RCAAP Repository

Introduction: Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease and critical limb ischemia require limb revascularization to avoid limb loss. Nevertheless, they frequently present analytical disorders that interfere with outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted evolving every consecutive patient admitted and elective submitted to limb revascularization at a single institution between 2012 and 2014. Preoperative analytical data was collected and statistical analysis was conducted to determine any eventual correlation. Primary outcomes were Bypass patency, limb loss and mortality. Results: 174 patients were analyzed, 158 (91%) males, with a mean age of 67 ± 9 years. Concerning patency, above-knee bypass had better patency at 6 and 12 months (86% vs 75% e 82% vs 60%) compared to below-knee. Also, male patients had better results compared to female (90% vs 74% e 88% vs 62%). Regarding mortality and amputation rate, the condition was higher, with a statistical significance difference in the groups with renal failure (17% e 27% vs 5% e 7%, p=0.004); hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia (19% e 29% vs 4% e 6%, p=0.03); elevated c-reactive protein (17% e 31% vs 6% e 7%, p=0.02) and Leriche Fontaine Grade IV (14% e 25% vs 5% e 4%). Conclusion: There are some specific analytical parameters that, when modified, imply worse prognostic for peripheral arterial disease patients and following that, should be, whenever possible promptly corrected.

The right aberrant subclavian artery, also known as arteria lusoria, is an anatomical variation described in the literature with an incidence of < 1%. Compression related symptoms can arise from the retroesophageal space and retrotracheal course of the artery. Only a few cases are reported of ischemic symptoms derived from a stenosed or occluded right aberrant subclavian artery. We present a case of ischemic right upper limb symptoms due to an occluded right aberrant subclavian artery treated with a hybrid procedure. The patient was submitted to a left subclavian artery stenting and left to right axillary bypass without complications.

Homem de 65 anos observado em consulta externa de cirurgia vascular por apresentar edema assimétrico do membro inferior esquerdo após acidente de trabalho que lhe terá condicionado imobilização prolongada. Pela suspeita de trombose venosa profunda, o doente realizou ecodoppler venoso dos membros inferiores que con!rmou ao diagnóstico de trombose venosa profunda iliofemoral tendo concomitantemente sido identi!cada a presença de "uxos arterializados na veia poplítea, levantando a suspeita de uma fístula arteriovenosa de localização infra-poplítea. Procedeu-se à realização de angiografia que revelou a presença de uma fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) entre a artéria tibial posterior e veia homónima. Após 6 meses de anticoagulação, o doente foi proposto para tratamento endovascular da FAV tendo realizado a implantação de um stent recoberto de ePTFE GraftMaster® 3.5×26mm (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA) com resolução imagiológica da FAV (!gura 3). À data de alta, o ecodoppler de controlo revelou total permeabilidade luminal do stent colocado na artéria tibial posterior esquerda, na qual se detetaram "uxos de morfologia trifásica, sem evidência de "uxos arterializados na veia poplítea. Com um ano de seguimento o doente mantém a artéira tibial posterior permeável.

Spontaneous and isolated dissection of external iliac artery is very rare. The natural course of this condition is not well established. The authors report a case of a 54 year old male, military, with ankylosing spondylitis presenting with limb claudication secondary to isolated dissection of external iliac artery. Dissection was successfully managed by percutaneous stent placement.

Introduction: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) became the preferred modality for infrarenal aneurysm (AAA) repair. Several available endografts have main body proximal diameters up to 36mm, allowing for treatment of proximal AAA necks up to 32 mm. However, large neck represents a predictor of proximal complications after EVAR. The purpose of this study is to evaluate mid-term outcomes of patients requiring 34-36mm main body devices. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database including all patients undergoing elective EVAR for degenerative AAA in a single tertiary referral hospital in The Netherlands were eligible. All measurements were performed on center-lumen line reconstructions obtained on dedicated software. Patients were classified as large diameter (LD) if the implanted device was >32mm wide. The remaining patients were classified as normal diameter (ND). Primary endpoint was neck-related events (a composite of “endoleak” (EL) 1A, neck-related secondary intervention or migration >5mm). Neck morphology changes and survival were also assessed. Differences in groups were adjusted by multivariable analysis. Results: The study included 502 patients (90 in the LD group; 412 in the ND group). Median follow-up was 3.5 years (1.5–6.2) and 4.5 years (2.1–7.3) for the LD and ND groups, respectively (P = .008). Regarding baseline characteristics, hypertension (83% vs 69.7%, P=.012) and smoking (86% vs 74.1%, P=.018) were more frequent in the LD group. Patients in the LD group had wider (Proximal neck Ø > 28 mm: 75% vs 3.3%, P<.001), more angulated (α-angle>45º: 21% vs 9%, P=.002), more conical (39.8% vs 20.3%, P<.001) and a thrombus-laden neck (Neck thrombus >25%: 42% vs 32.3%, P<.089). Oversizing was greater among LD group (20% [12.5–28.8] vs 16.7% [12–21.7], P=.008). All other anatomical risk factors were similar between groups. The 5-year freedom from neck-related event was 73% for the LD group and 85% for the ND group, P=.001. Type 1A endoleaks were more common in the LD group (12.2% vs 5.1%, P=.003). Migration > 5mm occurred similarly in both groups (7.8% vs 5.1%, P=.32). Neck-related secondary interventions were also more common among LD patients (13.3% vs 8.7%; P = .027). On multivariable regression analysis, LD group was an independent risk factor for neck-related adverse events (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37–3.83, P=0.002). Neck dilatation was greater among LD patients (median, 3 mm [IQR, 0–6] vs 2mm [IQR, 0–4]; P =.034) On multivariable analysis, LD was an independent predictor for neck dilatation > 10 % (HR: 1.61 CI 95% 1.08–2.39, P=.020). Survival at 5-years was 66.1% for LD and 71.2% for SD groups, P=.14. Conclusion: Standard EVAR in patients with large infrarenal necks requiring a 34- to 36-mm proximal endograft is independently associated to increased rate of neck related events and more neck dilatation. This subgroup of patients could be considered for more proximal seal strategies with fenestrated or branched devices, if unfit for open repair. Tighter surveillance following EVAR in these patients in the long term is also advised.

Introduction: Introduction: The evolution in the specialty of Angiology and Vascular Surgery was accompanied by differences in training during the internship. Objectives: The main goal of this study was to show the different trends in training in Vascular Surgery Internship over the last 15 years, namely with regard to surgical learning and scientific production. Methods: After identifying the physicians who completed the Angiology and Vascular Surgery internship between 2002 and 2017, in a National level, all data were collected retrospectively, by consultation of the curriculum vitae presented for the final specialty exam. Results: In Portugal, from 2002-2017 an increase in the total number of surgeries as 1º surgeon (p <0.024) was observed as well as in the proportion of endovascular procedures (p <0.001), and in the advanced differentiation of endovascular procedures (p <0.001). Aorto-iliac occlusive disease procedures revealed a decrease in the number of conventional procedures (p <0.022) and an increase in the number of endovascular procedures (p <0.017). In abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery, although there was no variability in the total number of conventional operations, there was a decrease in those performed as 1st surgeon (p <0.02); there was a marked increase in the total number of endovascular procedures of AAA (p <0.002) as well as 1st surgeon (p <0.001). At the scientific level, there was an increase in the total number of publications (p <0.108). Conclusion: Although the exposure to surgical interventions during the complementary internship has remained approximately constant in the last 15 years in Portugal, a marked increase in the number and advanced differentiation of endovascular procedures has been reported. It was found a decrease innumber and differentiation of conventional surgical procedures, namely in aorto-iliac occlusive disease and in AAA surgery. There is a growing concern about the scientific dimension during training.

Introduction: We present the case of a superficial femoral artery ruptured aneurysm treated with an endoprothesis outside the “Instructions for Use”. Case report: 83 years old patient with sequential rupture of both superficial femoral arteries aneurysms. In the right limb the patient was submitted to conventional bypass surgery that resulted in an extended recovery period. An endovascular approach was the choice to treat the left ruptured superficial femoral artery aneurysm. The patient was submitted to aneurysm exclusion with two Endurant™II Medtronic® endoprothesis. At two-year follow-up the patient is asymptomatic and the aneurysm remains excluded with no endoleaks. Conclusions: Despite outside “Instructions for Use”, the use of an endoprothesis to treat SFA ruptured aneurysm presented as limb salvage procedure with excellent technical success and medium-term results.

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Uterine fibroids are the most common solid pelvic tumors in women, frequently causing hypomenorrhea.They normally do not carry an increased risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) unless they reach a considerable size conditioning inferior vena cava and pelvic veins compression.Postthrombotic iliac vein obstructive lesions resulting from a prior episode of DVT may lead to clinical signs and symptoms of chronic vein disease.There is no role for prophylactic treatment of silent lesions. However, if patients develop advanced symptoms (CEAP C3-C6 classification) despite best medical treatment, patients are candidates for endovascular correction with stenting. Endovenous correction of ilio-caval pathology is associated with high technical success rate and reduced complications, around 0.4%.The authors describe a clinical case of a 47 years-old female patient that developed post-thrombotic syndrome due to a DVT, caused by compression from a large uterine fibroid, treated with endovascular surgery.

Endovascular aneurysm sealing (EVAS) using the Nellix system is an alternative method for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Type 1 endoleaks are not an uncommon complication following conventional endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), occurring in up to 10 % of cases. The incidence of these endoleaks following Nellix EVAS was determined to be up to 3,1% in short-term follow-up. Early detection and classification of this issue is crucial to avoid the potential of sac rupture, previously described. As so, we report a successful endovascular treatment of type 1a endoleak, twenty-four months after a Nellix EVAS implantation.  An 82 year-old male underwent a Nellix endovascular repair for a 55 mm infra-renal aortic aneurysm in 2014. Final angiography showed successful aneurysm exclusion with no endoleaks. Regular follow-up using computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed a relatively satisfying good stentgraft positioning, no signs of endoleaks and shrinkage of the aneurysm sac. CTA of 2016 showed a new type 1a endoleak associated wit a significant growth of the aneurysm sac. The authors performed prompt embolization of the endoleak with 0,018” detachable coils and Onyx 34. Final angiography showed patency of the endografts with satisfactory exclusion of the endoleak.  The incidence and significance of type 1 endoleaks following Nellix EVAS was previously studied in literature, with some cases reported and the natural history of untreated type 1 endoleak after EVAS might lead to sac rupture and death. The embolization of the endoleak with coils and Onyx appears to be a safe and effective management choice to achieve technical and clinical success in the treatment of these cases. 

Turner syndrome (TS) is a disorder of female development with cardinal features of short stature and congenital cardiovascular defects. Congenital or acquired cardiological problems occur commonly in TS, being potentially progressive and responsible for severe complications, such as aortic dissection in young women. Accordingly, we describe a case of type A aortic dissection occurring in a woman with TS, highlighting the need to prioritize investigation in those patients to avoid a catastrophic aortic scenario.

Aim: Re-ligation of the saphenous femoral junction is considered a complex and time-consuming surgery, with risk of nervous and lymphatic injury. The development of endovenous techniques replaced most of the indications, as well as the foam injection and stab avulsion.  But we are still confronted with some patients, where those techniques can´t solve their problem, so we adapted the classical re-ligation technique to allow the ambulatorization. In the following we are going to present our experience.  Methods: We included the patients submitted to saphenous femoral junction re-ligation in the years of 2016-17, in the ambulatory surgery department.  The inclusion criteria included symptomatic patients (CEAP >3) with significative, dependent varicose veins. We excluded patients over 65 years of age and obese (IMC > 30), as well as patients with poor health status and other pathologies that can affect the success of this surgery.  Topography of the varicose vein includes 3 areas: the femoral area, the thigh and the leg.  We have been doing all ultrasonography in our vascular laboratory to confirm the saphenous femoral recurrence and its correlation with the varicose veins, as well as their magnitude. We used the Brodie-Trendlemburg test, using ultrasonography when in doubt.  The surgical technique was done under general anesthesia and consist in an obliqua incision over the femoral arteria, discover and isolation of the femoral vein higher than the saphenous femoral junction, going down distal to the junction and ligation of the saphenous near the femoral vein, avoiding the venous “cavernoma”. Associated surgery was done, like stab avulsion of the varicose veins.  Results: Under the 67 patients included, under the average age of 48.8 years, 83% of them were female. 20% of patients were in CEAP 3, while the others were in CEAP 4.  20 % of the patients were submitted for bilateral re-ligation and additional surgery, and 23,5 % for one limb surgery. The remaining of the patients were submitted for one limb re-ligation and other surgeries in the other limb.  The total average of surgical time was 42,9 minutes. All patients were treated in the ambulatory surgery unit, but 3 patients stayed the night (2 because they lived further than 100 km away and the other because of the extension of the varicose veins).  No patient came to the emergency service or was hospitalized due to early or late complications. Only one patient complained of tight paresthesia and required medication.  Conclusion: Looking at the results, we considered the cautious selection of patients, as extremely, if not determinant for the surgery. Especially, based on the comprovation of the saphenous femoral junction recurrence, associated with the varicose veins and CEAP over 3.  Our technique allows for the re-ligation to be done as ambulatory surgery. The redo surgery still has a place for the treatment of some patients, with a low rate of complications and a reasonable surgery duration. 

Introduction: The diagnosis of visceral venous aneurysms is typically incidental. Despite the widespread use of modern imaging methods, the identification of these lesions remains extremely rare. Renal vein aneurysms are among the rarest subgroup. Methods: We present a clinical case of a 52-year-old patient with a giant kidney transplant vein aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous fistula. Additionally, a literature review was carried out in the MEDLINE database. Results: Female patient with a history of kidney transplant from a living donor with the graft implanted in the left iliac fossa, presents to the emergency department with pain over the kidney graft and fever. Upon examination of the kidney tranplant with ultrasound, a large lesion was observed in the renal pelvis with blood flow identified on Doppler. Computerized angiotomography was performed, which revealed the presence of an arteriovenous fistula between the artery and the renal vein, with a large 5.6 cm renal vein aneurysm occupying practically the entire renal pelvis. In the first stage, embolization of renal arteriovenous fistula was performed with coils. Due to the persistence of the infection and renal graft dysfunction, she was subsequently submitted to nephrectomy of the graft. Conclusion: Renal vein aneurysms are extremely rare with only a few cases published in the literature. These aneurysms are amenable to endovascular or surgical treatment, however, given the scarcity of published data, long-term results are unknown.

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Introduction: The treatment of wounds is a topic with growing interest due to the physical and psychosocial implications, to the costs associated with the treatments and also due to the stress caused to the patients, families and the health system. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers chronic wounds as an epidemic due to its high prevalence. In Portugal the available epidemiological data is limited but it is estimated that there are 3.3 wound carriers per thousand inhabitants. The aim of the present narrative review is to clarify the approach to the treatment of complex wounds in light guidelines issued by the European Wound Management Association (EWMA). Material and Methods: A narrative review was carried out on the current aspects of the approach to the complex or difficult-to-heal wound (wound that does not heal by 40–50% of its size in 4 weeks). A literature search was carried out in Pubmed and in the latest consensus documents prepared by the EWMA (European Wound Management Association) which was integrated in the authors' experience. Results: The approach to the complex wound must be systematic in dedicated centers and conducted by multidisciplinary teams. It should be mediated by a wound manager and the wounded person must always act as a partner. Proper training of the person/family/caregiver is also crucial. Infection control should start with simple and inexpensive interventions such as hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment for patients and professionals in the treatment rooms. The most advanced therapies are based on new principles and technologies and its application should be evidence-based. Algorithms in health are useful tools to support the clinical decision and an algorithm for the treatment of complex wounds is presented. Conclusion: The approach of complex wounds must encompass multifactorial aspects and the choice of advanced therapies must be judicious.

Introduction: Aortocaval Fistula is a rare clinical entity associated with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in less than 1% of cases. Main clinical features include acute heart failure, lower extremety edema, acute kidney injury and acute liver failure. Open surgical repair is associated with high mortality rates (16–66%)(1). On the other hand, endovascular treatment could represent a less morbid and equally efective treatment option. The authors aim to describe clinical presentation, surgical options and post-operative results of the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms associated with aortocaval fistula, comparing their results to literature. Material and Methods: A retrospective review in a tertiary care center was designed. All patients treated for aortocaval fistula associated with AAA between January of 2014 and May of 2020 were included. Patient data were obtained by consulting the clinical record. Demographic, clinical, surgery and post-operative results and complications were obtained. Results: During this period, four patients submitted to emergent surgery were identified. All patients were male with a mean age of 70 (±8) years and with tobacco use history (n=4). On admission, most frequent symptoms we're lumbar pain (n=4) and hipotension/tachycardia (n=4). Other frequent signs or symptoms we're abdominal pulsatile mass (n=3) and acute kidney injury with hematuria (n=2). In two patients, CT angiography revealed rAAA with retroperitoneal hematoma without aortocaval fistula, which was only diagnosed intraoperatively. Two patients were submitted to aorto-bi-iliac interposition graft and one to aorto-bi-femoral bypass, all with endoaneurysmal suture of the fistula. One patient was submitted to aorto-bi-iliac EVAR with a Gore Excluder C3® endoprosthesis. Most common post-operative complications were AKI (n=3), respiratory failure (n=2) and acute liver failure (n=2). The aorto-bi-iliac EVAR patient did not present any 30 day post-operative complication and was discharged at the 7th post-operative day. There was 1 secondary intervention within the first 30 days: left hemicolectomy for ischemic colitis. After 30 days we observed one reintervention: implantation of right iliac branch device due to an iliac aneurysm Two patients died in the early postoperative period (2nd and 3rd days). The remaining patients have a follow-up of 29 and 66 months. Conclusions: ACF can occur with or without AAA with retroperitoneal hematoma. In the presence of retroperitoneal hematoma, the ACF could not be evident in CT angiography and only detected intraoperatively. Considering our experience and what is described in literature, we should have a high index of suspicion for this possible complication of rAAA in the presence of acute venous congestion with acute onset of organ failure (AKI, acute cardiac or liver failure), even if CT angiography only reveals retroperitoneal hematoma. Conventional surgery with endoaneurysmal suture of the fistula and interposition graft was the preferred technique, but if endovascular exclusion is feasible, it could be effective and associated with less morbimortality. In endovascular treatment, failure to close aortocaval communication does not appear to result in higher long-term morbidity and monitoring seems plausible in the presence of favorable evolution of the aneurysmal sac and in the absence of symptoms.

Introduction: Nellix® endoprosthesis (Endologix Inc., Irvine, CA) is composed by two ballon-expandable stents surrounded by endobags, which are filled with a polymer, thus obliterating the aneurysmal sac – Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing (EVAS). Initially, due to its properties, was introduced with extended IFU, allowing the use in more complex abdominal aortic aneurysms. However, during the initial experience with this endoprosthesis, a high number of poor outcomes have been described, leading to the progressive restriction of IFU. Currently, it has been discontinued and is only available in selected centers for clinical research purposes. Our study aim to report the institutional results of the use of the Nellix® endoprosthesis in the treatment of AAA. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was designed, including patients with AAA treated with Nellix® endoprosthesis treated at a universitary tertiary care facility. Elective and urgent patients we're included, and patients we're identified through the institutional files. Thoraco-abdominal aneurysm we're excluded. Data about baseline characteristics, surgery, hospitalization course and follow-up post discharge was obtained by consulting personal clinical files. Primary endpoints are technical and clinical success at 30 days, as complications and secondary interventions at mid and long-term. Results: Between 2015 and 2017, this endoprosthesis was used in 12 patients, 9 male and 3 female, with a mean age of 71 (±8) years. The most common comorbidities associated we're hypertension (n=12), current or former tobacco use (n=7), coronary heart disease (n=7), peripheral artery disease (n=6) and chronic kidney disease (n=6) In all patients, the treatment indication was primary degenerative aneurysm, with one exception, which was the presence of type 1a EL after EVAR. Ten patients underwent elective and 2 urgent surgery due to symptomatic aneurysm. Three we're aortoiliac aneurysms and the remaining aortic aneurysms (n=9) with three having involvement of at least one renal artery. Nine patients underwent conventional EVAS; the remaining EVAS with chimney (ChEVAS) for the renal artery(ies) or superior mesenteric artery (n=3). The average preoperative diameter was 57(±6.5) mm. One patient was simultaneously submitted to endovascular repair of a popliteal artery aneurysm with covered stent. By 30 days, death occurred in 2 patients, all submitted to ChEVAS. The most common post-operative complications we're respiratory failure (n=3), AKI with dialysis (n=3), being that in two patients there was intentional covering of the renal arteries (patients with pre-dialysis CKD). In this time frame, we verified one reintervention: catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute limb ischemia due to popliteal covered stent thrombosis. After 30 days, 4 deaths occured (2 year survival 60%, SE 0.154). The most common complications were type 1a EL(n=3), type 1b EL(n=1) and aortic stent thrombosis (n=1). Two patients have already been reintervened: one submitted to femoro-femoral crossover bypass and the other to surgical endoprosthesis explantation and in situ reconstruction aortobifemoral bypass. The last was deceased in the early postoperative period. Two patients are waiting reintervention for type Ia EL and aneurysmal sac growth. The average sac diameter in last follow-up or before secondary intervention was 59(±10.6) mm. Mean follow-up time is 2,3(±1,6) years.  Conclusions: In our institution, the use of Nellix® endoprosthesis is associated with a high rate of perioperative morbidity and mid to long-term aneurysm-related complications, being type Ia EL the most common. Although the free use of the endoprosthesis is currently discontinued, patients who have previously undergone EVAS lack a specific and more intensive surveillance plan for the timely detection and correction of complications.

Introduction: Guidewire fracture is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Retained fragments can cause thrombosis, dissection, perforation of the vessel or embolize. When is impossible to withdraw or to trap the fragment during the procedure, management is debatable between surgical removal or conservative approach. When choosing to leave the fragment in place, the patient remains at risk for all of the aforementioned complications.  Clinical Case: 65-year-old male patient submitted to PCI with stenting of distal right coronary artery in 2017. A proximal optimization technique was performed, with a guidewire placed in the posterior descending artery (PDA). After stenting, the protection guidewire became entrapped and after several retrieval attempts, it fractured. Wire fragment remained within the RCA and ascending aorta with a free mobile distal part in the beginning of the innominate artery. Multiple attempts went in vain for wire retrieval and a conservative approach was adopted. Two and a half years later, the patient felt a sudden chest pain and then collapsed. He was transferred to our Hospital for emergent surgery due to cardiac tamponade. Intra-operatively, cardiac surgeons found the guidewire perforating the posterior descending artery. When trying to pull it out, the guidewire fractured again. Post-intervention CTA revealed migration of the fragmented guidewire now it was entrapped in a tortuous initial portion of the right internal carotid artery and a small pseudoaneurysm was visible at the distal portion of the wire. Surgical approach was performed revealing the presence of the wire within the carotid medial wall, in a subintimal plane. The 7 cm fragment was successfully withdrawn, through a common carotid transverse incision. Pseudoaneurismectomy was performed and carotid artery bifurcation reconstruction with internal carotid artery re-implantation into the bifurcation, end-to-end anastomosis. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course.  Conclusion: Although leaving the wire in place remains an option, coronary guidewire fractured fragments can be associated not only with immediate complications but also with potential adverse events in the long run. 

Pseudoaneurysms after gastro-intestinal tract surgery are rare. Most of them occur after biliary tract and pancreatic surgery. They can lead to potentially serious consequences, such as rupture, hemorrhage and death. For these reasons, pseudoaneurysms should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. 

Introduction: Post-implantation syndrome (PIS) is the clinical and biochemical expression of an inflammatory response following endovascular repair of an aortic aneurysm (EVAR). The reported incidence in literature varies from 14-60%. Recentently, a study has demonstrated that red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is an independent biomarker predictor of the PIS in patients submitted to EVAR in the early postoperative period. Methods: Retrospective institutional review of consecutive patients submitted to elective EVAR (January 2015- April 2020). The primary outcome was to evaluate the incidence of PIS, defined as fever (>38ºC) and leukocytosis (>12000/μL), excluding infection complication. The secondary outcomes were to identify the potential role of clinical and biomarker parameters to predict the risk of developing PIS after EVAR. Results and conclusion: According to the inclusion criteria, 107 patients were identified. The median age was 75 years old (93.5% men). Comorbidities presented: hypertension (75%), smoking (66%), hypercholesterolemia (59%), coronary artery disease (32%), chronic kidney disease (30%), and diabetes mellitus (DM) (18%). The incidence of PIS was 10,2%. Age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors were found to be similar in both groups (P>0.05). Regarding the procedure approach, the majority of patients were treated with percutaneous access (72%) (P=0,49). In both groups (PIS vs. no PIS), the hemoglobin values significantly decreased (P=0,04) after surgery by approximately 14%. The same trend was observed for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P=0.032), which reflected the increasing of the RDW although not reaching statistical significance. Although delta variation of hemoglobin and delta RDW did not reach statistical significance comparing both groups (P=0,53 and P= 0,07 respectively), delta MCV was found to be significantly lower in the group with PIS (P=0.012). The importance of having a biomarker which measurement allows the prediction of patients who have more risk to develop PIS, may help with the early management of this condition.