Repositório RCAAP

This work aims to theoretically highlight how the Solidarity Economics having as a mediation term the Social Capital can constitute in a powerful strategy of territorial development. The Solidarity Economy is based on a set of economic and social activities which recovers the solidarity sense, gift, and cooperation, trying to reinsert the economics in the set of other social practices. Public policies oriented towards the Solidararity Economics can constitute important instruments of territorial development if they are able to stimulate the generation of a set of rules and values, with tends to create confidence links resulting and facilitating the achievement of common goals, creating identities and even respecting the structure power that defines the territories and their limits, recognize the alterity, so they are allowed to establish new horizontal relations that are able to produce changes on peoples capacity to promote their full development and improve their life conditions.

The contemporanity is marked by transformations in the structure of the world-wide capitalism, for the expansion of the integration of the markets, for transformations in the technique, the existence of an only hegemonic country and amongst other characteristics, also for the destruction of what existed and was called real socialism . It is the exactly context that proliferates, in the most diverse shades of thought, different interpretations of this reality, that is, the world-wide capitalist system. Thus terms like globalization and neoliberalism appear together many others trying to give some form, make possible the interpretation and the knowledge of this reality, in its various aspects. This work, since a marxist theoretical reference, investigates the characteristics of the world-wide economy in the contemporanity, searching, recoup diverse contributions made for authors who have marxist theory as reference, for help in the development of this important shade of interpretation of the reality, and, from this theoretical recovery, help to understand the contemporanity of the capitalist system. In such a way this work opposes the dominant thesis which affirms that the present time would be a new stage in the capitalism, the globalization. Stage that would be marked by a supreme evolution, without precedents, with new characteristics, that would be expressed through the expansion of the opportunities, of the dissolution of the differences, of the nationalities, and the negation of the imperialist stage. Therefore, what can be perceived through the analysis and the raised data, is that in contrast of the panacea promoted by the multilateral institutions, world-wide capitalist economy is marked today by the deepening of the proper capitalism logic, that is not different of that which reigned in the principle of the last century. Of this form, it is pointed that the globalization that would reign today could be understood as the globalization of the inherent trends of the capitalism itself, what makes the cyclical changes of the capital happen as form that it finds to defend its profit rates. The raised empirical hypothesis which was pursued theoretically is that not have a radical change in the structure and the dominant logic of the world-wide economy, today is a continuity, in truth, a deepening of the imperialist age.

The list of Brazilian exports products remains concentrated, since the beginning of the formation of nation, in commodities primary, intensive work and natural resources products and low content of technology, while, their imports are concentrated on products with high and medium intensity of technology. Thus, Brazil has a structural dependence profile for those exports as motor primus of national economic dynamics and a strong dependence of foreign technology. These dependencies are aggravated by the historical deficit in currents account and by the deepening of economy denationalization, which determine the need to refer profits, dividends, royalties and licenses, and to pay interest of loans to the outside, corroding, thus, a great part of currency generated by exports. The data presented in this work allow to note that in Brazil there is not a trend of reprimarization, because, actually, the dependence relation with primary products has not yet been broken.

In the light of a broad discussion about the negotiations of collective work in Brazil and the movement of the introduction and expansion of the automobile industry in the country, in this dissertation we examine the course of collective negotiation in our part of an automobile plant established in the city of Catalão, in the State of Goiás. This study shows how the process of collective negotiation started and how it was carried out on a greenfield, that is, a region with no manufacturing tradition. The research is a case study limited mainly to reveal new facts, namely: (i) The emergence of a local union led to a greater commitment to the employees of the automotive sector in Catalão? (ii) What were the main influences on the completion of the first Collective Agreement between the labor union and the company? (iii) What were the changes within the thematic scope of collective instruments before and after the imposition of a local union? What does the history of negotiations between the union and the company reveal in relation to the thematic scope of the agreements? Did the Collective Negotiations between the labor union and the company managed to create additional rules regarding the extensive legislation that governs employment relationships in Brazil? Were the agreements used by employers to adjust the rules to their own interests? The study of collective negotiations between Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and the labor union of the Indústrias Metalúrgicas Mecânicas e Material Elétrico in Catalão aims to answer these questions. Our analysis will provide support for the argument that the establishment of a local labor union had contributed to the increase the representativeness of Mitsubishi workers, in relation to what happened before, since there was support for the establishment of new offices, such as Força Sindical and the Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Metalúrgicos (Labor Union Force and the National Confederation of Metallurgical Workers), which are really committed to the demands of workers; there had been an expansion of the magnitude of many benefits over the time, although the thematic scope had not changed much among the agreements; there had been an expansion of the set of additional rules to the existing legislation in relation to the set of not additional rules; in addition to that, the space for employers to adjust the rules to their own interests had been reduced.

Considering the economic growth achieved by Brazil, Russia, India and China, countries that are part of the BRIC group, and the increase in their relevance on the world trade, this dissertation aims to analyze the evolution of their technological gap and to verify the relation with trade patterns and the influence of such gaps in the explanation of recent growth of these economies. In such a way, the work develops an analysis based on the evolution of the GDP growth; FDI; technological indexes based on patents USPTO, publication of scientific and technological papers and R&D expenditure; other than the sectorial trade patterns aggregated by technological intensities. The dissertation also estimate models of export determinants, where exports are classified as high, medium and low technology for each country, based on the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) econometric technique, using the Variance Decomposition Analysis and the Granger causality tests. The main results suggest the existence of a correlation between technological gap reduction and economic growth rates for these economies and a relation for technological improvements and positive changes in trade pattern favoring exports based on products with higher technology, indicating that the BRIC have faced important structural changes even considering their own specificities.

This dissertation aims to contribute to the recovery needs to build a project of national development to Brazil, accompanied by social policies that face the question of the social inequality. Therefore, our hypothesis is that national policies are indispensable to the negative effects of global capitalist development be mitigated, and even reversed, inside the limits that this social order permits. Thus, we intend to treat the structural limits to the Brazilian development in the context of a global capitalist order. Because it is a work of political economy, our methodology is historical theoretical. We started the first chapter stressing some of the inherent questions to the imposition of intrinsic hierarchies to the public policy and its limits, at different scales of economic development, on the Latin America s view. In the second chapter, we apprehend the nature and the meaning of the policy proposals made by the recent presidents elected in Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Lula, saving the fundamental relationship with the identification of the submission of the National State to the conflicts that occur in terms of financial, commercial and diplomatic relationships and the identification of the imposition of hierarchies of state s policies. In the third chapter we continue the discussion introduced in the previous chapters about the specifities of the Brazil s national project of development. At last, in the final considerations, we recover some discussed points in order to present evidences that helped us to understand the limits and potentials of Policy Development in Brazil of the 2000.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia

The retaking of the regional question under the perspective of development s promotion through the incentive and coordination of the State occurred during the year 2000, makes it unavoidable the rescuing of analysis about the inequality and its permanency, even after the efforts due to overcome them. This work aims to study the role of the Superintendency for Development of Northeast (SUDENE), and the Northeastern social forces in face to the new ruling mark of state intervention and development. The norhteastern retardment, its conditioners and causes, the indicated propositions, contradictory actions and movements, caused by them, the culminate from the extinguishment of the Superintendency in 2001, are the elements which point out the steps we had walk to get to contextualization of the rearticulation of the institution into the new ruling mark of the State intervention that emerged by the end of the 20th century. This mark obliges the updating of the regional projection to the new pattern of capitalist s gathering, centered within the flexibilization, claimed by the financiation of the funds. It is reported, hence, that the new SUDENE as been adjusted to the new paradigms, takes the risk of submitting again to the problem of the social relations to the point of co-operating into the promotion of the local development, creating stranglements (unemployment, concentration of revenues, fragmented introducements, the keeping up of migrations, and other aspects that also lead to social exclusions). The new proposal of SUDENE reproduces the few priority of the social questionment s particularities which stand from the economic formation and been added of others characteristics through the changes observed during the later years that gives it a more complex profile. Because of this cause, even in the last year, with an extraordinary growing the Northeast s question was not diminished into these aspects and, once more it breaks through as a priority. This unfolding permits us to renew the critics originally made by Francisco de Oliveira who remarks that the regional planning and the occurred policies come to satisfy interests or as a consequence of the these, obeying to the union of the aspects related to the legitimate of the financial gathering dominion into the scenery of globalization. Differently from the days before, this domination is without policies but, hidden in the construction of a regional development s policy by the new SUDENE.

In the last three decades of the twentieth century and the first of the internal forces of the capitalist system have changed in such a way, that show has achieved a new kind of capitalism that currently in force. It is a type of financial capitalism - with the globalization of high finance as its ultimate expression. This new corporate arrangement is characterized by chronic instability that leads to many problems on a global scale. From which highlights the supremacy of the financial sphere on the production. This supremacy is a destabilizing component of investment, the financing of productive activities, employment and income. Moreover, dismantled the National States and its ability to intervene in order to bring discipline and order to the system. National states were also affected in their capacity to create and effectively implement policies aiming at full employment and better generation and distribution of income and wealth. From the middle of last century, historical and structural forces emerged and were expanded in contemporary capitalism. This junction with the structural history has made possible the dominance of finance mainly through their higher aspect: the financial globalization (Chapter I). The effort of this dissertation focuses on the argument that the supremacy of finance is a characteristic inherent in the modus operandi of capitalism and that if the system does not suffer the imposition of rules and discipline, crises and instability are increasing, and entail more harm to society as a whole. To consolidate this argument, the study draws on the analysis of three thinkers who, in their conceptions and theoretical formulations, pointed to a clear and endogenous tendency in capitalism for the supremacy of finance. Marx's analysis of the actual movements of capital and its developments culminating in the absolute form of wealth expressed by the fictitious capital (Chapter II); Keynes with his revolutionary interpretation of an economy that is essentially monetary and in which the agents, faced with the expectations arising from an uncertain future, opt for more liquid assets, thus depressing the investment and productive activity (Chapter III), and Minsky with his hypothesis of financial fragility, which is a result of a complex economy that needs funding for the growth in a world characterized by unpredictability of economic activity over time (Chapter IV). Are the theoretical and analytical here used to undergird and support the argument that the supremacy of finance is an inherent feature of the development of the capitalist system of production.

The main purpose of this essay is to analyze the Financial Account movement of Brazilian, Mexican, Argentinean and Chilean Balance of Payments. The specific objective is to find which financial flows are most volatile during the administrative and flexible exchange rate periods. Moreover, the thesis intends to look for the inter relation between these flows and domestic macroeconomic variables, focusing on the similarities and disparities between each country experience. To accomplish this, it was based on Post Keynesian theory. Within this perspective, some capital flows are resulting from speculative and expectational dynamics because of the non-ergodic world, where there is uncertainty about the future and money is non neutral, impacting on real variables. In this way, it is researched the financial openness process of each country analyzed, since it is obviously that the financial integration contributes to speculative flows reception propensity. Finally, it was realized a volatility study to identify which Financial sub accounts are the most volatile in each country and how are the flows movements in different exchanges rate experiences. The empirical results indicated a huge similarity between the Brazilian, Mexican and Argentinean experiences. In these countries the main volatility elements are Foreign Debt Securities, Foreign Loans and Financing and Domestic Money and Deposits. In addition, it was showed that these financial flows have speculative dynamics that are susceptible to damage during instability periods. The exception was the Chilean experience, both in financial openness process and empirical results. This last finding can be considered a resource to future researches.

After World War II the world economy became dependent of petroleum, which turns into the world s energy main source. However, the geographic distribution of the reserves of this commodity is largely unequal in the different regions around the planet, allowing the generation of extra-income within the oil industry - most of it owned by the Middle East countries. The wealth produced by the oil exploitation induces to the debate about the better use of the financial resources obtained by the liquid export oil countries. Therefore, the present work intends to analyze which are the results in terms of industrialization - of the bigger input of petrodollars at the oil shock in 1970, in comparison, to the boom effect of de price of the commodity in the 2000 s era. With this purpose the role of the State in the industrialization process is discussed, once it is the State which controls most of petrodollars earned by the region. Add to this, the fact that in the region, there is the predominance of authoritarian governments, which can largely affect the performance of those economies with their interventions. Furthermore, important features of the oil industries and steel industry are presented so to subsidize the concrete data research. An empiric analysis is done from the case study of the steel industry of the region.

The objective of this work is to present the financing sources and attributions of the State in Brazil during the 1990's, as well as its crucial issues considering the transformations endured by the Country after the enactment of the 1988 Federal Constitution and political redemocratization. A greater external insertion of the Brazilian economy occurs simultaneously to these internal transformations, produced by commercial, production and financial openings in which the globalization and neoliberalism serve as fundamental ideas. In this context, the financing and the State s role change drastically in regards to the model of development in effect until the 1980 s. Therefore, a brief historical analysis of the Brazilian economy will be performed, searching for financial assistance to understand the Brazilian State s origin, and the reasons for its changes throughout time. Differently than expected, the central assumption is that the changes by the 1988 Constitution and by the implementation of neoliberalism policies did not improve the State s financing, and therefore harmed the execution of the functions attributed to it.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Mestre em Economia

This document develops na study about the precocious work of children and teenagers in activities like tomatoes harvest and charcoal kiln in some little town s from Goiás, with incidence of these activities, towns which had been served with social programs, including PETI from the federal government. In the beginning of the 20th century, the international organization of work were created, and it comes to do na important job in relation to the normalization of the subject in evidence. Brazil, through the rectification of the international convention and the legislation from our native country, develops the politics of eradication of work and delimit a minimum age for work, besides that it restricts the kinds of work to be developed and principally it creates the possibilities of learning (formal and informal) with the intention to reduce the impact about the education, health and security of children and teenagers, with the proposal to offer the improvement of the human life condition. The research tries to comprehend the process of the politics construction that motivates the recognition of the children and teenager s work like a social problem, much more social, cultural, economic than biological or a chronological age in question. Some information were extremely important for the combination of some techniques: a document research, na oral history and the biographic research. The utilization of children s hand labor and also teenagers in the world of agriculture job in Goiás it s mark for violence and exploration. For exactly 110 years, the first step were given to protect the children workers. It was the way founded to reduce the exploration of Afro-American children and teenagers, whose parents were released for area low three years before; but even this way these children, including the indians and poor where socialized for the job and the physical penalty. After one century, in a smaller scale, the exploration of children and teenagers still exist. In different historical periods, the society come up with ideology to become the children s work socially acceptable and in this social and economic construction, the work appears like a principal way of professional information and discipline, with the intention of getting them out of the marginality. Children and teenagers incorporate precociously the productive work, making sure your physical survival, increasing the familiar lacework, contributing in a satisfatory way of the mono politics interesting of production ways from the market control. The miserability is a big incentive for the exploration of children s work. The payment is reduced and the work rights don t exist, obviously for the simple fact taht give work for children under 14 years old is ilegal. It Isn t rare the case in with the exploration of children s work almost become a slave work. It s obvious that, the way of the society face the children s work is getting better in the last 110 years. The rules became more rigid and the society finally started to comprehend that the precocious work seems like a criminal assault against the children s future. However, we have some evidence that in the 21st century starts with the exploration still deeprooted in the country. It s obvious that children s place it at scholl , and this become a consistent practice of one politic, not only compensatory but in a truly structural politic practice.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior