RCAAP Repository

This paper presents results from a new model of field-line-integrated ionospheric conductivity for the Brazilian equatorial region. It was developed aiming to calculate zonal electric fields at E-region heights in the equatorial region. The present model is based on a constant neutral atmosphere model and on an empirical electron densities model (which also gives the ion composition) adjusted by E-region electron density measured by digisonde. It is also based on a geomagnetic field model that we approximate with a dipole which is not located at the centre of the Earth due to the large magnetic declination angle in the Brazilian sector. We have also considered the eccentric dipole having an inclination of 20º with respect to the Earth rotation axis. The conductivities are calculated for the year 2002 and the results from the present model are compared to those obtained from the conductivity model of the Kyoto University.

Meter size irregularities are routinely studied with radars in the equatorial and low latitude regions. In both instances echoes from the E-region (90 to 120 km altitude) are a common occurrence. The resulting echoes are labeled as so-called Type I or Type II according to their spectral signature. In this paper we show that the phase velocity of Type I echoes increases with decreasing altitude owing to thermal feedback effects taking place in the growth process. We also show that Type II echoes can be influenced by atmospheric neutral winds to the point of revealing the presence of Kelvin- Helmholtz billows, as shown by a recently studied example taken from the Gadanki radar in India.

Spectral analysis of radar echoes through spectral moment estimation allows to identify the characteristics of plasma irregularities from equatorial electrojet. The curve fitting using the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) was chosen as the technique to obtain the plasma irregularity information. The implication of applying distinct number of incoherent integration to simulated Type 1 plasma irregularity radar spectra is investigated. The response of the fitting is evaluated using the covariance matrix of the MLE. A statistical study of incoherent integration applied to equatorial electrojet plasma irregularity spectra is presented in order to determine its effects over the estimation of Doppler velocities. The optimal values of incoherent integrations in relation to the goodness of the fitting are obtained in order to better determine the Type 1 plasma irregularity characteristics.

The height variation of the ionospheric electron density was measured with rocket-borne electron density probes from Alcântara (2.31ºS; 35.2ºW) in Brazil. A Black Brant X sounding rocket was launched on 14-th October 1994 at 19h55min (LT) to investigate the phenomenon of high-altitude equatorial spread-F events. Ground equipments were operated during the campaign to ensure that the rocket was launched under conditions favorable for the generation of plasma bubbles in the F-region. The electron density was measured by three different types of probes. A High Frequency Capacitance probe (HFC) gave density data with low height resolution, while a conventional Langmuir Probe (LP) and a Plasma Frequency Probe (PFP) measured the electron density and the spatial fluctuations in it. The k-spectra of the plasma irregularities were obtained by the spectral analysis of the electron density fluctuation data. An important feature observed was the continuous presence of plasma irregularities of a large range of vertical scale sizes in the altitude range of 340 km to 817 km. The electron number density varied considerably in these spatial structures, for example a decrease by a factor of 2.6 in a vertical extension of 1 km near the altitude of 497 km. Near 535 km altitude the electron density increased by a factor of 1.8 within a height range of 2.7 km. Density structures of vertical scale sizes in the range of hundreds of meters also were observed superposed on the large-scale structures. During the rocket upleg two height regions of intense irregularities were observed, one between 366 and 480 km and the other between 684 and 812 km. The Langmuir Probe (LP) could make measurements of irregularities of vertical scale sizes more than 8 m in these height ranges, while the Plasma Frequency Probe, could make measurements of irregularities of vertical scale sizes as small as 0.5 m. Spectral features of these irregularities as observed by the two plasma probes at different height regions are presented and discussed here.

O estudo das irregularidades ionosféricas ou bolhas de plasma é muito importante para se entender os processos dinâmicos da alta atmosfera. A sua variabilidade é um elemento determinante na previsão do clima espacial, portanto a previsão em curto prazo do comportamento das bolhas é essencial para o planejamento de atividades e de sistemas de aplicações espaciais. Neste trabalho apresentamos resultados de dois anos (setembro de 2000 a agosto de 2002) de observações de bolhas de plasma através de dados do airglow (OI 630,0 nm) coletados por um imageador "all sky" instalado em São João do Cariri (7º13'S; 35º52'W). O fenômeno de bolhas de plasma apresentou um comportamento sazonal caracterizado pelo seu surgimento entre os meses de setembro e março dos dois anos observados, sendo que nos outros meses foram poucas vezes que detectamos bolhas. Por outro lado, pode-se ver também que durante os meses de equinócio o pico de ocorrência das bolhas aconteceu mais cedo [ ~ 20:30 hora local (LT)] do que nos meses do verão durante o qual o pico de ocorrência ficou por volta das 21:30 às 23:30 LT. Durante o verão a ocorrência de bolhas de plasma foi mais acentuada do que nos meses de equinócios. As condições dinâmicas do plasma ionosférico em baixas latitudes são dominadas pela deriva eletromagnética e dependem da condutividade ao longo das linhas de campo entre as regiões E conjugadas (latitudes conjugadas). Desta forma, o alinhamento entre o meridiano magnético e o terminadouro (linha de transição noite-dia) é o responsável pela variação sazonal das bolhas, bem como pela maior ocorrência deste fenômeno durante os meses do verão.

Several sounding rockets carrying plasma diagnostic experiments were launched from the Brazilian rocket launching stations in Natal (5.9ºS, 35.2ºW Geog. Lat.) and Alcântara (2.31ºS, 44.4ºW Geog. Lat.). Langmuir Probes (LP) were used to measure the height profiles of electron density and electron temperature and High Frequency Capacitance (HFC) probes were used to measure electron density. The LP's were also used to measure the amplitude of electron density fluctuations. A detailed study of the characteristic features of electron density irregularities in the scale size range of less than a meter to a few kilometres, observed by rocket-borne electron density probes under different ionospheric conditions is presented here. The main objective of these studies is the identification of these irregularities from the point of view of the dynamic and electrodynamic processes responsible for their generation. The existing theories of the Rayleigh Taylor Instability (RTI) mechanism applicable for conditions of the geomagnetic equatorial ionosphere over Brazil are critically examined in the light of the observations. The observed characteristics of the irregularities during four rocket launches are compared with the theoretically expected characteristics. These results confirm the operation of a cascade process that is responsible for the generation of a wide spectrum of irregularities. The large-scale irregularities are first generated probably by the RTI mechanism that creates conditions favourable for the operation of the Cross-Field (CFI) or the Gradient Drift Instability (GDI) mechanism. From the k-spectra of irregularities it is possible to obtain the spectral index n corresponding to the height chosen. In most of the cases the estimated spectral indices agree well with those published in the literature for the cases of irregularities generated by the GDI mechanism.

The effects of two intense magnetic storms over ionospheric irregularities were analyzed using GPS signal scintillation data from the stations of São Luís (2.57ºS, 44.21ºW, dip latitude 1.73ºS) in the equatorial region, São José dos Campos (23.07ºS, 45.86ºW, dip latitude 18.01ºS) and Cachoeira Paulista (22.57ºS, 45.07ºW, dip latitude 18.12ºS) both under the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), and São Martinho da Serra (29.28ºS, 53.82ºW, dip latitude 18.57ºS), located in the South of Brazil. Total Electron Content (TEC) data for São Luís and São José dos Campos, were also analyzed. The analyzed storms occurred on October 28-31, 2003 and on November 7-11, 2004. Both storm periods presented two main phases. In the nights of 29/30 and 30/31 of October, during the two storm main phase, it was observed that TEC over São José dos Campos reached higher values than the TEC for the magnetically quiet day of October 10, due to the effect of eastward electric field prompt penetration to magnetic equator that intensified the EIA. Compared to a quiet day (Oct 10), scintillation in the GPS signal amplitude due to ionospheric irregularity, quantified by the scintillation index S4, was stronger for Cachoeira Paulista (under EIA) during the night of 30/31but not for the night of 29/30 and for São Martinho da Serra was stronger during the nights of 29/30 and 30/31. Scintillation for the nights of 29/30 and 30/31 at these two stations lasted longer than on October 10, reaching the post midnight time sector. During the November 7-11 storm, TEC kept the behavior of a quiet day except during days 10 and 11 (up to 9 UT), when a large TEC decrease was observed. The GPS scintillation, compared to the quiet day November 19, was larger at the equatorial station of São Luís during the nights of 7/8 and 8/9 and it was completely inhibited for the São Luís and São José dos Campos stations during the nights of 9/10 and 10/11, probably due to action of westward disturbance dynamo electric field penetration to equator.

An analysis of geomagnetic storm variations and the count rate of cosmic ray muons recorded at the Brazilian Southern Space Observatory -OES/CRS/INPE-MCT, in São Martinho da Serra, RS during the month of November 2004, is presented in this paper. The geomagnetic measurements are done by a three component low noise fluxgate magnetometer and the count rates of cosmic ray muons are recorded by a Muon Scintilator Telescope - MST, both instruments installed at the Observatory. The fluxgate magnetometer measures variations in the three orthogonal components of Earth magnetic field, H (North-South), D (East-West) and Z (Vertical), with data sampling rate of 0.5 Hz. The Muon Scintilator Telescope records hourly count rates. The arrival of a solar disturbance can be identified by observing the decrease in the muon count rate. The goal of this work is to describe the physical morphology and phenomenology observed during the geomagnetic storm of November 2004, using the H component of the geomagnetic field and vertical channel V of the multi-directional muon detector in South of Brazil.

In this work we present an analysis on the correction efficiency of atmospheric effects on cosmic ray São Martinho da Serra's muon telescope and Newark's neutron monitor data. We use a Multitaper spectral analysis of cosmic rays time series to show the main periodicities present in the corrected and uncorrected data for the atmospheric effects. This kind of correction is very important when intends to study cosmic rays variations of extra-terrestrial origin.

In this paper we study the relationship between Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) and the muon count rate decreases detected of the Muon Detector Network on November 6-12, 2004. The Muon Detector Network is composed by the detectors installed at Nagoya (Japan), Hobart (Australia) and the prototype detector installed at the "Observatório Espacial do Sul - OES/CRSPE/INPE-MCT", located in São Martinho da Serra, RS, Brazil. With the muon count rate observed by the Muon Detector Network, we will be able to observe, in the future, the direction in which a given ICME moves, and with that, we will be able to calculate their angle of incidence on the Earth. Also, with this muon network, we will be able to send alerts of up to 12 hours before the arrival of a shock or an ICME. The Space Weather forecast method using cosmic rays will be a very important tool because it provides a forecast with good antecedence.

Fast forward interplanetary shocks (FFS) are characterized by positive jump in all interplanetary plasma parameters (solar wind speed, temperature and density) and interplanetary magnetic field. However the fast reverse interplanetary shocks (FRS) are characterized by negative jump in all mentioned parameters except solar wind speed. Observations show that FFS cause positive sudden impulses (SI) while FRS cause negative SI in the H-component of the geomagnetic field. In this work we investigate the SI caused by interplanetary shocks. We use the observed plasma parameters, upstream and downstream, to calculate the variation of dynamic pressure. We observe that the SI amplitude is larger for positive SI than for negative ones, as a consequence of the fact that FFS have larger dynamic pressure variations as compared to FRS.

A sand dune located near São Bento do Norte and Caiçara do Norte towns (northern coastal region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil) is rapidly migrating toward urban areas. To understand the depositional processes (evolution of the dune), a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey was carried out. The survey is composed by sixteen profiles in E-W direction, which is parallel to the dominant wind direction, and five profiles in N-S direction. In both directions, it was used antennas of 200 MHz and 80 MHz. Additionally, a topographic survey, excavations of two trenches, and grain size analysis were also carried out. The GPR imaged the internal sedimentary structures of the coastal deposits so that it was possible to reconstruct the depositional history of the area. Initially, marine sediments were deposited during the final period of a marine regression of Holocene age. After the exposure of the area, a first phase of aeolian deposition occurred over the marine sediments. Later, a depositional hiatus took place, probably associated with partial erosion of the dune. Finally, a second phase of aeolian deposition occurred, covering all previous strata. Based on the geometry of foresets and bounding surfaces, it was interpreted that, in the second phase of aeolian deposition, the dune changed its morphology from barchan to dome. The morphology change appears to have occurred when the migration front of the dune faced the obstacle constituted by a ramp along in the depositional surface dipping against the wind direction. According to the similarities of the foreset dips in the first and second phases of aeolian deposition, the prevailing dominant winds were very similar to present day dominant winds. So, it is likely that the rapidly migration process of the dune toward urban areas is an entirely natural process.

A Embrapa Cerrados e a Universidade de Brasília desenvolveram um projeto que estudou a viabilidade da aplicação de carbonatito como fertilizante agrícola. Como experimento piloto, utilizaram-se diferentes misturas de carbonatito, calcário, superfosfato triplo (SFT) e cloreto de potássio (KCl) como fertilizantes em uma área de latossolo vermelho, na região central do Distrito Federal. Esta área foi dividida em 56 parcelas medindo 4 × 7m nas quais foram adicionadas as misturas de fertilizantes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se a adição das misturas ao solo modificou suas características radiométricas e de resistividade e se é possível identificar esta mudança. Realizaram-se medições da radiação gama e de resistividade elétrica na área do experimento e em uma área de cerrado nativo. Os resultados mostraram que a adição dos fertilizantes ao solo causou uma pequena elevação dos teores de K, U e Th e diminuiu cerca de dez vezes os valores de resistividade elétrica. Observou-se um baixo contraste radiométrico entre as parcelas que compõem o experimento, de modo que não foi possível diferenciar os vários tratamentos com base nas medidas gamaespectrométricas. A resistividade elétrica mostrou-se capaz de individualizar três grupos de parcelas em relação às características das misturas adicionadas, respectivamente com predomínio de SFT, de KCl e da mistura exclusiva de calcário e carbonatito.

Neste trabalho implementa-se um modelo de transferência radiativa numa atmosfera estratificada em 16 camadas. O esquema tem estrutura estocástica com transições aleatórias de fótons difusos de estados transitórios até um estado de absorção numa camada da atmosfera, no céu ou no solo. O formalismo está associado a uma cadeia de Markov de primeira ordem. O modelo é uma estrutura simples, mas eficiente quando comparado com outros modelos usados para atmosfera de múltiplas camadas. A estrutura do modelo permite o cálculo da refletância planetária, radiação solar global à superfície e a absorção na atmosfera. Os parâmetros de transição são avaliados mediante aproximação delta-SS de dois fluxos. Verifica-se um bom desempenho do modelo ao se comparar a radiação solar global à superfície com dados medidos à superfície e com o código SBDART (Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer). A precisão do modelo, na estimativa da transmitância da atmosfera, o torna importante para pesquisadores que atuam na área de sensoriamento remoto. As principais vantagens do modelo utilizado são: estrutura simples, boa precisão e fácil adaptação para uma atmosfera composta por um número par de camadas.

O modelo de geração e propagação de ondas SWAN é amplamente utilizado pela comunidade científica para obtenção de estimativas do espectro de ondas em áreas costeiras, lagos e estuários. O cálculo da difração não era representado no modelo tornando as simulações em regiões próximas a obstáculos ou portos menos precisas. Recentemente, uma aproximação para o cálculo da difração foi implementada, porém poucos trabalhos publicados até o momento abordam esta questão. Seu desempenho é então investigado em um terminal portuário, uma região onde difração e reflexão são importantes. Para validar suas estimativas, um modelo baseado nas equações de Boussinesq é empregado juntamente com medições realizadas em um modelo em escala reduzida do porto. Para ondas irregulares, com espalhamento direcional mais amplo, a importância da difração é comparativamente menor. A reflexão das ondas incidentes, por sua vez, é significativa aumentando a energia dentro do porto. Contudo, os cálculos do modelo não convergem quando SWAN é configurado para computar difração e reflexão simultaneamente. Conclui-se que, para situações tipicamente encontradas em portos, com ondas irregulares próximas a obstáculos refletivos, a presente versão do SWAN deve ser configurada sem a opção de cálculo da difração.

Este trabalho descreve os resultados obtidos com o método da eletrorresistividade usando a técnica da sondagem elétrica vertical (arranjo Schlumberger) aplicada em estudos ambientais envolvendo as águas subterrâneas. A vulnerabilidade natural de aqüíferos, importante ferramenta em estudos ambientais, pode ser estimada a partir de métodos geoelétricos, cujos parâmetros resistividade e condutância longitudinal, aliados ao tipo de ocorrência dos aqüíferos (livre a confinado) e profundidade do nível d'água, permitiram obter um índice de vulnerabilidade natural correspondente ao normalmente utilizado. Os resultados, aplicados em uma fase preliminar de estudos, são bons, permitindo um melhor direcionamento e programação das fases posteriores.

This paper presents geophysical and geochemical evidence for the possible existence of cold, subducted lithosphere beneath the Saint Paul Fracture Zone of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The ocean floor along the fracture zone is characterized by a high percentage of abyssal peridotites. The abyssal peridotites were emplaced by tectonic uplift of the oceanic lithosphere. The top of the ridge is exposed at Saint Peter and Saint Paul islets. The Os isotopic composition of these abyssal peridotites indicate the presence of old depleted mantle material in this region with Re-depletion model ages (T RD) from 0.32 to 1.1Ga. Melt inclusions in plagioclase phenocrysts of the MORB close to this location have boninitic composition, suggesting that some basalts originated from low-degree mantle melting. The global tomography models show fast seismic velocities in the upper and lower mantle of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, consistent with the presence of cold subducted lithosphere. The range of Re-depletion model ages are consistent with paleo-reconstructions of plate motion, suggesting that the fossil subducted slab was formed during the closure of both the Iapetus and the Rheic oceans.

Apresenta-se neste trabalho o resultado do processamento dos dados aeromagnetométricos da região de Oliveira (escala 1:100.000), situada na porção meridional do Cráton São Francisco, em Minas Gerais. A geologia dessa folha compreende rochas ígneas e metamórficas arqueanas, atribuídas ao Complexo Metamórfico Campo Belo, seqüências supracrustais (arqueanas e proterozóicas) e um enxame de diques máficos do Proterozóico. Em função de seu avançado manto intempérico a região carece de afloramentos rochosos e, nesse particular, a magnetometria auxilia o mapeamento geológico. A interpretação realizada permitiu a caracterização de 5 grandes famílias de lineamentos estruturais, ora denominados de L, M, N, O e P, existentes no substrato siálico regional. O mapeamento geológico, realizado a seguir, reconheceu que os lineamentos no campo estão relacionados, predominantemente, a duas famílias de diques máficos (gabronoríticos e gabróicos), metaultramafitos, formações ferríferas e falhas.

Among the indirect methods applied to environmental monitoring, electrical resistivity has played an important role in accessing water flow in the non-saturated zone of the soil and, consequently, aquifer recharge. This work evaluates the influence of some pedo-geomorphologic properties in the infiltration and percolation of water through the superficial soil horizons by means of multitemporal electrical resistivity sections. The experiments were carried out in two areas of distinct pedo-geomorphological characteristics developed on the crystalline basement of southeastern Brazil. The first is situated in a hollow -shaped slope where lixisols predominate; the second, in a nose -shaped slope where well-developed soils (ferralsols ) predominate. The results proved the efficiency of the electrical resistivity method to delimit percolation of tropical soils, even when subtle differences are found in the hydraulic properties of the soil. It was also possible to establish that in the nose slope percolation is faster than in the hollow.

Este trabalho utilizou dados multiespectrais (ETM+/Landsat 7), de radar de abertura sintética (RADARSAT-1 e MAPSAR simulado) e aerogeofísicos para caracterização geológica e geração de alvos exploratórios para mineralizações de ferro no bloco Serra Leste, porção oriental da Serra de Carajás (PA). A técnica Minimun Noise Fraction (MNF) foi aplicada às seis bandas do sensor ETM+/Landsat 7, produzindo-se o realce de coberturas ricas em ferro. Dados SAR permitiram a observação da macrotopografia e lineamentos que foram também interpretados com base em dados aerogeofísicos e multiespectrais. As imagens geofísicas e SAR do RADARSAT-1 foram integradas por meio da técnica IHS (intensidade-matiz-saturação), e os produtos gerados foram usados para uma melhor delimitação de unidades geológicas e para definição de alvos para prospecção de ferro. O método de classificação supervisionada Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) foi aplicado a um conjunto de imagens geofísicas selecionadas a partir da determinação do modelo descritivo das mineralizações de ferro e das assinaturas geofísicas verificadas no alvo Serra Leste. Utilizando-se a ocorrência documentada de ferro na região como ponto de treinamento, um mapa de favorabilidade foi produzido. Os resultados da classificação SAM mostraram-se equivalentes ou superiores quanto a sua acurácia quando comparados ao mapa geológico e produtos de realce espectral produzidos neste artigo.