RCAAP Repository

Spatial distribution of birds was studied in 10 ha forest fragment at Londrina State University, southem Brazil (23º15'S, 51º10'W). Five habitats were categorized in the forest fragment: four related to the edges and one related to the forest interior. A line transect, crossing ali these habitats, was used to identify the bird species one day each two weeks from September 1996 to September 1997 totaling 57 days of samplings. The forest was divided into three leveis: understory (bellow 3 m), mid-levels (3-7 m) and canopy (above 7 m). Occurrence frequencies in each habitat and each forest levei were calculated for each of the 62 species identified during the field work. The number of species in each levei was similar (43 species in the understory, 42 at mid-levels and 40 in the canopy). Edges had higher number of species (51, 46, 33 and 30 species) and most of them with more than 50% of occurrence frequency. By contrast, forest had the lowest number of bird species (29 species), 80% of them with less than 50% of occurrence frequency, what suggest that the edge effect is strong on this forest fragment.

The mean values of hepatosomatic relation (HSR), splenosomatic relation (SSR) and relative condition factor (Kn) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilolicus Trewavas, 1983); pacu (Piaractus mesopolamicus Holmberg, 1887); piauçu (Lepori-nus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988) and tambacu hybrid (P. mesopotamicus male x Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 female) are described. The experiment was carried out from feefishing farm situated in Franca, São Paulo State, Brazil. Nile tilapia showed the greatest HSR compared to pacu, piauçu and tambacu. Although, in the last three fishes the relation was similar. The SSR between tilapia and piausu was similar, but smaller than observed in pacu and tambacu. Nevertheless, SSR in pacu and tambacu was different. The hepatic weight/body weigth relation and hepatic weight/body length relation presented positive correlation in ali studied fishes. The splenic weight/body weigth relation and splenic weight/body length relation were not significam (P>0.05) in Nile tilapia, pacu and tambacu, but highly significant in piauçu (PO.01).

During one year of the project called "Survey of the Entomological Fauna in Paraná State" (henceforth PROFAUPAR), 126,340 adult specimens of Trichoptera were collected with light trap. The individuais of the family Hydropsychidae were identified and a list of species is presented. Eighteen species in four genera were identified. From this, S. (R.) discalis Flint, 1972,5. (R.) paramnsis Flint, 1983;S (R.) spinulosa Flint, 1972 are for the first time registered for Brazil and Leptonema sparsum (Ulmer, 1905), Macrostemum hyalinum (Pictet, 1836), S. (Smicridea) albosignata Ulmer, 1907; S. (Rhyacophylax) dentifera Flint, 1983; S. (R.) iguazu Flint, 1983; S. (R.) piraya Flint, 1983; S. (R.) unguiculaia Flint, 1983; S. (R.) vermiculata Flint, 1978 and S. (R.) weidneri Flint, 1972, for Paraná State. Discussion about the individuais abundance and species seasonality is presented.

The genus Harmonides Kirkaldy, 1902 is revised. The following species are treated: Harmonides dispar (Fabricius, 1803) (= Boethoos glohosa Haviland, 1925, syn.n.; = Vanduzea [sic] decorata Funkhouser, 1940, syn.n.); Harmonides reticulata (Fabricius, 1803) (= Vanduzea [sic] testudinea Haviland, 1925, syn.n.); Harmonides panamensis, sp.n. (Panama); Harmonides elongata, sp.n. (Brazil, Mato Grosso).

Amorphological study of the immature stages of Eupalea reinhardti Crotch, 1874 is presented. Morphological information is discussed and biological data are included. The immature stages are compared with those of other genera of Coccinellidae.

Seven new species here described and illustra-ted are: Amblycerus spinigersp.n. from Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia and Espírito Santo; A. decoris sp.n. and A. manauara sp.n. from Amazonas; A. sclerolobii sp.n. from Amazonas and Minas Gerais; A. profaupar sp.n. from São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul; A. maculicollis sp.n. from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul; A. pusillus sp.n. from Mato Grosso and Paraná.

This paper deals with the occurrence and schol sizes of the Brazilian-sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879), in coastal waters of" Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), during the years 1993-1997. The schools are more frequent and heavier in bay and surroundings of Grande Island; another area, with lesser importance, remains between the Cape of São Tome and surroundings of Cabo Frio, under influence of coastal upwelling. The heavier schools are found in April-June (autumn), soon after lhe reproduction period. The schools swim in surface waters with until 80 meters in depth. but more than 98% of them are restricted to waters until 50 meters; about 41% of schools are found in places of 10 - 20 meters, with clear reduction of their frequencies in higher depths; schools with more than 10 tons tend to swim in surface waters with 31-60 meters in depth. The schools reach the maximum size of 95 tons, but around 88% of them do not exceed the 15 tons; the smaller ones, with until 5 tons, correspond to almost 42% of those caught, with frequency reductions as increase their sizes.

From 126,340 adult specimens of Trichoptera captured with light trap during one year of the project called "Survey of the Entomological Fauna in Paraná State" (Paraná, Brazil), 6,375 belong to the family Leptoceridae. The individuals of the family were identified and a list of species is presented. The following species are recorded for the first time to Paraná State: Achoropsyche duodecimpunctata (Navas. 1916); Nectopsyche aureovittala Flint, 1983; Nectopsyche fuscomaculata Flint, 1983; Nectopsyche muhni (Navas, 1916); Nectopsyche separata (Banks, 1920); Nectopsyche ortizi Holzenthal, 1995; Nectopsyche splendida (Navas, 1917) and Tripleclides gracilis (Burmeister, 1839). Discussion on individual abundance and species seasonality are also presented.

The present report is related to an oxyurid nematode recovered from a reptilian host, Mabuya frenata (Cope, 1862) and the proposal of Skrjabinodon helicostai sp.n., based mainly on findings referring to the lateral alae, position of excretory pore and vulvar apertures, cuticular spines of the tail and aspect of the eggs. The examination of types of Skrjabinodon capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibanez, 1968) from a Peruvian lizard, indicated the reallocation of this species in the genus Thelandros Wedl., 1862, as T. capacyupanquii comb.n., based on the diameter of the caudal appendage of males and position of the vulvar aperture. The new species described herein represents the first report of a species of the genus Skrjabinodon Inglis, 1968 in South America.

Inspite of Etythrina species exhibit morphologic attributes for adaptation to pollination by nectarivorous birds mentioned in the literature, E. speciosa is pollinated by lots of bees (Apinae and Meliponinae) which show a great urban occurrence. Systems of E. speciosa floral reproduction, fenology, diversity, frequency and constancy of insects visiting at different hours and flowering periods were studied. E. speciosa is Biocompatible, but xenogamy is the predominant system of reproduction. A large diversity of insects visiting the inflorescences was observed, with predominance of bees. The bee species showed a higher frequency: Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (45,0 %), Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) (28,6%), Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier, 1836) (12,2 %) and the ant Zacryptoceruspusillus Klug, 1824 (2,8 %). Constant but not frequent were the bees (Apidae) Plebeia droryana (Friese, 1900), Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900), Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836), Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), the wasps (Vespidae) Polybia paulista Ihering, 1896, Protopolybia exigua (de Saussure, 1854), Agelaia pallipes (Olivier. 1791), the ant (Formicidae) Pseudomyrmex sp. and the beetle (Chrysomelidae) Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824). E. speciosa flowers were visited by hummingbirds (Trochilidae): Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), Clorostilbon aureoventris (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) and Amazilia sp. The birds Passer domeslicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ploceidae) and Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) (Emberizidac), also are present. The frequency and insect distribution were influenced by ambiental factors. Temperature, light, time, barometric pressure, relative humidity and wind velocity were significantly correlated with insect numbers. There is a visit sequence, by floral resource disponibility during the day, conditioned by transport ability, insect numbers and colony necessity, which begins by A. mellifera followed by meliponid bees. These bees make the pollination when they collect the pollen. There is a great animal variety which are sustained by flowers. It is suggested that E. speciosa is one important food source for urban fauna in winter, and so it should be utilized more frequently in streets, parks and gardens arborization.

The validity of Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998 as a new species was analysed. On the basis of comparisons with Aegla paulensis Schmitt, A. rosanae was considered its junior synonym.

The estuary is an important feeding and resting site for mixed flocks of coastal seabirds, limnological inhabitants and also edge inhabitants. Once in a month, three census were done on the bird fauna with two hours intervals within observations, during the period from January/96 to December/98. The results showed the presence of 45 species, where 45,7% were regularly observed, while 17,9 occurred seasonally and 36,4% were occasional in the census. The highest abundance occurred during the winter and spring months, and the lowest during the summer and autumn. The medium annual diversity index varied between 1,68 ± 0,36 and 1,82 ± 0,34. The highest similarity of fauna was observed between the years 1997 and 1998.

Inside of the parasitoses context in fish, the study was successful to us verified the lerniose was present in the north area of the State. It had reached the native fish in the basin of the river Tibagi. For the study, visits were made to the aquaculture and samples collected in the area of Sertanopolis on the river Tibagi. We verified that the lerniose was growing in the area and had already reached several species of native fish of the river Tibagi. This concein for ali the researchers of the area, as well as the producers of fish.

Description of the fifth larval instar and pupa of Dasyophthalma rusina rusina (Godart, [1824]) from material reared in southern Brasil are described and illustrated. The larva feed on leaves of Geonoma schottiana Martius (Arecaceae).

This paper describes the first nine juvenile stages of Cyrtograpsus angulatus Dana, 1851 obtained in laboratory conditions from three ovigerous females collected at "Molhes da Barra", Rio Grande, Brazil (32ºS and 52ºW). The main morphological features, the secondary sexual characters and the gills ontogeny were observed. Twenty one individuals reached until the ninth juvenile stage. Sexual dimorphism can be verified from the fourth juvenile stage and the number of gills are complete at the second juvenile stage.

Groups of Heterotemies tenuis (Hagen, 1858) from five infestation points were paired in bioassays to investigate the intercolony aggression. The combinations of arena sizes (Petri dishes of 6.0 and 9.0 cm) and temperatures (25 and 28 ºC) were assessed for effects on intraspecific agonism. Agonistic behavior was scored positive in arena if more than half of the starting number of termites was dead and injured after 17 hours. After the intraspecific encounters it was possible to delimitate three colonies from the five infestation points. No significant differential survival was seen in two different arena sizes and two different temperatures. These assays indicate that the factors governing the agonistic behavior in H. tenuis are complex and seems to be dependent on environmental conditions and individual characteristies (age, size and caste).

The effects of forest fragmentation on tree-hole nesting solitary wasps and bees were investigated at a site 90 km north of Manaus, Brazil. Wasp and bee faunas were monitored in continuous terra firme forest, forest fragments of 1, 10 and 100 ha, natural gaps in continuous forest and deforested areas. These habitats were studied in terms of abundance, richness, diversity and similarity. The wasps and bees were monitored monthly during June 1988 through June 1990 by means of a trap-nests technique. A total of 1529 nests of wasps of 24 species and 405 nests of bees of 14 species were collected. The number of species of wasps and bees varied little among the habitats. The genus Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Sphecidae) accounted for 79% of wasp nests and Centris Fabricius, 1804 (Anthophoridae) for 56% of bee nests. Wasps showed an overall preference for cleared areas and fragments of 1 ha, whereas bees showed an overall preference for continuous forest and natural gaps. Nevertheless, some species of wasps showed a preference for nesting in continuous forest and some bees a preference for deforested areas. Species found in deforested areas also nested in small size forest fragments. This shows that species occurring predominantly in cleared áreas can also colonize small forest fragments. The diversity of wasps and bees was greater in continuous forest. The composition of wasp and bee faunas of continuous forest was different from that of altered habitats. The similarity between the natural gaps and cleared areas was the smallest. The data suggest that the forest adapted bees are more sensitive to habitai fragmentation than the corresponding species of wasps. It is concluded that the preexisting cavity nesting solitary wasp and bee communities were altered by the forest fragmentation. However, it appears that at least in part, the natural variation in continuous forest could be responsible for the resulte obtained from this study.

Epilachna paenulata (Germar, 1824) was reared feeding on pumpkin leaves (Cucurbita pepo Lourt.) in laboratory conditions at temperatures of 20±0,5ºC, relative humidity of 65±0,5% and 12 hour photoperiod. Groups of fecunded and non-fecunded females were studied. The ovarioles showed four developing stages during egg production, morphologically alike for fecunded and non-fecunded females, but differing in the duration time of the stages. Each ovarium has 24 ovarioles on average, less than any other species known into the genus, and all ovarioles are physiologically active at each oviposition. The mean number of ovarioles is lower when compared with the other species of Epilachninae known. Fecunded and non-fecunded females showed a similar preoviposition period, but longer than any other species known into the genus. The interoviposition period is shorter among fecunded females than non-fecunded and among other species of the genus. The number of ovipositions and eggs per oviposition and the daily oviposition rate are higher among fecunded females than non-fecunded and any other species of the genus. Differing from other Coccinellidae species, the mean eggs width do not change between the first and second ovipositions. The eggs handling decrease the larvae viability. The differences observed in the number of eggs per oviposition, in the interoviposition periods and the daily oviposition rate between fecunded and non-fecunded females showed that mate changes the female reprodutive capacity.

A sandfly survey was carried out in 100 x 150 m patches of primary forest submitted to recent deforestation in order to determine its species composition 10-30 days after clearing. The following collecting methods were used: CDC traps whit black light; Malaise traps placed at 0.5, 1, 5 and 10m up from the the soil surface; Pennsylvania traps whit black light; Malaise traps, tree-base catches and human baits. A total of 2810 specimens of Lutzomyia França, 1924 and one species of Brumptomyia França & Parrot, 1921, were collected. In general, the predominant species were L. chagasi (Costa Lima, 1941) (25.9%), L. davisi (Root, 1934) (12.3%), L. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940) (9.32%) and L. ubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942), (6.93%). The higher diversity in species was obtained with the CDC traps placed at 1 m and 5 m heights. In the human bait collections, the species of the subgenus Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941, predominated. Lutzomyia ubiquitalis was collected in both, Malaise and Pennsylvania traps. In the tree-base collections, L. damascenoi Mangabeira, 1941, L. dendrophyla (Mangabeira, 1942) and L. souza-castroi (Damasceno & Causey, 1944) were the predominant species. Of all collected species, five of the subgenus Lutzomyia, six of the subgenus Psychodopygus and one of genus Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962 have been previously incriminayed as vectors of leishmaniasis disease or have been found associated with parasites of the genus Leishmania (Root, 1903).

Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1828) was collected in Laguna de Itaipu, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, between february 1990 and january 1992. The analisys of spacial-seasonal occurence and biomass of C. edentulus (n=2843) showed the predominance of these species in cold time (april to sepetember) in muddy sediment, with little depth and turbid water. This species was frequent in Laguna de Itaipu during the two years study, being more abundant in cold time. The biomass of C. edentulus was high in cold time too.