RCAAP Repository

Este estudo analisa o nível de divulgação sobre instrumentos derivados, de acordo com as recomendações emitidas pelo Basel Committee on Banking Supervision e pela Organisation of Securities Commissions, pelas entidades bancárias portuguesas. Para o efeito, foi utilizado um índice de divulgação e analisados os Relatórios & Contas anuais, individuais, relativos a 2009. Conclui-se que o número de empresas que apresenta informação sobre a utilização de instrumentos derivados é bastante elevado, mas o valor médio de divulgação apresentado é bastante reduzido. A informação mais divulgada é a relativa a informações gerais, seguida da informação relacionada com contabilidade e métodos de avaliação.

This thesis is dedicated to the study of disclosure about derivative instruments and their determinants, by Portuguese companies. We have defined the following as our main research objectives: to identify the extent of disclosure relating to derivative instruments presented by Portuguese companies; to analyze the developments in the level of disclosure; and to identify the determinants of the level of disclosure. To this end, we have examined the information that has been disclosed by listed companies, for the period 2003–2009, and by companies belonging to the banking sector and insurance sector (hereinafter identified as financial firms), for 2009. We were able to conclude, in our first phase of research, that the number of disclosing firms has evolved positively, during the period 2003–2009, and that the level of disclosure has also evolved positively. On the other hand, the values obtained in the disclosure index indicate that companies are worried about compliance with accounting standards which became mandatory in 2005 and in 2007. This indicates that the adoption of the IASB’s standards since 2005 and the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. 7, since 2007, have influenced the level of disclosure.

Contabilidade Financeira Avançada - Exercícios

Diariamente os meios de Comunicação Social questionam o papel do Sector Empresarial do Estado (SEE) na economia portuguesa e, em particular, o contributo deste sector para a dívida pública, a premência da sua existência e a eventual adopção de medidas políticas que visem a privatização de algumas Entidades que o integram. E, neste contexto, são frequentes as referências ao volume dos passivos, aos prejuízos verificados, aos vencimentos praticados ou ao número de administradores dos Conselhos de Administração. Por outro lado, alguns dos partidos políticos têm-se pronunciado sobre este sector aludindo-se ao esforço financeiro do Estado com maior acuidade pela actual crise económica mundial. Na qualidade de académicos, e alguns pela experiência adquirida enquanto autores do Anuário Financeiros dos Municípios Portugueses, considerámos oportuno proceder à análise económica e financeira do SEE. O presente estudo incide sobre as Entidades que integram a carteira principal das participações do Estado, procedendo-se numa primeira análise ao enquadramento do Sector Empresarial do Estado no Sector Público Português, identificando-se as entidades da Carteira de Participações da DGTF, da PARPÚBLICA e dos Hospitais. Analisa- se ainda o SEE numa perspectiva macroeconómica. No capítulo 2 apresenta-se a metodologia de estudo que conduziu à análise económica-financeira constante no capítulo 3.

The significant number of publications describing unsuccessful cases in the introduction of health information systems makes it advisable to analyze the factors that may be contributing to such failures. However, the very notion of success is not equally assumed in all publications. Based in a literature review, the authors argue that the introduction of systems must be based in an eclectic combination of knowledge fields, adopting methodologies that strengthen the role of organizational culture and human resources in this project, as a whole. On the other hand, the authors argue that the introduction of systems should be oriented by a previously defined matrix of factors, against which the success can be measured.

O objectivo da presente dissertação é a análise do desenvolvimento e utilização do acto de comunicar inserido num contexto da Cultura Digital. O processo de investigação procura a análise e compreensão da comunicação e das novas características conferidas à mensagem pelo factor multimédia. Reflecte-se sobre os modos como a prática comunicativa realizada com base no multimédia digital impulsiona uma nova forma de interacção comunicativa. A presente dissertação envolveu uma reflexão sobre a dinâmica relacional que se estabelece entre Comunicação, Design e Multimédia. Por um lado, procuram- -se definições estruturantes para a comunicação multimédia e a construção das suas mensagens, num processo mediado pela Semiótica e seu estudo de signos e ampliado pela Mediologia para um conceito de transmissão cultural. Por outro lado, apresenta- -se a Cultura Digital numa perspectiva histórica-evolutiva, contextualizando em termos tecnológicos e conceptuais o percurso que define a comunicação multimédia como a concebemos hoje. É, finalmente, analisado o novo espaço de comunicação digital, onde o design e arte multimédia se assumem como processo de investigação. O acto de comunicar entre indivíduos é um processo construído e adquirido. Além de tornar as mensagens em códigos úteis e compreensíveis, o multimédia é, fundamentalmente, comunicação, e as interacções resultantes deste processo reformulam o modelo de comunicação, tornando-o um campo de criação colectiva da mensagem.

Fiber meshes of poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(hydroxybutyrate)/ poly(ethylene oxide) (PHB/PEO) with different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) were prepared by electrospinning, for assessment as a polymer based drug delivery system. The electrospun fibers were characterized at morphological, molecular and mechanical levels. The bactericidal potential of PHB and PHB/PEO electrospun fibers with and without CHX was investigated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by disk diffusion susceptibility tests. Electrospun fibers containing CHX exhibited bactericidal activity. PHB/PEO-1%CHX displayed higher CHX release levels and equivalent antibacterial activity when compared to PHB/PEO with 5 and 10 wt% CHX. Bactericidal performance of samples with 1 wt% CHX was assessed by Colony Forming Units (CFU), where a reduction of 100 % and 99.69 % against E. coli and S. aureus were achieved, respectively.

Biocompatibility is a major challenge for successful application of many biomaterials. In this study the ability to coat chemically and enzymatically activated poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) membranes with heat denatured human serum albumin to improve biocompatibility was investigated. PLA membranes hydrolyzed with NaOH or cutinase and then treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, hydrochloride (EDAC) as a heterobifunctional cross-linker promoted the coupling single bondCOOH groups on PLA membranes and single bondNH2 groups of heat denatured human serum albumin. This resulted in increased hydrophilicity (lowest water contact angles of 43° and 35°) and highest antioxidant activity (quenching of 79 μM and 115 μM tetramethylazobisquinone (TMAMQ) for NaOH and cutinase pretreated membranes, respectively). FTIR analysis of modified PLA membranes showed new peaks attributed to human serum albumin (amide bond, NH2 and side chain stretching) appearing within 3600–3000 cm−1 and 1700–1500 cm−1 (Fig. 3). MTT studies also showed that osteoblasts-like and MC-3T3-E1 cells viability increased 2.4 times as compared to untreated PLA membranes. The study therefore shows that this strategy of modifying the surfaces of PLA polymers could significantly improve biocompatibility.

In the context of an e ort to develop methodologies to support the evaluation of interactive system, this paper investigates an approach to detect graphical user interface bad smells. Our approach consists in detecting user interface bad smells through model-based reverse engineering from source code. Models are used to de ne which widgets are present in the interface, when can particular graphical user interface (GUI) events occur, under which conditions, which system actions are executed, and which GUI state is generated next.

The importance of intangible resources has increased dramatically in recent years comparing to tangible ones. The economy in which we live is the result of competitive pressures that have imposed the implementation of business at an international level as well as a requirement in the application of sophisticated technologies that allow us to follow this fast evolution. In this age of information and innovation organizations will only survive if they are inserted in a global network of strategic relations, generically called as the network economy by Lev (2003). The service sector has stood out against the more traditional sectors of the economy. The intensive use of knowledge and a strong customer orientation created a new reality in today’s organizations: a growing importance attached to innovation, to the quality of products and services offered, to the information and communication technologies adopted, and to the creativity and particular abilities of human resources. The concept of intangible assets is more common in an accounting language and intellectual capital is most often applied in the context of management, being associated with a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach, representing all the knowledge that the institution owns and that it applies in the form of expertise, the creativity and organizational competencies that lead to innovation and to the sustained attainment of future economic benefits. An analysis of the scope of intellectual capital is fundamental to take more appropriate management decisions so that a more appropriate accounting treatment could be given by the accounting standardization organizations. This study intends to analyse the practices of information disclosure of the intellectual capital in the banking sector in Portugal, complementing the analysis of the disclosure of intangible assets in the context of accounting standards with the disclosure of intellectual capital in the context of organizational management. In particular, our main aims are to identify the extent of disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal and also to identify the factors that determine such a disclosure. The disclosure in the context of accounting standards will be studied by checking the disclosure of intangible assets through the items listed in the International Accounting Standard 38 developed by the International Accounting Standards Board. The context of management was analysed by means of creating a voluntary disclosure index based on assumptions of the model Intellectus, developed by the Centro de Investigación sobre la Sociedad del Conocimiento – Instituto de Administración de Empresas (CIC-IADE) of the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, and of the model Intellectual Capital Statement (made in Europe) (InCaS), both promoted by the European Commission and that we have adapted to the banking sector. When analysing the disclosure of intangible assets based on the context of accounting standards and the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, this study has tried to raise awareness about the importance of issuing reports on the intellectual capital as an alternative tool to take management decisions in the existing organizations and reflects the transparency and legitimacy that these institutions seek through a more extensive and more detailed information disclosure of their intellectual capital. Based on a complimentarily of economic theories, together with social and political theories, we tried to check the extent, evolution and tendencies of the compulsory disclosure of intangible assets and of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital analysed in the period 2001-2011. Banks characteristics were also analysed in order to deduce those factors that determine or promote a larger disclosure in this sector. Based on these objectives, we adopted a longitudinal approach to explore the extent and the development of the disclosure of intangible assets as well as the factors that have determined it. Furthermore, we sought to assess the impact of the adoption of IAS 38 in the financial statements of the organizations in this sector. The disclosure index created on the basis of the disclosure requirements stated in IAS 38 from IASB was applied to the consolidated financial statements of the seventeen banks that rendered their statements in Portugal from 2001 to 2009. Since the information disclosed in the context of accounting standards may not have an important role as a management tool once it was not able to reflect what really contributes to the competitiveness and organizational growth, the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital was analysed according to the information obtained from the 2010 annual individual reports of the banks operating in Portugal in that year and from their respective websites in 2011. We tried to analyse the extent of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital and of each of its components, human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The comparative analysis of their annual reports and their web pages allowed us to assess the incidence of the disclosure and discover what channel the banking sector focuses on when disclosing their intellectual capital. Also in this analysis the study of the disclosure determinants has allowed us to conclude about the influence of particular characteristics in the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. The results of the analysis to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the consolidated financial statements of the banking groups in Portugal in the period 2001-2009 have shown an average information disclosure of 0.24. This information disclosure evolved from an average value of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in 2009. The average value is 0.8286 if it is only considered the disclosure of the intangible assets that the banks possessed. The evolution of this index means an increase in the average disclosure from 0.7852 in 2001 to 0.8788 in 2009. From the first results that are related to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the financial statements, we can verify that the banking groups present a low disclosure level of these resources. However, when considering the disclosure of only the intangible assets that each institution owns, the disclosure level appears to be in compliance with the disclosure requirements for this sector. An evolution in the disclosure of intangible assets for the period considered was confirmed, showing an increase in the information disclosure of intangible assets in 2005, the year in which the accounting rules for intangible assets changed. The analysis that focused on the disclosure in the context of management tried to understand the extent, the incidence and the determinants of the voluntary information disclosure of intellectual capital in the annual reports of 2010 and on their web pages in 2011, studying the 32 banks operating in Portugal in this period. The average voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in the 2010 annual reports is 0.4342 while that in web pages is 0.2907. A review of the components of the intellectual capital allowed us to assess the importance that the banks confer to each of these components. The data obtained show that the relational capital, and more specifically the business capital, is the most disclosed component by banks in Portugal both in the annual reports and in their institutional web pages, followed by the structural capital and, finally, by the human capital. The disclosure of the human capital and the structural capital is higher in the annual reports than that in the websites, while the relational capital is more disclosed in the websites than in the annual reports. The results have also shown that the banks make a complementary use of both sources when disclosing information about their structural capital and relational capital but they do not show any information about their human capital in their websites. We tried to prove the influence of factors that could determine the accounting disclosure and the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in this sector. The change in the IASB accounting rules as from January 1st 2005 gave a greater disclosure of accounting information of intangible assets in the financial statements of banks. The bank size and corporate governance measures have statistically proved to have an influence on the extent of the accounting disclosure of intangible assets and on the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. Economic and financial variables such as profitability, operating efficiency or solvency were not determinants of information disclosure. The instability that the banking sector has experienced in economic and financial indicators in recent years as a result of the global financial markets imbalance has worsen indicators such as profitability, efficiency and solvency and caused major discrepancies in the economic situation between banks in Portugal. This empirical analysis has contributed to confront the disclosure required by accounting rules performed in the financial statements of organizations with that performed in the main disclosure media which is available for entities and which is increasingly requested in the process of taking management decisions. It also allowed us to verify whether there is homogeneity between institutions in the fulfilment of the requirements for information disclosure of intangible assets. However, as for voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, there are large disparities in the disclosure extent between organizations. Regardless of this sector specific characteristics, the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal follows the trends in other sectors and the practices adopted in other countries, namely regarding the amount of information disclosed, the incidence of the disclosure on the indicators of relational capital and the importance of variables such as size as determinants of disclosure of intellectual capital. For a further knowledge in this field, we created a specific index for the banking sector, considering appropriate indicators for an incisive, comprehensive analysis in order to consider the most relevant indicators of intellectual capital components. Besides, confronting the analysis of disclosure in the context of accounting standards with the study of voluntary disclosure brought a new analysis approach to the research on intellectual capital disclosure. With this study, we have also intended to raise greater awareness of the need for harmonization in the intellectual capital disclosure on the part of the regulatory banking authority by means of a demanding, consistent and transparent report of intellectual capital with simple, clear, objective indicators so that those interested in disclosing intellectual capital information in the organizations in this sector may obtain more harmonized and comparable information. A research on the disclosure quality of intellectual capital, together with the application of other analysis methodologies in this sector, might be a promising approach for future research. Applying the voluntary disclosure index to the same sector in other countries may also contribute to the knowledge of disclosure practices in different geographical environments. We highlight the relevance of further studies contributing to the harmonization and consistency in the presentation of an intellectual capital report so as to enable organizations to disclose the resources that contribute most to their competitiveness and growth.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse, firstly, to what extent intangible assets in the consolidated accounts of seven Portuguese banks and seven Spanish banks between 2006 and 2009 are disclosed and, secondly, to analyse what the most influential factors are in the above mentioned disclosure. In order to do this, before reviewing the existing literature and on the basis of other studies on this topic, a disclosure index has been created based on the requirements related to the intangible assets as stated in IAS 38. Then, two statistical analyses have been made: a univariate one for each of the explanatory variables and a multivariate one, in which all variables have been analysed. Both analyses led to the conclusion that the disclosure index of intangible assets is 0.96, where the bank dimension and the internationalization degree are the variables that are considered explanatory of the variation of the disclosure index in the regression analysis.

The main objectives of this investigation is to analyze the disclosure of information about intangible assets during a period of nine years, namely the extension or level, as well as their evolution and possible alterations verified upon them, that derived from the adoption in 2005, of the international norm in order to elaborate the consolidated accounts of banks. Through the verification of the disclosure of intangible assets. Taking into account items from International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38 from the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the consolidated financial statements from seventeen banks, presenting consolidated accounts in Portugal uninterruptable between 2001 and 2009 were analyzed. The results obtained through the construction of an index, elaborated from this effected, reveled an average of disclosure of information on intangibles of 0.24 during the period. The level of general disclosure evolved from an average of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in the year 2009. The intangibles generated internally had an average of disclosure of 0.1592 and the intangibles acquired had an average value of 0.2927. A growth in the extension of disclosure of intangibles upon the consolidated financial statement of banks during period analyzed, being this growth more accentuated in 2005 and 2006, which correspond to the first years of adoption in Portugal of international norm endorsed by the European Union through the Regalement 1606/2002, of July 19, the designed IASB-UE norms.

Las normas internacionales de contabilidad asientan en cuatro bases fundamentales: Reconocimiento; Valoración; Presentación y Divulgación. Los principales aspectos a considerar en los inmuebles son su reconocimiento y valoración, es decir, encontrar su valor y decidir entre capitalizar (reconocer en la contabilidad) o “despesar” (llevar a la cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias). En el presente trabajo abordaremos de forma muy simple el tratamiento contable de las normas internacionales relacionadas con el inmovilizado, abordando apenas su valoración y su reconocimiento inicial. Nuestro punto de partida son las IAS 16, IAS 40 y IAS 38, además del análisis de otras normas que están asociadas para el proceso de valoración y reconocimiento de los bienes inmovilizados.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis empírico relativo a los factores determinantes en la divulgación de los intangibles en las cuentas consolidadas de las principales entidades bancarias portuguesas y españolas, de acuerdo con los requisitos de divulgación establecidos en la IAS 38. Para ello, se ha analizado el contenido de los Estados Financieros de siete bancos portugueses y siete españoles durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2006 y 2009. Sobre la base de otros estudios que han abordado este tema, se ha intentado verificar qué factores influyen en el grado de divulgación de los intangibles, llegando a la conclusión de que el valor invertido en los mismos y el índice de rentabilidad son determinantes en el nivel de su divulgación. En efecto, observamos que el volumen de intangibles representados en el balance está relacionado positivamente con el índice de divulgación, sin embargo el ratio de rentabilidad de la entidad bancaria tiene una asociación inverso, es decir, se revela que el índice de divulgación aumenta cuando la rentabilidad del banco disminuye.

Com o presente estudo procuramos analisar a extensão da divulgação voluntária do capital intelectual nos relatórios anuais e nas páginas Web dos grupos bancários em Portugal. Os resultados revelaram que os grupos bancários divulgam em média 0,5335 de informação do capital intelectual nos relatórios anuais e 0,3493 nas suas páginas Web. O componente mais divulgado, tanto nos relatórios anuais como nas páginas Web, é o capital relacional, seguido do capital estrutural e do capital humano. Os grupos bancários em Portugal atribuem maior importância à divulgação de informação do capital negócio nos relatórios anuais e do capital sociedade nas páginas Web.

A problemática dos ativos intangíveis

divulgação do capital intelectual no setor bancário em Portugal.

Thermal degradation of as electrospun chitosan membranes and samples subsequently treated with ethanol and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) have been studied by thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with an infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The influence of the electrospinning process and cross-linking in the electrospun chitosan thermal stability was evaluated. Up to three degradation steps were observed in the TG data, corresponding to water dehydration reaction at temperatures below 100 ºC, loss of side groups formed between the amine groups of chitosan and trifluoroacetic acid between 150 – 270 ºC and chitosan thermal degradation that starts around 250 ºC and goes up to 400 ºC. The Kissinger model was employed to evaluate the activation energies of the electrospun membranes during isothermal experiments and revealed that thermal degradation activation energy increases for the samples processed by electrospinning and subsequent neutralization and cross-linking treatments with respect to the neat chitosan powder.

The textile industry has a long tradition in Portugal and it is one of the most important sectors, despite the current economic crisis. It has always assumed a prominent role in terms of employment and a relevant position within the Portuguese economy. The lack of quality and the lower prices that other countries offer causes the loss of clients. Quality is a main tool to survive nowadays in the textile sector. To undertake our analysis, we made use of an existing database where 55 firms belonged to the textile industry, namely to the manufacturing sector. A new survey was created based on the original survey and was sent to 5 firms. Besides the survey, we also sent a few questions to the firms in order to retract more information about the actually situation in our country, concerning the textile industry. Several tables, graphs and pie charts were made to help shed light on our findings. This research was conducted in order to determine the importance of quality in the consolidation of textile firms in the north of Portugal. Most firms in our sample feel that quality improvement, business benefits, mobilizing employees’ knowledge and business image were important and that competition is very intense and is mainly by price and not by differentiation of product or service. The quality program has contributed to improve their competitive position and the improvement of their overall performance. The majority of the firms in our sample undertake TQM measures for quality purposes to meet customer expectations and prevent errors. Of all firms surveyed, the quality is certainly very important for its survival.

A Internet é um meio priviligiado de comunicação, no qual a informação não conhece fronteiras, e a sua divulgação toma uma dimensão universal. No mundo empresarial a comunicação é hoje tida, como o elemneto fulcral dos processos de negócio , em que interação com as partes interessadas, pode ser traduzida em termos do seu exposente máximo pelo website da empresa. Muita da informação hoje divulgada à sociedade pela empresa, visa o seu próprio escrutínio público, na strês dimensões (económica, ambiental e social) do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS). A presente investigação visou uma análise exploratória dos websites de 523 empresas que se encontravam certificadas, no fianl do ano de 2011, no âmbito dos sistemas de gestão da qualidade (ISO 9001), ambiente (ISO 14001), segurança e saúde do trabalho (OHSAS 18001). O obketo de estudo proposto visou conhecer quais os conteúdos que são frequentemente mais divulgados, e que perfil tem a empresa portuguesa de Gestão (SIG), Sustentabilidade Empresarial (SE) e Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE). O método de investigação baseou-se na técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, a qual permitiu quantificar por categoria de análise (indicador) e subcategorias de análise (itens), os conteúdos da informação divulgada no website da empresa. A visão holística sobre a dimensão dos contéudos disponibilizados no website da empresa, foir determinada (medida) com auxílio de divulgação no website das empresas, são: a Missão, a Política da Qualidade, Ambiente e Segurança, o Código de Ética & Conduta Empresarial, o Relatório de Sustentabilidade, o Relatório e Contas, os Indicadores & Índices Financeiros, os certificados e marcas do Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade (SGQ), do trabalho (SGSST) e, por fim, os Projetos de Envolvimento com a Comunidade no âmbito da RSE. Em termos de perfil, as empresas portugueas de maior dimensão (volume de vendas), e as sociedades anónimas (S.A:), divulgam mais informação no website, que as outras. Não tendo sido porém, encontrada evidência estatística significativa no estudo da relação das empresas localizadas no distrito de Lisboa & Setúbal, das empresas do setor de atividade secundário (2.º), e das empresas com exposição aos media (rankings nacionais), com a maior divulgação de informação no website da empresa.