RCAAP Repository

OBJECTIVE: The study developed a method for controlling the amount of salt and sodium during food preparation, Controlling Salt and Sodium use During Meal Preparation for food services based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points principles. METHODS: The method was conceived and perfected during a study case in a commercial food service located in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Data were collected from technical cards, recipes and measurements during food preparation. The preparations were monitored and compared with criteria about the use of salt and sodium found in the literature. Critical control points were identified and corrective measures were proposed. RESULTS: The result was a method consisting of 9 stages: (1) determination of the sodium content in the ingredients; (2 and 3) analysis of menu planning and sodium content; (4) follow-up of food preparation; (5) estimate of the amount of sodium used in the preparations; (6 and 7) selection and following of the preparations with average- and high-sodium content; (8) definition of the critical points and establishment of corrective actions for the use of salt and sodium; and (9) creation of recommendations for the use of salt and sodium. CONCLUSION: The Controlling Salt and Sodium use During Meal Preparation may contribute to global discussions regarding the reduction of salt and sodium intakes and collaborate for the supply of nutritionally and sensorially appropriate meals with respect to salt and sodium content. It may also help to prevent non-communicable chronic diseases.

Recently, the lack of studies providing practical guidance for the use of the glycemic index has been indicated as the cause of its little use in nutrition education. The aim of this study is to give instructions on the use of the glycemic index as a tool to be used in nutrition education to estimulate the consumption of low glycemic index foods. Studies published over the past 12 years, in addition to classic studies on this topic, found in the databases MedLine, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Lilacs exploring the importance of the glycemic index and the factors that affect the glycemic index were selected for this article. The preparation of lists grouping foods according to their glycemic index should be based on information found in tables and specific web sites. This is an interesting strategy that must be very carefully conducted, considering the eating habits of the assisted people. To reduce the postprandial blood glucose response, high glycemic index foods should be consumed in association with the following foods: high protein and low fat foods, good quality oils and unprocessed foods with high fiber content. Caffeine should also be avoided. The glycemic index should be considered as an additional carbohydrate-selection tool, which should be part of a nutritionally balanced diet capable of promoting and/or maintaining body weight and health.

Estabelecer as necessidades energéticas de pacientes com doença renal crônica é importante para que se possam tratar os distúrbios nutricionais encontrados nessa população. Segundo os guias de condutas voltados ao cuidado nutricional de pacientes com essa doença, a recomendação energética pode variar entre 30 e 40kcal/kg/dia. Contudo, trabalhos que avaliaram os componentes do gasto energético nos pacientes com doença renal crônica sugerem que as necessidades energéticas dessa população podem diferir do valor recomendado acima, a depender da condição clínica (presença de comorbidades), da modalidade de tratamento empregado e do nível de atividade física. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão dos estudos sobre o gasto energético de pacientes com doença renal crônica, com o intuito de abordar as seguintes questões: (1) as atuais recomendações de energia para pacientes com doença renal crônica estão adequadas? (2) qual equação de predição poderia ser empregada para estimar as necessidades energéticas desse grupo de pacientes? Assim, esta revisão busca auxiliar o nutricionista ao estimar as necessidades energéticas de pacientes com doença renal crônica.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified strategies for promoting breastfeeding involving pregnant women, breastfeeding women and actors of the social support network for the breastfeeding process. METHODS: This qualitative study was guided by action research and the focal group technique to collect data. Focal Group 1 consisted of four pregnant and six breastfeeding women; Focal Group 2 consisted of six family members; and Focal Group 3 consisted of thirteen health professionals. The focal groups were guided by the following questions: What breastfeeding promotion and support actions should be done? How should they be performed? Who should perform them? The conversation sunder went thematic content analysis and were interpreted in the light of Paulo Freire's theoretical constructs: dialogue, ethics and problematization. RESULTS: Four themes were emerged from the conversations: dialogue-based educational actions involving the social support network during the vital cycle; educational actions in schools; educational actions in the media; ongoing counseling at Family Health Units. CONCLUSION: The constructed strategies were centered on dialogue and active listening. Both should be present during the entire vital cycle and in the Family Health Strategy, and involve all actors of the social support network. These strategies may disrupt the unidirectional transmission of the educational practices that promote breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed menu quality and plate waste in public day care centers of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected data from the nurseries of seven day care centers, totaling 366 children aged 12 to 36 months. Each day care center was assessed for three days, totaling 42 days and 210 meals. Menu quality was assessed by the Qualitative Analysis of Menu Preparations method (Análise Qualitativa das Preparações do Cardápio), adapted for day care centers, which provides nutritional and sensory criteria. Food waste was determined by the Plate Waste-Ingestion Index. RESULTS: The supply of vegetables was inadequate in more than 90% of the days, and the amount of leafy vegetables and high-sulfur foods met the recommended amounts on 50% of the days. The supply of sweets and foods containing trans fatty acids was considerable. The Plate Waste-Ingestion Index for daycare centers varied from 25% to 43%, and the Plate Waste-Ingestion Index for food items varied from 11% to 47%. CONCLUSION: The preparations served and serving sizes clearly need to be reviewed, and new menu creation strategies are needed to control food waste.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to describe strategies for the Promotion of Healthy Eating at Public and Private Schools in the Federal District of Brazil. METHODS: A descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out involving 122 Private Schools and 173 Public Schools. The components of health promotion in the school setting were adapted to the context of the promotion of healthy eating, with interviews conducted for the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire. The Student's t test, Spearman's correlation coefficients and likelihood ratios were used for the statistical analysis (5% level of significance; p<0.05). RESULTS: Only one private elementary school fulfilled the criteria for 20 of the 24 items studied. At the other extreme, two public high schools only fulfilled the criteria for three items. A positive correlation was found between number of meetings held with the school community to address healthy eating and presence of healthy environments as well as between presence of healthy environments and monitoring of nutritional status of schoolchildren (p<0.01). Schools that held an above-average number of meetings to address healthy eating had a smaller proportion of street vendors and local stores in the surrounding area (p=0.01). The majority of schools that had a partnership with healthcare professionals included the topic of healthy eating in the curriculum (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The different associations found demonstrate the importance and interdependence of the components of the promotion of healthy eating. Preschools have developed more strategies for the Promotion of Healthy Eating and health in general in comparison to other teaching modalities. Schools in the Federal District of Brazil need support and training to be developed as a "Health Promoting School", specifically with regard to actions directed toward healthy eating.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the sources of dietary variance, and determine the variance ratios and the number of days needed for estimating the habitual diet of adolescents. METHODS: Two 24 hour food recalls were used for estimating the energy, macronutrient, fatty acid, fiber and cholesterol intakes of 366 adolescents attending Public Schools in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The variance ratio between the intrapersonal and interpersonal variances, determined by Analysis of Variance, was calculated. The number of days needed for estimating the habitual intake of each nutrient was given by the hypothetical correlation (r)&gt;0.9 between the actual and observed nutrient intakes. RESULTS: Sources of interpersonal variation were higher for all nutrients and in both genders. Variance ratios were <1 for all nutrients and higher in women. Two 24 hour dietary recalls were enough to assess energy, carbohydrate, fiber and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes accurately. However, the accurate assessment of protein, lipid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol intakes required three 24 hour recalls. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal dietary variance in adolescents was greater than intrapersonal variance for all nutrients, resulting in a variance ratio of less than 1. Two to three 24 hour recalls, depending on gender and the study nutrient, are necessary for estimating the habitual diet of this population.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to present the development of the Food Frequency Questionaire used in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil and analyze how diet exposes individuals to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes Mellitus. METHODS: The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil dietary assessment instrument is based on a previously validated Food Frequency Questionaire and the final list of items took into consideration a study done in the six Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil investigation centers. RESULTS: New foods/preparations were included in the Food Frequency Questionaire with their respective portions, totaling 114 items. The perspectives of dietary analysis and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are presented in Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil. CONCLUSION: A new instrument was developed to cover the regional particularities of the study population.

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the pregnancy and lactation performances of rats fed an experimental diet based on the foods listed in the Family Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar) 2002/2003 and the impact of said diet on the growth and development of the pups until weaning. METHODS: Wistar (n=12) rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (control group, n=6) fed a commercial chow (Labina®, Brazil) and an experimental group (n=6) fed the Family Budget Survey diet during the entire pregnancy and lactation period. All animals had free access to food and water during the entire study period. RESULTS: The Family Budget Survey diet increased the duration of pregnancy (control group=21.00±0.00; POFG=21.57±0.55, p=0.025) and made the dams lose weight during the lactation period (control group=27.92±18.47g; POFG=-15.66±16.90g). The Family Budget Survey group presented low food, energy and nutrient intakes during pregnancy, which became even lower during lactation. Pups from Family Budget Survey dams presented lower body weight at weaning (control group=52.38±4.49g; POFG=39.88±2.78g, p=0.001) and lower nose-to-anus length (control group= 117.37±0.64mm; POFG=125.62±0.96mm, p=0.001). However, some physical milestones and reflexes occurred earlier, such as the placing response reflex [control group= 12.00 (9.00-15.00) days; POFG=9.50 (9.00-14.00) days] aerial righting reflex [control group=18.00 (17.00-20.00) days; POFG=16.00 (13.00-18.00) days] and unfolding of the external ear [control group=3.00 (3.00-3.00) days; POFG=2.00 (2.00-3.00) days]. CONCLUSION: The Family Budget Survey diet seems to be more detrimental to the physical growth of the pups than to their brain growth, according to the assessed reflexes and physical milestones and measures. This may be due to the low protein content of the diet for rat reproduction and growth combined with adequate fat and essential fatty acid contents. Providing an adequate amount of protein to the Family Budget Survey diet may normalize pup growth.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified the sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary and anthropometric factors of users of a public health promotion service who have breakfast regularly. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included all users aged 20 years or more who joined the service between March 2007 and December 2010. Their socioeconomic and anthropometric data, dietary habits and health status were investigated. Statistical treatment included the Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Fisher's exact and Student's t tests and Poisson regression analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS: Most of the participants (87.1%, n=528) breakfasted often, especially those aged 48.5 years or more (p=0.041). Poisson regression analysis showed association between breakfasting often and not smoking (PR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.10-1.91), having a greater number of daily meals (PR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.06-1.25), appropriate intake of deep-fried foods (PR=1.12, 95%CI: 1.01-1.25), lower fat intake (PR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.68-0.89) and smaller prevalence of excess weight (PR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.78-0.92). CONCLUSION: The positive relationship found between breakfasting often and not smoking, appropriate food and nutrient intakes and a healthier body weight shows the need of emphasizing this meal in health services as a simple and doable health promotion strategy that helps to prevent and control chronic diseases.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas, microbiológicas e nutricionais de dietas enterais artesanais padronizadas preparadas nos domicílios de pacientes em terapia nutricional domiciliar. MÉTODOS: Foram desenvolvidas duas formulações de dietas enterais (F1=1,2kcal/mL e F2=1,5kcal/mL), elaboradas com maltodextrina (155/155g), concentrado proteico de soro de leite (30/15g) e óleos vegetais (30/60g) dissolvidos em água (q.s.p.1000mL). Os cuidadores receberam os ingredientes e as medidas padrão e foram orientados quanto ao preparo e às boas práticas de manipulação. O estudo teve duração de quatro meses, e amostras das dietas preparadas nos domicílios de 33 pacientes foram coletadas e analisadas no início e no final deste período. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à sua adequação percentual em relação aos valores prescritos de macronutrientes e energia, bem como aos padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. RESULTADOS: As dietas formuladas (Formulação 1/Formulação 2) apresentaram os seguintes teores de macronutrientes, energia e osmolalidade: água - 73,5/70,0%; proteína - 4,4/6,0%; lipídeo - 4,3/6,6%; carboidrato - 16,9/16,4%; energia - 120/150kcal/100mL; osmolalidade - 440/450mOsm/kg.H2O. As variações nas adequações percentuais das amostras domiciliares foram menores que 20,0% tanto na primeira quanto na última amostragem. As proporções de amostras em desacordo com os padrões legais foram significantemente menores nas amostras finais, 24,0% e 36,0% para bactérias mesófilas e coliformes, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O preparo das dietas nos domicílios apresentou boa reprodutibilidade; no entanto, a qualidade microbiológica ainda permanece uma questão preocupante, exigindo uma atuação cuidadosa do profissional de saúde nos domicílios.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the plasma lipid responses of dyslipidemic patients to nutritional counseling according to gender and age. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty nine dyslipidemic subjects comprised the study, 56 men and 73 women, aged 20 to 73 years, treated at the Dyslipidemia Outpatient Clinic of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas Clinic Hospital. The inclusion criteria established that no lipid-lowering medication had been used in the 30 days prior to and during the nutritional counseling. Blood samples were collected in the morning after a 12 hour fast. The participants were divided into groups according to gender and age (age <60 and &gt; 60 years). The hypercholesterolemic patients were instructed to restrict saturated fats (<7%) and cholesterol (<200mg/day). Those presenting with high triglyceride levels (&gt;300mg/dL) were asked to consume a low fat diet. Those with mixed hyperlipidemia were instructed to do both. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and Analysis of Covariance. RESULTS: After nutritional counseling, total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased by 16% and 36% in males, and by 12% and 26% in females, respectively, and Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased by 12% in females. Only triglycerides decrease significantly. In the mixed hyperlipidemia group, the male and female triglyceride (-44% and -29%), Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (+12% and -15%) and High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (+7% and -3%) levels differed significantly. Between the age groups, only triglyceride levels differed significantly, with adults experiencing the highest reductions (33%). CONCLUSION: Nutritional counseling effectively lowered plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, reinforcing the benefits of dietary interventions for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

OBJECTIVE: In view of the practical need to use equations for the evaluation of energy expenditure in HIV-infected patients, the objective of the present study was to determine the concordance between the energy expenditure values obtained by indirect calorimetry as the gold standard and those obtained by predictive equations elaborated from data for the healthy population: Harris-Benedict, Schofield and Cunningham, and by equations elaborated from data for HIV-infected patients: Melchior (1991-1993). METHODS: The study was conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto on 32 HIV-infected men under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and estimated on the basis of measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 production. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed weak concordance for the Harris-Benedict (0.38) and Cunningham (0.34) equations and satisfactory concordance for the Schofield equation (0.47). Only the two Melchior equations (1991 and 1993) showed strong concordance with the values obtained by indirect calorimetry (0.63 and 0.66, respectively) and could be used in practice. CONCLUSION: The best equations seem to be population-specific, such as the Melchior equations elaborated for HIV-infected patients.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a produção e o potencial produtivo de hortaliças, frutas e frutos nativos do Cerrado, em Goiás e no Distrito Federal, com vistas à sua inserção na alimentação escolar, conforme a Lei Federal nº 11.947/2009. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo quantitativo descritivo durante 2009, em cinco mesorregiões de Goiás e no Distrito Federal. Para produção agrícola, consideraram-se dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e estimativas de produção de 2003-2007. Obteve-se o potencial agrícola a partir da temperatura média anual por mesorregião e faixas de temperaturas ótimas por cultura. Os alimentos selecionados foram classificados em escala de produção (menor, média ou alta) e potencial agrícola (ótimo, médio ou baixo). RESULTADOS: Foi observado que a produção de frutas e hortaliças concentrou-se no Centro, Leste e Sul do Estado, enquanto o Noroeste e Norte apresentaram menor aproveitamento produtivo. As culturas mais exploradas foram limão, alface, manga, banana e caju. O Distrito Federal teve menor aproveitamento do potencial produtivo em relação a três mesorregiões de Goiás (sem corrigir o índice para área real cultivada). Identificou-se a carência de dados oficiais sobre os frutos do Cerrado. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou as diferenças regionais quanto à produção de alimentos viáveis à alimentação escolar e também destacou o potencial produtivo a ser alcançado, considerando o desenvolvimento sustentável.

OBJECTIVE: The present study described the duration and identified the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding. METHODS: The study used data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher 2006 (National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children 2006). Data were collected using questionnaires administered by trained professionals and refer to a subsample of 1,704 children aged less than 24 months. The estimated durations of exclusive breastfeeding are presented according to socioeconomic, demographic and epidemiological variables. Kaplan Meier estimator curves were used to produce valid estimates of breastfeeding duration and the Cox's proportional hazards model was fitted to identify risks. RESULTS: The median estimated duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 60 days. The final Cox model consisted of mother's age <20 years (hazard ratio=1.53, 95% confidence interval=1.11-1.48), use of pacifier (hazard ratio=1.53, 95% confidence interval=1.37-1.71), not residing in the country's southeast region (hazard ratio=1.22, 95% confidence interval=1.07-1.40) and socioeconomic status (hazard ratio=1.28, 95% confidence interval=1.06-1.55). CONCLUSION: The Kaplan Meier estimator corrected the underestimated duration of breastfeeding in the country when calculated by the current status methodology. Despite the national efforts done in the last decades to promote breastfeeding, the results indicate that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is still half of that recommended for this dietary practice to promote health. Ways to revert this situation would be ongoing educational activities involving the educational and health systems, associated with advertising campaigns on television and radio mainly targeting young mothers with low education level and low income, identified as those at high risk of weaning their children early.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e os fatores clínicos, laboratoriais e comportamentais associados ao excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda, tratados em um centro de referência da Região Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo de série de casos com 30 sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda. Entre os meses de março e setembro de 2011, foram coletados dados clínicos, comportamentais e laboratoriais. O diagnóstico antropométrico foi realizado em três ocasiões distintas: no momento do diagnóstico, no término do tratamento, e no período pós-tratamento, a partir dos índices altura/idade e índice de massa corporal/idade, segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde. RESULTADOS: A amostra tinha idade média de 10,2 anos (DP=3,2). Observou-se que 33,3% dos sobreviventes tinham excesso de peso no início e no término do tratamento. No período pós-tratamento, encontrou-se aumento significante do escore-Z de índice de massa corporal/idade, e uma frequência de 43,3% de excesso de peso, além de 16,6% e 35,5% de obesidade abdominal por meio da circunferência da cintura e razão cintura/estatura respectivamente. O crescimento linear foi significativamente diminuído quando comparado os escores-Z de altura/idade no início e no término do tratamento. Na análise dos dados laboratoriais, obtiveram-se 52,1% com colesterol total acima do recomendado. Entretanto, 58,3%, 66,7% e 79,2% evidenciaram, respectivamente, Lipoproteína de Alta Densidade e Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade-colesterol e triglicerídeo na faixa considerada desejável. CONCLUSÃO: Os sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda analisados apresentaram maior risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis uma vez que apresentam frequência importante de excesso de peso, obesidade abdominal e colesterol total elevado.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the agreement between self-reported and measured weight and stature in adolescents. METHODS: Ninety-seven students from public and private high schools of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (14 to 19 years old), were examined to assess the validity of self-reported weight and stature. The adolescents reported their weight and stature, which were subsequently measured by standard procedures. The body mass index was calculated from both self-reported and measured data. Weight status was classified according to body mass index Z-score and World Health Organization criteria. The differences between the self-reported and measured means were tested by the Student's paired t-test. Weighted Kappa's coefficient of agreement was used to assess the variations in weight status categorization using informed and measured data. Agreement between measurements was assessed by the Bland-Altman method and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The means of self-reported and measured weights (p=0.30), statures (p=0.76) and body mass index (p=0.47) were not significantly different. There was high agreement between self-reported and measured measurements according to intraclass correlation coefficient (weight: r=0.99; stature: r=0.96; body mass index: r=0.97) and the mean agreements estimated by the Bland-Altman method were 99% for weight and 100% for stature. CONCLUSION: Given the excellent agreement with measured data, self-reported weight and stature are considered valid to be used in epidemiological studies on adolescents of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to reveal the expertise of educators and dieticians on food and nutrition education in the school environment. METHODS: This study used a qualitative approach developed jointly by the Department of Education of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, and a school in that state. The participants were seven teaching technicians, eight teachers, and thirteen dieticians. The information was collected by interview and submitted to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Six themes emerged from the participants' statements: food and nutrition education as a guideline for eating correctly; the purpose of food and nutrition education as an instrument for promoting healthy eating habits; the school as a promoter and empowering environment for food and nutrition education; food and nutrition education as a pedagogical practice focused on the reality of students' eating habits; school agents' assignments and partnerships for food and nutrition education; lack of knowledge in the practice of food and nutrition education. CONCLUSION: The participants' knowledge on food and nutrition education is dichotomous, at times permeated by biological aspects, at other times by the social context. Although there are gaps in the knowledge of the subject, educators and dieticians consider themselves partners for the provision of food and nutrition education in school.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e a ingestão de energia e de macronutrientes de pacientes com diagnóstico de doença celíaca que transgrediam ou não a dieta isenta de glúten. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 63 pacientes com doença celíaca: 34 crianças e 29 adolescentes. Transgressão à dieta isenta de glúten foi caracterizada por meio da dosagem sérica do anticorpo antitransglutaminase tissular recombiante humana. O estado nutricional foi avaliado com base nos escores-Z de peso/idade, estatura/idade e no índice de massa corporal. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio do inquérito alimentar de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: A transgressão à dieta sem glúten foi constatada em 41,2% das crianças e em 34,5% dos adolescentes. Nas crianças com transgressão alimentar, a média do escore-Z de estatura/idade foi inferior à das crianças do grupo que não transgredia (p=0,024). Todavia, o grupo com transgressão apresentou maior escore-Z do índice de massa corporal em relação aos que não transgrediam (p=0,021). Os adolescentes que não transgrediam apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal quando comparados aos que transgrediam a dieta (p=0,037). Em relação à ingestão alimentar, não se observou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Todavia, cerca de 70,0% das crianças e adolescentes apresentaram consumo de energia acima de 120,0% da recomendação. CONCLUSÃO: As crianças que transgrediam a dieta apresentaram menor escore-Z de estatura/idade e maior escore-Z para índice de massa corporal do que crianças que seguem sem transgressões alimentares. Os adolescentes que não transgrediam a dieta apresentaram maior média de índice de massa corporal quando comparados aos que transgrediam a dieta. Consumo energético elevado foi observado tanto nas crianças quanto nos adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of caffeine intake associated with inadequate or adequate calcium intake in laparotomized or ovariectomized rats by means of the calcium balance. Forty adults Wistar rats were ovariectomized or laparotomized. METHODS: The animals (n=40) were randomly placed in eight groups receiving the AIN-93 diet with 100% or 50% of the recommended calcium intake with or without added caffeine (6mg/kg/day). The animals were kept in individuals metabolic cages at a temperature of 24°±2ºC, light/dark cycles of 12/12 hours, and deionized water available ad libitum. On the 8th week of the experiment, food consumption was measured and 24-hour urine and 4-day feces were collected to determine calcium balance [Balance=Ca intake-(Urinary Ca+Fecal Ca)]. RESULTS: Animals with adequate calcium intake presented higher balances and rates of calcium absorption and retention (p<0.05) than those with inadequate calcium intake, regardless of caffeine intake (p<0.05). Caffeine intake did not affect urinary calcium excretion but increased balance (p<0.05) in the groups with adequate calcium intake. CONCLUSION: Adequate calcium intake attenuated the negative effects of estrogen deficiency and improved calcium balance even in the presence of caffeine.