a study on the exports determinants for nine Northeast Brazilian States. In order to achieve this goal the dissertation includes three chapters and the analysis relies on the period of 1999 to 2012. The first chapter uses a set of economic and social indicators to construct a diagnostic for the Northeast States and develops a correlation analysis between the growth rates of exports and GDP and the export value and per capita GDP. The second one develops a set of data that allow one to have an overview of the export behavior for the States of the Northeast region during the investigation period. The third chapter estimates two vector autoregressive (VAR) models in order to understand the role played by the real effective exchange rate, the trade weighted foreign income based on the major ten export partners and the international commodity prices on exports for each one of the Northeast States. The empirical results suggests that the States of the Northeast Region have experienced significant economic and social advances during the period of analysis, but with few exceptions, these advances are still below the national indicators. Based on this preliminary analysis one can say that exports can be a channel to foster economic growth and development for the state economies. Exports have a significant growth, regardless of the decrease during 2009 for eight out of nine Northeast States. The export composition relies mainly on agriculture and mineral commodities, and manufactured products with low aggregate value and it is clear that there has been an increase in the number of new export partners. The empirical results (VAR) provides evidence that exports relies mainly on its own dynamics, however once commodity prices are included in the model there is some significant role for this variable. The real effective exchange rate and the trade weighted foreign income do not seem to have a significant role in explaining State exports.

Considered the oldest product being produced in Brazil, sugar cane is an essential item among the products supplied by Brazilian Agribusiness. The production of sugar cane has increased lately due to changes in Brazilian and international economic conjuncture which led to new investment in this sector. Nowadays, the production of sugar cane occurs in many states in Brazil. The following must be emphasized: São Paulo, Minas Gerais (mainly in the region of Triângulo Mineiro), south and southwest of Goiás, north of Paraná and northwest of Mato Grosso do Sul. Considering that this production used to be concentrated in São Paulo, the spread of the sugar cane crop throughout many Brazilian states poses the first research question which is why does this spread happen. It is necessary to observe the economic and social changes that follow this spread such as the decrease in the production of traditional crops in these regions, the substitution of certain agricultural activities and the increase in land renting by the sugar cane plants as well as the increase in employment and revenue which led to significant changes in the profile of the workforce employed in this sector. There are three other questions to be answered in this research. Which were the reasons that led to the sugar cane production increase? How the employment is affected by the increasing production? Does the use of new technologies in the sugar cane harvest process affect the employment quality in terms of better qualification of the workforce? In order to answer these questions the following hypotheses are assumed: the qualification of the sugar cane workforce makes the employment quality better and the increase in the sugar cane production goes alongside with a higher level of mechanization in the harvest process which might lead to the end of manual harvesting. To analyze the changes in the productive structure of Minas Gerais caused by the expansion of sugar cane crop is the main goal of this thesis. A database was created using the results found in the Pesquisa Agrícola Municipal (PAM) and the Pesquisa Pecuária Municipal (PPM). Sugar cane, soy and corn crops as well as livestock were the most important items in this research. The results from this new database have shown some important aspects of the traditional crops substitution process. In order to solidify the analysis partial indexes of formality, revenue and education as well as the employment quality index were calculated according to the results from the population censuses of 1991, 2000 and 2010. SPSS syntaxes and routines were used in the data statistical treatment and made possible to calculate the indexes and to elaborate profile tables to characterize the sugar cane workforce. The result of the analysis led to the conclusion that the qualification improvement in the workforce does not improve the employment quality itself due to the low improvement in the revenue index during almost 20 years.

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The overall objective of this thesis is to verify that the Organizational Innovation (OI) is able to positively influence the performance of brazilian industrial companies and the existence of complementarity with Technological Innovation (IT). For the empirical analysis, it was used editions database as 2008 and 2011 Innovation Survey (PINTEC) conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results in Chapter 1, point out that, in the theoretical context, innovation is considered important for companies to obtain advantage in the competitive process, and the fundamental IO to the evolution of organizational management and to carry out other types of innovation (product, process or marketing). Performed descriptive data analysis companies located in Brazil, comparing them with the companies located in selected countries of the European Community (EC), it was observed that the percentage of companies located in Brazil, which held only IO and/or marketing it is superior in all personnel tracks busy to EC business. However, in relation to the performance of more than one type of innovation concurrently, some EC countries had percentage considerably higher than companies, demonstrating the preference of businesses located in the EC to conduct more than one type of innovation simultaneously, rather than conducting only a kind. Chapter 2 investigated the relationship between IO and Technological Innovation (IT). The results of empirical analysis in companies located in Brazil, show that: i) the number of enterprises that have IO concurrently with other types of innovation (product, process or marketing) are higher than the group of companies held just IT (product or process); ii) companies that perform more than one type of innovation present a different profile, with regard to indicators cooperative relations, foreign capital, group, exports, government support, R&D and continuous expenditures on innovative activities superior to those groups and companies that carry only one type of innovation; iii) the correlation analysis shows the existence of positive and weak correlation between IO and IT. The results of the econometric study conducted in Chapter 3 show that only groups of companies that made product innovation and marketing innovation had the coefficient associated with the positive and statistically significant innovative activity, demonstrating that the realization of product innovation and marketing innovation positively affect financial performance (Net Sales Revenue) companies. The variables Foreign Capital and Spending on Innovative Activities have positive and statistically significant coefficients associated, indicating that positively affect the financial performance in all business groups. In relation to productive performance (Labor Productivity), only the group of companies held product innovation has a positive and statistically significant coefficient associated to LP. With regard to the set of explanatory variables, Foreign Capital , Spending on Innovative Activities , Cooperation and Support the Government have positive and statistically significant coefficients associated, demonstrating its positive influence on performance of brazilian companies.

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This study analyze the impact of China's share of growth in total Brazilian exports of these same exports, checking what happened to their structure, the composition of its agenda and the role they play in the growth of leverage domestic economy in the period 1983-2013. To carry out its purpose, the study analyzed models that consider the impact of China on Brazilian exports and others who disregard this impact. First, we used the synthetic control method for comparative studies to build a better unit for comparison with Brazil after the rise of China's share of total exports, here called Synthetic country. After made this synthetic Country, it went to the estimation of econometric models defined in the work, and we want it, thereby making comparisons between the results of the model parameters for the Brazil and for the Synthetic country, based on analysis of impulse response, error variance decomposition, the Granger causality test and co-integration method of Johansen. It was also made China's Impact Index About the Brazilian Exports (ICEB) in order to check in more detail and didactically the increase of China's participation in the total Brazilian exports affected the variables that determine the country's exports. In addition to exports aggregated, all analyzes were also performed on disaggregated Brazilian exports, observing this breakdown the types of Pavitt. The main results of the study suggest that exports from Brazil and the Synthetic Country had a significant increase in the period 1983-2013, only Brazilian grew more intense after the increase in China's share of total exports from Brazil. The results for the ICEB help illustrate the weighted foreign income remains the most relevant variable to explain the movements of Brazilian exports, but also give evidence that there is a process of increasing the role of prices in explaining these exports. In terms of disaggregated exports, the analyzes in this paper indicate that the growth of Brazilian exports have been boosted mainly by exports of commodities at the expense of those of manufactured products with higher added value, which does not make clear whether the increased China's share of total exports has caused a change in the role of these exports on leveraging the growth of the Brazilian economy.