RCAAP Repository

The gross anatomy and the internal morphology of the brainstem of the monkey Cebus apella were described based on the observations made on adult brainstens. Six adult Cebus apella monkeys were used for anatomical observations and for the study of the internal morphology they were cut into serial sections at six different levels (pyramidal decussation; superior portion of the olive; inferior portion of the olive; pons; superior colliculus and inferior colliculus) and properly stained for studies of the internal structure. Our results show that the Cebus apella brainstem is characterized by the presence of a bulbpontine sulcus; an enlarged brainstem, particularly of the medulla oblongata, with a consequent laterization of the trapezoid body, the presence of inferior olivary complex, the apparent origin of cranial nerves distant from the pyramids and of its decussation; presence of the antero-lateral sulcus separating the pyramids of the olives; expressive development of the trapezoid body, of the pons, nuclei of the pons and of the cerebral peduncle. These results are consistent with previous descriptions for other primates and suggest that the organization and development of the Brainstem structures share similarities with superior primates including humans which reflect the motor abilities of the studied species.

A sero-epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies as well as to identify risk factors associated with infection in goats of the Seridó Oriental microregion, Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 366 adult goats from 12 herds were collected. For serological diagnosis of Leptospira spp. infection, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was carried out using 24 live Leptospira spp. serovars as antigens. Out of the 366 investigated goats, 53 were seropositive for at least one Leptospira spp. serovar, resulting in a seroprevalence of 14.5% (95% CI = 11.0% - 18.5%). The most prevalent serovar was the Autumnalis (73.6% of the positive reactions). There were no variables associated with leptospirosis occurrence (p >; 0.05).

Ferret enteric coronavirus (FECV) is associated to the epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE) in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). In this study, we report the occurrence of this agent in four diarrheic stool samples of domestic ferrets, analyzed by negative staining transmission electron microscopy and a specific RT-PCR assay targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. These findings are the first report of FECV in Brazil and address the importance of this virus on the etiology of enteric disorders in ferrets.

O presente trabalho faz parte de um programa de pesquisa de doenças metabólicas nutricionais em bubalinos no Trópico Úmido Amazônico e, nesse contexto, objetivou-se estudar os processos osteoporóticos em bubalinos criados em sistema de pastejo na Ilha de Marajó e a relação da enfermidade com a faixa etária e a condição físico-química óssea e do cobre hepático. Foram utilizados 110 animais: 39 jovens e 71 adultos, apresentando Índice de Condição Corporal entre 1 e 2. Avaliou-se um grupo composto por animais jovens e outro por animais adultos. Análises anátomoclínica e da qualidade óssea possibilitaram subdividir cada grupo em dois subgrupos, segundo a presença ou não de manifestações osteopáticas aparentes. Do terço médio da 11ªcostela direita analisou-se o cálcio, fósforo, cinza e densidade óssea e do tecido hepático determinou-se a concentração do cobre. No exame anatomopatológico, respectivamente 98,44% dos animais jovens e 96,16% dos animais adultos apresentavam algum grau de osteoporose (+, ++, +++). Foram demonstrados baixos percentuais na média do fósforo (10,69%), nas cinzas (60,24%) e na densidade (1,46 g/ml). O cobre hepático apresentou valores médios igualmente baixos (19,51 mg/kg). Os resultados mostraram que a osteoporose apresenta um quadro mais severo nos animais jovens, sendo que o processo pode estar relacionado com as baixas reservas de fósforo no tecido ósseo e do cobre no tecido hepático.

Para a realização do estudo acerca do plexo braquial (PB) e dos territórios nervosos do membro torácico de lobos-marinhos (Arctocephalus australis) foram utilizados dois animais. A pele foi retirada e procedeu-se a identificação da musculatura do membro torácico e região peitoral. Em seguida foram aplicadas compressas de solução de ácido acético glacial 3% na musculatura, com o intuito de facilitar a dissecação realizada macroscopicamente. Nos espécimes analisados notou-se a emergência do plexo braquial a partir do sexto nervo cervical até o primeiro nervo torácico. Destas quatro raízes se formam os troncos de nervos de mesmo número, cujos ramos ventrais constituirão seu arranjo e distribuição territorial. Destes quatro troncos surgem os 12 nervos componentes do PB, sendo encontrados nervos que se formam a partir de apenas um segmento (supra-escapular, peitoral cranial, torácico lateral, toracodorsal e torácico longo) e também nervos que surgem a partir de mais de um segmento, sendo assim denominados plurissegmentares (subescapular, músculo-cutâneo, axilar, mediano, peitoral caudal, ulnar e radial). Nesse sentido, foi observada uma constância na inervação da musculatura, articulações e ossos do membro torácico, de onde podemos assim inferir que existe um padrão claramente definido na delimitação dos territórios nervosos.

Due necessity of better understanding leptin and reproduction relations, a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) to bovine leptin was validated. First, an antibody production protocol was developed using recombinant equine leptin inoculated in a rabbit, that results in 28,05% of maximum binding (MB) 105 days after the protocol beginning. The tests of validations verified parallelism between standard curve and dilutions of high and low controls (P < 0,01). Antibody against equine leptin showed specificity to bovine leptin (P < 0,01). The recuperation tax of bovine leptin by antibody against recombinant equine leptin was from 98,4 to 101,6% (P < 0, 01). When the samples were stored in ambient temperature or refrigerated to 4 °C, ligation stability was verified (P >; 0,2), however, temperatures above 37 °C impaired the bovine leptin recuperation. The use of assay buffer with or without bovine plasma did not show any difference (P >; 0,3). These results showed that the antibody produced in rabbit against equine leptin were able to detect plasmatic bovine leptin, and that the RIA to bovine leptin quantification had adequate characteristics to the development of a valid assay.

In internal medicine of domestic cats, some imaging diagnosis modalities, such as ultrasonography, radiography and intravenous pylogram are spreadly used. Scintigraphy is a non-invasive technique, which provides functional information of individual kidneys; however, it is regarded not ordinary nowadays. The aim of this study was to verify the time of excretion of each particular kidney in domestic cats by scintigraphy, and these animals were presented with normal ultrasonographic and radiographic parameters. We used 15 cats, nine males and six females, and they were divided into awake and anesthetized cats. We calculated the time the radiopharmaceutical takes to reach the maximum activity in the kidneys (T max.) and the time it takes to decrease into half of this value (half-time). There was no difference between the awake and anesthetized cats, nor between the right and left kidneys, and no difference between male and female either.

With the purpose of studying the influence of prolonged phyisical exercise causing myocardial lesion and disqualifying horses in endurance competitions, 87 blood samples were collected from adult Arabian and crossbred horses, to determine the serum concentration of the isoenzyme MB (CKMB), the serum activity of creatine kinase (CK), and the CKMB/CK index. Samples were divided as follows: C (control, n = 34): horses at rest, one day before competition; G1 (n = 24): horses which finished competitions; G2 (n = 14): horses disqualified during competitions by metabolic causes, and G3 (n = 15): horses disqualified during competitions after lameness was diagnosed. Median values obtained for CKMB, for groups C, G1, G2, and G3, were, respectively, 2.25; 2.95; 1.95, and 2.40 ng/mL; for CK activity, the results were 164.2; 1228.0; 840.0, and 581.0 in U/L at 30°C; and for CKMB/CK index, the results were 1.41; 0.21; 0.23, and 0.42%. There was mean positive correlation between distance and CKMB and CK, and negative correlation between distance and CKMB/CK index. It was concluded that endurance exercise does not cause significant increases in CKMB values, but in CK serum activity, indicating skeletal muscle injury. Horses disqualified by metabolic causes seem not to present myocardial injury involved in the cause of disqualification. It was not possible to verify the presence of exercise-induced cardiac injury in endurance horses and its relationship with metabolic causes of disqualification only by the utilization of CKMB as the only cardiac marker.

Bulls are an important category in cattle production systems, being responsible for a considerable part of genetic improvement in a herd. However, few studies about the metabolic conditions of this category have been done. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of bulls in three different phases of the reproductive cycle, that are, before, during and after the breeding season. This study was conducted with 23 bulls, in a farm in southern Rio Grande do Sul. The biochemical markers used for the evaluations were: glicose and cholesterol, to determine energetic profile; albumin and urea to determine protein profile and enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as an indicator of liver functionality. There was a difference (p < 0,05) in all metabolic markers evaluated during the different phases of the productive cycle, showing that there was a variation in food availability, which could lead to productive and reproductive losses. This could be improved by protein supplementation and pasture improvement.

Two-hundred and twenty-one (78 suckling - 40 to 90 days and 143 not suckling ) Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) and crossbred Charolais (Bos taurus taurus) cows were used to evaluate the reutilization of progestagen implants to pharmacological control of the estrus cycle and ovulation on pregnancy rate. Cows were randomly assigned to one of three protocols for estrous synchronization and pre-fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) was performed. In treatment 1 (T1; n = 73) cows were implanted with Crestar® (3 mg de norgestomet); in treatment 2 (T2; n = 75) cows were implanted with already used Crestar®, and in treatment 3 (T3; n = 73) cows received two Crestar® implants, also both previously used. All cows were injected with 2 mL of progesterone (25 mg/mL) + 1 mL estradiol benzoate (1 mg/mL i.m.) at the time of implants insertion, intramuscular (i.m). Implants were removed after eight days and 2 mL of Preloban® (150 µg de D-cloprostenol) were administered i.m. Twenty-four hours after implants removal, cows were injected with 1 mL (i.m.) of Estrogin® (1mg of estradiol benzoate). The FTAI was performed 54-56 h after implants removal. There was no difference (P >; 0.05) on cow's pregnancy rate among treatments. Pregnancy rates were 39.72, 34.21 and 36.98% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Progestagen implants reutilization (Crestar®) did not affected pregnancy rate in beef cows ready for reproduction.

Os linfomas estão entre as neoplasias mais frequentes na espécie canina. Do ponto de vista etiológico, epidemiológico, clínico, morfológico e imunofenotípico, os linfomas caninos apresentam muitas semelhanças com os linfomas não-Hodgkin humanos e os esquemas de classificação destes têm sido utilizados na espécie canina. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi aplicar aos linfomas caninos as classificações de Kiel, Working Formulation e Fournel-Fleury et al. (1994), em material colhido pelo método da PAAF (Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina). De acordo com a Classificação de Kiel, 61,02% (36 casos) das neoplasias se enquadram como de grau alto 38,98% (23 casos) como de grau baixo. Segundo a Classificação da Working Formulation, 11,86% (sete casos) foram classificados linfomas de grau baixo, 61,02% (36 casos) de grau intermediário e 27,12% (16 casos) de grau alto. Utilizando a classificação proposta por Fournel-Fleury et al. (1994), 38,98% (23 casos) dos animais que apresentaram linfomas de grau baixo e 61,02% (36 casos) de grau intermediário ou alto. Concluindo, a PAAF é um método de diagnóstico que pode ser empregado na classificação dos linfomas caninos. A classificação que mostrou melhores resultados foi a de Kiel, que tem por característica principal a ênfase nos achados citológicos.

Electrochemotherapy is characterized as a protocol which combines the use of antineoplastic agents with localized application of electric pulses to improve the intracellular concentration of these agents, increasing, thus, its cytotoxic action. Bleomycin, an antibiotic agent with antineoplastic properties, is a hydrophilic molecule, having a restricted transport through the cellular membrane. However, when it is administered intralesionally or intravenously and associated to electroporation, its cytotoxicity is maximized. In this study 34 dogs were utilized and they were affected by a single lesion of epithelial or mesenchymal origin, located in the skin or mucosal membranes. The electrochemotherapy protocol was standardized using intralesional bleomycin sulfate at a dose of 1 U/cm³ of tumoral area. Electroporation was performed using an electrode composed of needles and electric pulses with a 1000 V voltage, in unipolar square wave and 100 microseconds duration, totalizing eight cycles. There was complete neoplastic remission in 30 dogs (88.3%) and refractoriness to the protocol in four animals (11.7%). There were no complications or side effects associated with the procedure. The protocol studied in this work showed to be feasible, effective and safe for antineoplastic therapy in dogs.

As micotoxicoses são grandes causadoras de perdas produtivas em ruminantes, sendo aflatoxina (AFLA) e zearalenona (ZEA) as principais micotoxinas encontradas em alimentos conservados. Estas micotoxinas apresentam efeito sobre o metabolismo animal, através da ação anabólica de metabólitos da ZEA, bem como pelas lesões hepáticas causadas pela AFLA. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do adsorvente glucomanano modificado sobre parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas a dietas contendo AFLA e ZEA. Foram utilizadas 34 fêmeas divididas em 6 grupos (ZEA; ZEA + ADS; AFLA; AFLA + ADS; CONTROLE + ADS; CONTROLE), recebendo 1,0 mg/kg de ZEA, 1,5 mg/kg de AFLA e/ou 2 kg/ton de adsorvente. A ZEA diminuiu os níveis séricos de glicose, em relação ao CONTROLE (p &lt; 0,05), porém, o adsorvente não influenciou os níveis de glicose, não havendo diferença entre os grupos ZEA e ZEA + ADS. A ZEA aumentou os níveis de AST e GGT em relação ao grupo CONTROLE (p &lt; 0,05), sendo que os níveis de AST foram superiores no grupo ZEA (p &lt; 0,05), quando comparado ao grupo ZEA + ADS. Ainda, a aflatoxina causou uma redução nos níveis de albumina, em relação aos valores fisiológicos de ovinos. Assim, a partir destes resultados pode-se concluir que a ZEA causou alterações metabólicas em ovinos, bem como o glucomanano modificado foi eficiente em reduzir a possível agressão hepática causada por esta micotoxina, demonstrada pela diminuição nos níveis de AST.

O presente trabalho visou estudar dez isolados de vírus da raiva de morcegos hematófagos e não-hematófagos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em suas características genéticas quanto aos genes N e G. Além disso, estudou-se a resposta de camundongos vacinados com a vacina antirrábica produzida pela replicação da amostra Pitman-Moore em cultivo celular, frente ao desafio com estes isolados virais, utilizando-se um ensaio imunológico baseado no teste de potência NIH. A vacina antirrábica utilizada na imunização dos camundongos ofereceu proteção em mais de 80% dos camundongos vacinados com a diluição 1:5 da vacina, frente à maioria dos isolados. A análise filogenética do gene da proteína N apresentou um padrão de agregação dividido em variante de morcego hematófago e variante de morcego insetívoro, com todos os isolados de morcegos frugívoros Artibeus sp. tendo sido segregados com a variante característica de morcegos Desmodus rotundus. Foram observadas diferenças filogenéticas entre as variantes do vírus da raiva de morcego hematófago isoladas na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e aquelas isoladas nas Regiões Metropolitana e Sul do Estado. A substituição do resíduo ácido aspártico por ácido glutâmico na posição 118, encontradas na caracterização genética da proteína G dos isolados 704/97BR-DR e 151/98BR-DR, permite inferir que esta posição esteja relacionada à antigenicidade viral. Não foram observadas diferenças genéticas temporais entre os isolados estudados. A vacina antirrábica utilizada ofereceu proteção satisfatória contra a maioria dos isolados estudados.

The aim of this study was to describe the morphological and topographic aspects of the chinchilla's digestive apparatus (DA) through dissection of ten animals. We collected the DA segments and made the volumetric analysis of cavitary organs through injection of saline solution at 60 °C, and measuring of the tubular organs. The parenchymal organs were weighed. During analysis of the position of organs, evisceration and measuring, it was observed that the oral cavity is typical of rodents, the salivary glands are similar to lagomorphs and organs as esophagus, stomach, duodenum, transversal colon, liver, pancreas and spleen were disposed in similar way to described to other species. On the other hand, jejunum and descending colon were found to be very long and disposed on a wavy way, hanging from the roof of the abdominal cavity. The ileum was found to be similar to other species, but its topographic disposition is from the right to the left, heading to cecum, which is made of two well developed distinct portions. Both portions are located to the left of the median plane. Ascending colon is disposed in a very particular way, in which we observe a double loop which makes a circle at the liver. A relevant characteristic was in evidence comparing the rectum of males and females: males' is longer. Based on these data we conclude that despite the fact that chinchillas are rodents, they have particular characteristics of their own, and other characteristics similar to lagomorphs, being then a connection between these orders.

A Escherichia coli é uma bactéria pertencente à família Enterobacteriacea que faz parte da microbiota entérica de mamíferos e de muitas espécies de aves. A Salmonella spp. também pertence à mesma família, sendo responsável por surtos de infecção alimentar em humanos e frequentemente isoladas de aves domésticas e aves silvestres. O presente estudo analisou a frequência de ambas as bactérias em Psittaciformes em processo de reabilitação para a vida livre. De 89 aves analisadas 19% estavam infectadas com E. coli e 1,12% com Salmonella spp. Realizou-se uma análise do perfil de resistência a antibióticos onde se observou a eficiência de estreptomicina, tetraciclina, trimetoprim e gentamicina sobre as amostras. As amostras de E. coli foram submetidas ao teste de Vermelho-Congo e ao teste Atividade Hemolítica, onde se observaram 70,6% de amostras positivas para o primeiro e 53% para o segundo teste.

Um levantamento sobre o nível de poluição dos Rios Cachoeira e Santana (Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil) foi realizado durante um trimestre, por meio da avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da água e de frutos do mar (Crassostrea rhizophorae - ostra-do-mangue e Tagelus plebeius - moapem) extraídos desses rios. Tradicionais indicadores de poluição como coliformes totais (Ct) e coliformes termotolerantes (CT), além de contagem padrão de microrganismos, com isolamento e identificação das enterobactérias, foram determinados nas amostras dos rios, os quais exibiram diferentes níveis de poluição fecal. Foram isolados 68 microrganismos, distribuídos em dez espécies, dentre elas, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli e Shigella sp., alertando para o risco do consumo in natura desses moluscos, mesmo quando em conformidade com a legislação estabelecida para CT. A prospecção de moluscos para o acompanhamento dos índices de poluição não se mostrou efetiva considerando a pesquisa de CT em ostras e moapens. Verificou-se também o maior grau de contaminação no Rio Cachoeira, o qual serve de base para distribuição de água na região e como fonte de subsistência, por meio da atividade extrativista, para a população ribeirinha.

Many skeletal muscle diseases were observed in fast growth birds, and the high body weight, associated to a bone structure in formation are named to be the principal responsible causes for the occurrence of these diseases, which results in dysfunction of the locomotor apparatus. This present research intends to make an anatomical, pathological and radiographic study of the structures involved in the tibiotarsal rotation, besides the study of the joint alterations by arthrography and histology, giving a description with anatomical, macroscopic, microscopic and radiographic considerations of the ostrich's hind limbs (African Black). This way, it'll be possible to contribute to the comprehension of this disease that has caused many losses on the ostrich farm.

The present study used thirty randomly selected capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) hearts, among males and females with different ages with no sex or age selection, gently donated by Empresa Pró-Fauna, city of Iguape, in São Paulo State. With IBAMA register number 235930848-0 and SIF register number 3381. Catheters were put into the right and left coronary arteries and a latex substance stained with a specific pigment was injected into them. We found in 96.9% of the hearts studied that the right and left coronary arteries had origin from the ascending aorta artery. In 3.3% of the hearts studied the right coronary artery wasn't present, but only the paraconal interventricular and circumflex branches. The intermediary branch had originated from the paraconal interventricular branch in 40% of the heart samples, or could have its origin directly from the ascendant aortic artery in 3.3% of the hearts samples; and finally could have originated from the circumflex branch in 56.6% of the heart samples. The right coronary artery had smaller caliber than the left coronary artery in all the samples / 100% of the heart samples. It went through the coronary channel with branches being emitted to the right ventricular edge. In the atrial face side this artery had anastomotic branch in all the samples, as previously described.

Este artigo relata a divergência genética de PCV2 após passagens em células das linhagens VERO e SK-RST. O teste exato de Fisher indicou tendência para seleção positiva no gene cap. Estes resultados permitem inferências relativas ao desenvolvimento de vacinas contra PCV2 e sobre a evolução do gênero Circovirus.