Repositório RCAAP

Resumo A variação da vegetação em gradientes altitudinais geralmente é condicionada pelo gradiente térmico. Neste estudo, hipotetizamos que a estrutura da vegetação varie abruptamente como resultado de ambientes muito distintos cuja formação não está relacionada somente com a altitude e o clima. Definimos três áreas no Parque Botânico Morro do Baú, Ilhota, SC. Em cada, alocamos 50 parcelas de 100 m2 (Área 1 - 340 m; Área 2 - 540 m; Área 3 - 810 m s.n.m.). Medimos os espécimes com PAP ≥ 15 cm. Elaboramos diagrama de Venn e comparamos as Áreas por meio de curvas de rarefação. Aplicamos DCA e ordenação por NMDS para identificar o grau de variação na vegetação. Devido à forte distinção das demais, comparamos a Área 3 com outros levantamentos. A estrutura arbórea varia abruptamente entre as Áreas 1/2 e a 3, sendo esta última uma verdadeira floresta altomontana determinada pelos efeitos conjuntos de altitude, clima, solos e geomorfologia. Regionalmente, entretanto, as similaridades não são maiores com outras florestas altomontanas, mas sim com áreas próximas e de altitude aproximada.

Resumo Foi modelado o nicho climático e avaliamos o impacto de mudanças climáticas sobre a distribuição geográfica potencial de Ilex paraguariensis. Esta espécie apresenta elevada importância sociocultural, econômica e ecológica na porção sul da Floresta Atlântica. As áreas de ocorrência foram definidas por meio das coordenadas geográficas das localidades onde a espécie foi registrada. Foram consideradas oito variáveis climáticas obtidas a partir da base de dados do WorldClim. A modelagem do nicho climático da espécie foi realizada por meio de dez algoritmos. A predição da área de adequabilidade climática, contemporânea e futura (2070) da espécie, foi realizada a partir do consenso dos ajustes com boa performance (TSS > 0,40). Para predições futuras, foram considerados cenários de mudanças climáticas otimista (RCP4.5) e pessimista (RCP8.5), com base no quinto relatório do IPCC. Verificou-se que a espécie ocorre, predominantemente, no domínio Atlântico. Enquanto que no cenário otimista, I. paraguariensis apresentou redução de 65,8% de sua área de adequabilidade climática, no cenário mais pessimista, a redução foi de 82,1%, sendo as perdas concentradas nas áreas periféricas das projeções de ocorrência.

Abstract Queimada Grande (QGI) is a small, legally protected island off the southeastern coast of Brazil that harbors two endemic and critically endangered herpetofauna species: the Golden Lancehead viper (Bothrops insularis) and a hylid frog (Scinax peixotoi); its vegetation, however, has been little studied. We integrated remote sensing and phytosociology of the Atlantic Forest on QGI to characterize the habitat of those two species and support their in situ conservation. QGI retains a mosaic of Atlantic Forest, rock outcrop and anthropogenic vegetation, including invasive alien species, and bare rock surfaces. Mature Atlantic Forest, the preferential habitat of B. insularis and S. peixotoi, currently covers ~28 ha (~50%) of QGI and shows very low tree richness and an oligarchic structure. The most important species are Guapira opposita, Rudgea minor and Aspidosperma australe. Anthropogenic formations cover ~9% of the island and do not seem to have expanded in recent years. Based on local conditions, we recommend permanent monitoring of QGI and the use of local tree species in projects to restore the habitat of those two endangered species.

Resumo Considerando as semelhanças morfológicas interespecíficas em Geissospermum e a dificuldade de coletar e consultar espécimes férteis, este trabalho visa detectar potenciais caracteres diagnósticos para o grupo através da análise de órgãos vegetativos. Para tal, amostras caulinares e foliares de G. argenteum, G. laeve, G. reticulatum, G. sericeum, e G. urceolatum foram coletadas de exsicatas incorporadas nos herbários HAMAB, INPA e MG e processadas segundo técnicas usuais de anatomia vegetal. As espécies foram comparadas mediante uma matriz binária de caracteres e submetidas a métodos de agrupamento (UPGMA) para obtenção de fenograma e, posteriormente, confeccionada uma chave de identificação dicotômica para as espécies estudadas. A análise fenética mostrou que as espécies mais semelhantes anatomicamente são G. argentem e G. sericeum, G. laeve e G. reticulatum, sendo G. urceolatum a mais distinta entre elas. Nossos resultados demonstram que a anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos contribuiu na identificação das espécies de Geissospermum, mesmo na ausência de órgãos reprodutivos. O formato das células epidérmicas, persistência dos tricomas, disposição dos braquiesclereídeos, contorno e vascularização do pecíolo foram as características mais importantes no reconhecimento dos taxa.

Abstract Wood anatomical traits respond to environmental variables and among them, soil has a direct impact on secondary xylem. This study compares the wood anatomy of two populations of Ficus cestrifolia occurring in two lowland formations of Southern Brazil (MAQ and SJS) with similar climate but different soil conditions. Wood samples were collected at breast height and prepared according to standard wood anatomy techniques. Soil samples were collected and subjected to a nutrient analysis. Wood was described quali and quantitatively. The qualitative wood anatomical features of both populations were similar. Some quantitative differences were observed. In MAQ area, the levels of macro- and micronutrients were higher than in SJS. Its population presented higher vessel frequency, thicker-walled fibers, and lower vulnerability index. SJS's population had longer fibers, wider rays and a higher ray frequency, and higher vulnerability index. This suite of characters indicates that the MAQ population has a safer and more efficient xylem structure for water conduction. Under the influence of similar climate and soil type, differences regarding wood anatomical traits found between the two populations of Ficus cestrifolia can thus be regarded as an ecological response to the micro-environmental soils nutrients composition.

Resumo Cactáceas epífitas com potencial ornamental são encontradas na Mata Atlântica brasileira. As diferenças no processo de germinação e desenvolvimento inicial, entre espécies vegetais são de interesse na produção e estabelecimento de mudas. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a germinação e o desenvolvimento pós-seminal in vitro, em água e ágar, e a morfoanatomia do caule de indivíduos adultos, crescendo no ambiente natural de Rhipsalis neves-armondii, Rhipsalis teres e Lepismium cruciforme, ocorrentes em Santa Catarina. Análises do crescimento e desenvolvimento foram determinadas por medidas de comprimento, massa seca, teor de clorofilas e carotenóides. Análises anatômicas do hipocótilo e caule foram obtidas por secções transversais e paradérmicas utilizando técnicas clássicas. O desenvolvimento de plântulas, em água e ágar, indicou ser indispensável a incrementação de nutrientes, pois as substâncias de reserva foram exauridas até os 60 dias de cultivo. Em ágar, as sementes de R. neves-armondii não germinaram. Características anatômicas do hipocótilo das plântulas, bem como do caule dos indivíduos adultos, de R. teres e L. cruciforme foram similares. Cutícula espessa e parênquima aquífero constatados no hipocótilo e nos caules são características xéricas, importantes para economia hídrica destas epífitas que são protegidas da irradiação solar pelo forófito, mas com limitação de disponibilidade água.

Abstract Catasetum macrocarpum is an epiphytic orchid that has been subjected to strong environmental pressure in the state of Tocantins. This investigation aimed at studying the germination, growth and morpho-anatomical development of C. macrocarpum under in vitro conditions. The effects of three culture media on the in vitro germination and on the multiplication and growth of 90-day-old seedlings were studied: Murashige & Skoog (full- and half-strength), Knudson C, and Vacin & Went. The effects of different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the multiplication and growth of 120-day-old plants were evaluated. Anatomical studies were conducted on protocorms at different developmental stages. Acclimatization was also carried out. Knudson C was the best medium for seed germination whereas Vacin & Went promoted the greatest protocorm development. Half-strength Murashige & Skoog was the most effective medium for seedling multiplication and growth. The results revealed that 1 mg L-1 BA was the best treatment for shoot proliferation and leaf production. NAA at 0.5 mg L-1 strongly favored root formation. The anatomical study revealed that the early stages of C. macrocarpum development do not always coincide with the morphological phases described. The acclimatization of C. macrocarpum plants provided successful results regarding plant survival.

Abstract Some exotic species threat the integrity of natural environments due to their invasive potential. They can affect other species by releasing secondary compounds in the soil. Morus nigra (Moraceae) is an invasive species of riparian forests in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to verify if the aqueous extracts of fruit, fresh and dry leaves of M. nigra show phytotoxic effects on germination, seedling growth and membrane integrity of seedlings of Lactuca sativa. Extract concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% were tested. Germination rate and speed of germination were determined. Effects on initial growth were evaluated by measuring seedling root and shoot length, and membrane integrity was assessed by conductivity tests. Results showed the phytotoxicity of M. nigra aqueous extracts, causing significant inhibition on germination and seedling growth. The fruit extract was generally less phytotoxic than extracts from fresh and dry leaves. Moreover, the extracts induced changes in membrane integrity and caused morphological deformities in seedlings, such as necrotic roots and chlorotic plants. The high phytotoxicity of fruit, dry and fresh leaf extracts of M. nigra was evidenced, indicating the allelopathic potential of the species.

Resumo A partir de metodologia usual em taxonomia vegetal é apresentado o tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Aeschynomene presentes do estado de Goiás. Foram registradas 26 espécies correspondentes a 33 táxons, quatro deles endêmicos (A. nana, A. genistoides var. latifoliola, A. simplicifolia e A. veadeirana) e dez novos registros (A. evenia var. evenia, A. mollicula, A. montevidensis, A. parviflora, A. rudis, A. sensitiva var. sensitiva, A. sensitiva var. amazonica, A. sensitiva var. hispidula, A. viscidula e A. vogelii). Descrições, ilustrações, uma chave para os táxons, comentários sobre seus habitats, épocas de floração e frutificação e relacionamentos morfológicos, além de mapas de distribuição são apresentados.

Resumo A região Neotropical, detentora da maior riqueza de espécies no globo, ocorre do México Central ao sul do Brasil. Neste trabalho, buscamos sumarizar as principais informações disponíveis na literatura que caracterizam os biomas neotropicais de Florestas Sazonalmente Seca (FTSS), Chaco e Savanas. Revisamos hipóteses biogeográficas concernentes a esses ambientes que buscam explicar sua dinâmica histórica. Nosso objetivo é oferecer uma caracterização desses biomas como etapa principal para o entendimento das principais hipóteses biogeográficas a eles associadas. Ainda que comporte como um cenário atraente para pesquisa, as espécies neotropicais são pouco estudas, sendo questões referentes a seus aspectos ecológicos, origem, história evolutiva e manutenção da elevada biodiversidade desconhecidas ou, ainda, pouco compreendidas. Embora, nossa revisão apresente pesquisas com diferentes pontos de vista quanto à dinâmica biogeográfica das formações vegetais, há consenso de que é produto de complexa interação entre os processos históricos, ecológicos e biológicos. Os estudos em biodiversidade de regiões ameaçadas, como os Neotrópicos, são norteadores para simulações e previsões de impactos, planos e estratégias de pesquisa.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the morphofunctional attributes of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest species of different successional categories. Fruits were collected from forest remnants in Curitiba, Paraná. It was analyzed the biometrics of seeds and seedlings of all species and the following ratios were estimated: shoot/seedling length, shoot/seedling mass, cotyledons/seedling mass, eophyll/seedling mass and seedling/ seed mass. Statistical differences among sucessional groups were observed in many of the evaluated traits. The variability among species is mainly explained by seedling size, tissue investment for light interception and shoot resource allocation. Late secondary species have larger seedlings with characteristics that indicate slower initial development, dependent on seed reserves. The pioneers species have smaller seedlings but faster development and earlier dependence on photosynthesis. These morphological and functional differences can result in different strategies for the establishment of seedlings in the successional process. The cluster analysis results on formation of two major groups. The first group is comprised of the late secondary species. The second group includes two distinct subgroups that separate the pioneers, and most of the early secondary species. These results indicate that the number and quality of available data should be considered in the definition of successional categories adopted in ecological studies.

Abstract Cyperaceae is the third largest family among the monocotyledons and is highly represented in grassland environments. The aim of the present study was to conduct a floristic inventory of Cyperaceae in the grasslands of Guartelá State Park (GSP) and to elaborate keys to identify the species, the first for this family in this vegetation type in Paraná state. The GSP is home to relictual vegetation in Paraná, where grassland phytophysiognomies predominate, especially in open areas and rocky outcrops. The inventory was based on field collections and database searches. The family Cyperaceae is represented in the GSP by 32 taxa belonging to seven genera, with Rhynchospora (11 spp.), Bulbostylis (8 spp.), and Cyperus (7 spp.) being the genera with the greatest richness. It should be noted that all the species are native and two are endemic to Brazil. Species occurrence was recorded both in drylands and wetlands environments, emphasizing the importance of microenvironmental conservation in the park. The main literature sources for each genus, as well as information regarding distribution and habitat, are here provided.

Abstract A taxonomic treatment for Boraginales (Boraginaceae s.l.) and Lamiales (Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) in the Engenheiro Avidos Ecological Park, a full-protection reserve located in the semiarid region of Paraíba State in northeastern Brazil is presented in this study. At the Park, a total of 22 species were encountered, including nine species of Boraginaceae s.l., six species of Lamiaceae, and seven species of Verbenaceae. Vitex orinocensis (Lamiaceae) was found for the first time for Caatinga and also represents a new record for Paraíba state. Morphological descriptions, keys for separating the families and respective species; data concerning flowering, fruiting, geographic distributions, and of the preferred habitats of the species found in the study area are also provided.

Abstract This study analyzed the floristic, structural variations and their relationships with soil variables in two stretches of riparian vegetation in an ecotonal region between savanna and semiarid zones. We following the hypothesis of despite the proximity between the sampled areas, soil conditions are distinct and lead to changes in structure and composition of the vegetation. This study was development at EPA of Pandeiros River, Minas Gerais, where we allocated 140 plots of 10 × 10 m (100 m2), with 10 m distance between plots, in two areas of riparian vegetation, named Larga and São Domingos (70 plots in each area), where we conducted the phytosociological survey and collected soil samples. In total, 751 arboreal individuals were sampled, distributed in 89 species and 35 botanical families. The areas differed strongly in structure and species composition, and showed floristic peculiarities and influence of surrounding vegetation. Despite of low distance between the sampled areas, these are singular environments influenced by different soils, by the mixed composition of the ecotonal area and the anthropogenic impacts to which they are exposed.

Resumo Este trabalho consiste em um estudo florístico-taxonômico do clado Mimosoide (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) realizado no Parque Estadual Mata da Pimenteira, primeira Unidade de Conservação em caatinga do estado de Pernambuco, localizado no município de Serra Talhada. As coletas mensais foram realizadas no período compreendido entre março de 2015 e março de 2016. Foram identificadas 14 espécies (nove gêneros): Anadenanthera colubrina, Chloroleucon dumosum, Desmanthus pernambucanus, Enterolobium timbouva, Mimosa arenosa var. arenosa, M. candollei, M. ophthalmocentra, M. modesta var. ursinoides, M. pigra var. pigra, M. tenuiflora, Neptunia plena, Parapiptadenia zehntneri, Piptadenia stipulacea e Senegalia tenuifolia. Características como número de folíolos, forma e localização de nectários, tipo de inflorescência, morfologia dos frutos e sementes foram essenciais para identificação dos táxons. São apresentados chave de identificação, descrições, comentários de distribuição geográfica e de afinidades taxonômicas das espécies.

Abstract Fungi of Rhizoctonia complex are mycorrhizal of orchids and may to germinate yours seeds and development the seedlings. In this context, our objective was to select a fungal isolate to promote seed germination and seedling development of Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum. Pelotons were found in the roots and three mycorrhizal fungi were isolated. We tested mycorrhizal isolates obtained from C. saintlegerianum roots and six mycorrhizal fungi from other orchids as well three pathogenic isolates (of rice and bean) to germinate the seeds in oatmeal-agar medium. Seeds not inoculated were used as control. The isolates En07 (Waitea circinata), Cs10 (Tulasnella sp.) and Ro88 (Rhizoctonia oryzae) were efficient to promote seed germination, but only En07 differing statistically of the control. The non-specific isolate En07 promoted germination in 81% of seeds and the specific isolate (Cs10) promoted 60%, evidencing the non-specificity mycorrhizal association in this orchid during germination. Axenic seedlings were inoculated with four mycorrhizal fungi (non-inoculated seedlings - control). After six months, the isolates En07 and Cs10 were efficient in the interaction with the seedlings, but did not differ to the control. Therefore, our results suggested that fungi of the Rhizoctonia complex can be used in the germination and seedling development of C. saintlegerianum.

Abstract The phenological patterns of two populations of Cnidoscolus quercifolius were evaluated in the western Seridó region of Paraiba state, Brazil, from March 2009 to February 2011, with data collected monthly. The evaluations have addressed the quantitative method of analysis that represents the activity indices for both populations growing seasons (fall and sprout) and reproductive (flowering and fruiting), and also studied the intensity index Borchert, who evaluated the flow leaves. The stages were evaluated with respect to variations in rainfall, water potential of plant and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. The bud in the two populations occurred in the late dry season and transition into the rainy season, with peak leafing in January and November 2010 and was negatively correlated with rainfall (rs = -0.54 p <0.05). Leaf fall showed the peak phase in October 2009 and 2010, showing a direct relationship with water potential and photosynthetic quantum efficiency. The flowering and fruiting had greater synchrony in the seasonal rainy period, fruit set was positively correlated with precipitation values during the study period (rs = 0.56 p <0.05). The phenological events of C. quercifolius show marked seasonality in relation to precipitation, water potential and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II.

Resumen Blutaparon vermiculare y Funastrum glaucum crecen en suelos arenosos con baja disponibilidad de nutrimentos y poca capacidad de retención de agua, influenciadas además por salinidad, alta radiación y fuertes vientos. Se caracterizaron anatómicamente sus órganos vegetativos con el fin de distinguir rasgos que pudiesen vincularse a las condiciones del hábitat. Se recolectaron raíces, tallos y hojas, las cuales se procesaron siguiendo la metodología estándar para hacer montajes observables con microscopio óptico. En B. vermiculare las raíces son tri o tetrarcas con parénquima cortical de células voluminosas; los tallos jóvenes tienen una eustela típica; no obstante, al anillo vascular secundario típico, se adicionan otros, producidos por meristemas laterales; las hojas son epistomáticas y bifaciales con hipodermis abaxial acuífera y mesofilo con células radiadas alrededor de los haces vasculares. Funastrum glaucum tiene raíces diarcas; en sus tallos jóvenes es evidente hipodermis, parénquima clorofiliano en empalizada y tejido vascular primario organizado en un anillo con radios parenquimáticos estrechos; en estructura secundaria, se diferencia cambium vascular con actividad desigual; las hojas son carnosas, anfiestomáticas y bifaciales con epidermis abaxial papilosa. Destaca en B. vermiculare la abundancia de cristales en hojas y tallos, y en F. glaucum su importante reserva amilácea en caules. Se discuten los rasgos que aseguran la supervivencia de estos taxa, entre los que destacan: tejidos de protección desarrollados, presencia de reservorios de agua, anatomía Kranz, variantes en la actividad del cambium vascular.

Abstract We analyzed the reproductive phenology of Ditassa burchellii and the influence of abiotic factors on the species phenophases. The study was conducted on individuals of a natural population from a semi-deciduous forest (Viçosa municipality, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil). We quantified the activity and intensity indices of the following phenophases: flower bud, flower, immature fruit, and dehiscent fruit. To test for seasonality of phenophases, we analyzed each of them using Rayleigh test. We evaluated whether there was any association between abiotic variables (mean temperature, rainfall, and day length) and phenophases, in the month of occurrence and in the three months prior to the occurrence of each phenophase. The analyzed phenophases occurred mainly at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season, with overlapping periods, but with sequential peaks. The periods of occurrence of reproductive phenophases were similar to the ones in other climbing species and were mainly related to the dispersal mode. All phenophases were seasonal and were associated with at least one abiotic variable, either in the month of their occurrence or in the previous months.

Resumo Dentre os gêneros de Asteraceae destaca-se Mikania que compreende ca. 450 espécies de distribuição principalmente neotropical. Mikania é considerado monofilético e pode ser facilmente reconhecido pelos capítulos com quatro flores e quatro brácteas involucrais subentendidos por uma bráctea subinvolucral. Este estudo objetivou realizar o levantamento florístico do gênero Mikania no Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. Foram analisadas amostras dos herbários ALCB, EAC, HCDAL, HUEFS, HVASF, IPA, K, P, NY e R, consultadas bibliografias especializadas e imagens disponíveis nas bases SpeciesLink, JSTOR e Herbário Virtual Reflora, além de coletas obtidas atraves de expedições a campo. Para o Ceará foram listadas oito espécies de Mikania, das quais três são novos registros. Mikania biformis é também nova ocorrência para a Região Nordeste. Mikania elliptica e M. ternata foram coletadas em ambientes de mata úmida; a primeira possuía registros apenas para a Bahia e Minas Gerais, em áreas de Caatinga e Cerrado, e a segunda, para a Bahia e regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil nos domínios do Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. As demais espécies (M. congesta, M. cordifolia, M. micrantha, M. psilostachya e M. vitifolia) são amplamente distribuídas no Brasil.