RCAAP Repository

The purpose of this study was to find a practical procedure for the extraction of progesterone (P4) from feces and to determine if the P4 plasma profiles during pregnancy were reflected in the total fecal P4 of pregnant rabbits. The rabbit was used as model for the techniques. Plasma and feces were collected from 11 rabbits during a period of 42 days. Three different methods of P4 extraction were used. The total P4 was measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) with 125I-P4 as the tracer. Results suggested that it was possible to extract total P4 from rabbit feces with methanol and petroleum ether. Plasma and fecal P4 profiles were compared for both pregnant and ovariectomized rabbits. It was possible to differentiate total P4 extracted from day two through 28 after breeding (P<0.01).

The conditions of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes (Exp. I) and bull effect (Exp. II) on cleavage (CR) and the in vitro morulae and blastocysts (MO/BL) rates were evaluated. Imatured oocytes were matured in vitro under different conditions: B-199 medium with 5% estrous cow serum (ECS), 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) and granulosa cells (T1/Exp. I) or B-199 medium with 10% FCS, 14 IU/ml PMSG and 7 IU/ml hCG (T2/Exp I). After 24 h culture, the mature oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen from two bulls (R1 and R2/Exp. II). In the Exp. I, the T1 and T2 oocytes were inseminated with semen from R1/Exp. II and in the exp. II the semen from both bulls inseminated T1/Exp. I oocytes. After 48 h, the 2-4 cells embryos were transferred into embryo culture droplets and were further cultured for 9 days. The CR of T2/Exp I was higher (p<0.01) than T1/Exp. I. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between bulls on CR and Mo/Bl production. The use of hormones in a maturation medium has no effect on embryo production, however the procedure seems to be simpler than with granulosa cells. The use of semen from different bulls for in vitro fertilization has affected the subsequent in vitro production of embryos.

Laparoscopy was used for the visualization of abdominal viscera of 27 dogs afflicted with different pathologies. In all cases general anesthesia was applied. An incision was made on the ventral midline approximately 1cm caudal to the navel. At this point a trocar was introduced for the production of pneumoperitoneum. After that, the optical probe was introduced for inspection of the abdominal cavity. The different organs were visually identified by their external morphology. Moreover, the exam also allowed the identification of different pathologies. In two cases of splenic and pancreatic atrophy, as well as in case of hepatic necrosis the laparoscopic examination was instrumental for the understanding of the disease, leading to a final diagnostic confirmed by histopathological analysis. The presence of hepato-frenic adhesion was immediately identified in one case, helping in the planning of corrective surgery. Cases of piometritis in initial stages were identified thanks to the laparoscopic exam, since biochemical and radiological data was highly inconclusive. The laparoscopy determined the impossibility of surgical removal of two hepatic tumors and one case of intestinal neoplasia. The results most likely influenced the request for euthanasia by the owners. The present observations agree with citations in which laparoscopy cannot avoid major surgery, however it gives valuable information regarding the conditions of the tissues and the extension of the lesions.

Four dry and four lactating Holstein heifers, received the following treatments to evaluate rumen degradabilities of soybean meal, rice meal, coast cross hay and sugar cane, through a dacron bag in situ technique: A = 70% roughage diet; dry cows; B = 70% roughage diet, lactating cows; C = 50% roughage diet, dry cows and D = 50% roughage diet, lactating cows. A randomized block design was used and the treatments had four repetitions in different times. Dry cows presented a higher degradability rate for soybean meal, coast cross hay and sugar cane than lactating females. Lactating cows consumed 40% more dry matter than the dry ones and presented higher rumen liquid turn-over. Coast cross hay and sugar cane were better digested with 70% roughage diets, than with the 50% roughage diets.

Vinte bezerros foram submetidos, logo após a ingestão de colostro, aos tratamentos: mistura iniciadora com farelo de soja (FS) ou soja integral extrusada (SIE) mais leite na forma líquida; e com FS ou SIE mais leite na forma em pó. Em todos os tratamentos o leite (na forma líquida ou em pó) foi retirado no 36º dia, quando os animais passaram a receber apenas as respectivas misturas iniciadoras. Do 7º ao 35º dia, os tratamentos com leite na forma líquida apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso, e aqueles contendo misturas iniciadoras com SIE resultaram em menores consumos de alimentos. Após a retirada do leite, do 36º ao 63º dia, ou considerando todo o período experimental (7º ao 63º dia), ocorreram maiores ganhos em alturas nas cernelhas nas dietas com leite na forma líquida. Níveis de glicose sangüínea e aspectos de desenvolvimento da mucosa do rúmen de animais abatidos e incidências de diarréias não diferiram entre tratamentos. O uso de SIE para bezerros desmamados precocemente mostrou-se viável; todavia, o sistema de alimentação com leite ministrado na forma em pó não permitiu o desenvolvimento adequado dos animais.

Doze vacas Holandesas e Schwyz foram utilizadas em um delineamento switch-back para avaliar os tratamentos constituídos das seguintes silagens, corrigidas para um mesmo nível protéico pela adição de proporções diferentes de farelo de algodão, de forma a garantir os nutrientes necessários para a mantença das fêmeas e ainda para a produção dos primeiros 8 quilogramas de leite por animal e por dia, havendo suplementação de mistura concentrada para as quantias de leite secretadas superiores a oito quilogramas: Tratamento A) silagem de sorgo granífero; Tratamento B) 50% de silagem de sorgo granífero e 50% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar; Tratamento C) silagem de cana-de-açúcar. As produções de leite por animal e por dia foram respectivamente 12,9 kg, 12,3 kg e 11,8 kg, sendo o tratamento A, significativamente superior ao C (p<0,05). O consumo de matéria seca total por 100 kg de peso vivo (3,0 kg, 3,0 kg e 2,8 kg), bem como o de nutrientes digestíveis totais (9,2 kg, 8,8 kg e 8,0 kg), respectivamente para os tratamentos A, B e C, não foram estatisticamente diferentes. Doze ovinos da raça Ideal prestaram-se para realizar prova de digestibilidade aparente com os mesmos tratamentos aplicados às vacas em lactação: os valores encontrados para digestibilidade da matéria seca foram 54,4%; 56,8% e 52,0%; para os tratamentos A, B e C, não sendo consideradas as diferenças estatisticamente significativas.

Effects of temporary calf removal and phosphorus supplementation on conception rate in a 60 or 120 day breeding season period was observed in several trials conducted over three years on Nelore cows. Experiment I involved 47 acyclic Nelore cows with suckling calves ranging in age from 55 to 70 days. Calves were temporarily removed from their dams for 48 h at the beginning of the trial or stayed with the dams throughout the trial. The proportion of cows that cycled during the breeding season was 5 out of 25 (20%) in the control group and I5 out of 22 (68%) in the group whose calves had been removed (p<0.05). In Experiment II, 66 acyclic Nelore cows, averaging 60 ± 0.57 (x ± SE) days post-partum were allocated at random in three groups as follows: A, calves temporarily removed from their dams for 48 h on the first day of the breeding season; B, similar to Group A, except that calves were removed for 72 h and C, control group (no calf removal). The percentage of pregnant cows at the end of the breeding season was 54.6 in control cows compared with 50.0 in the 48 h removal group and 63.6 in the 72 h removal group. In Experiment III, 75 pregnant cows were selected in the final trimester of gestation. Cows were allocated at random in four groups: Group A, the cows received a free choice mineral mixture with 12% p during three months before and three months after the calving season, furthermore, calves were temporarily removed from their dams on first day of breeding season for a period of 96 h; B, same as Group A, except that the calves were not removed; C, same as Group A, except that the mineral mixture had 8.8% P; and D: same as Group C, except no calf removal. More cows receiving 12% P were cycling (p<0.05) at 30, 60 and 90 days into the breeding season. Under these trial conditions, restricted suckling for 48, 72 or 96 h prior to the breeding season caused inconsistent results on pregnancy rates. However, the restricted suckling of cows with marginal range plasma phosphorus (<4.0 mg/100 ml) enhanced ovarian function.

In this research we studied the ramification and distribution of pulmonary arteries. For this study we used 20 bovine zebu-like fetuses (13 male and 7 females), with ages varying from 06 to 09 months. The animals were fixed with formol 10% and the method of dissection consisted in the opening of the thoracic cavity and this allowed the individualization of arteries and bronchi. It was observed that usually, in 15 times (75%) the first collateral branch to leave the right pulmonary artery is the upward branch, followed by the downward branch, that join the two segmental bronchi from the tracheal bronchus, and respectively irrigates the cranial portion and the caudal lung lobe. Almost right after these structures the accessory lobar branch is followed by the middle lobar branch. The accessory lobar branch also appeared two times (10%) after the middle lobar branch, and 5 times (25%) at the same position of the middle lobar branch. Five preparations showed the first two branches of the right pulmonary artery emerging in form of a common branch, the cranial lobar branch. From the left pulmonary artery the first and second branches are 18 times (90%) the upward and downward branch. Two times (10%) these two branches came from a single collateral branch, the cranial lobar branch. A caudal lobar branch (right and left) enters each caudal lobe (right and left) and gives off a variable number of arterial branches (6 to 14) on the right side and (7 to 16) on the left side.

From February 1993 until October 1996, 547 blood samples were collected from mares with reproductive problems in six farms of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with live antigens for antibodies to seven leptospira serovars. A total of 235 positive reactions (42.96%) at a minimum serum dilution of 1:100 were observed against one or more serovars, which in comparison to other studies developed in Brazil, may be considered as a high prevalence. On mares with anti-leptospiral antibodies, the predominant serovar was icterohaemorrhagiae, reactive on 102 (43.40%) samples, followed by 64 (27.23%) reactions against bratislava, and 34 (14.47%) against pomona. The high prevalence of antibodies to serovar icterohaemorrhagiae observed in this study could have been expected, because in Brazil about 36% of the population of the maintenance host of such strain, Rattus norvegicus, are leptospiral carriers, mainly to strains of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup.

Foram abordados alguns conceitos sobre a fisiopatologia e a semiologia de cistos ovarianos em fêmeas suínas, descrevendo-se dois casos clínicos, um sintomático e outro assintomático. No caso sintomático, observou-se infertilidade, cios irregulares, edema de vulva e clitóris aumentado de volume. À palpação retal, constataram-se cistos em ambos os ovários da fêmea com sintomas e um cisto no ovário esquerdo da assintomática. A ultra-sonografia possibilitou visualizar, assim como avaliar com precisão o grau de luteinização e o tamanho dos cistos. A necrópsia confirmou os achados da palpação e ultra-sonografia transretal.

Fifty cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease (hematuria, dysuria, pollakiuria or urethral obstruction) were studied as far as clinical, laboratory and radiographic abnormalities were concerned. These animals were distributed in two groups, the first one comprised thirty-six male cats with urethral obstruction and the second, fourteen male and female cats presenting hematuria, dysuria and/or pollakiuria. Another group of twenty-five healthy cats, both sexes, different ages and breeds, fed exclusively with commercial dried food was included as control. Serum urea and creatinine measurements, urine analysis, urine culture and excretory urography were performed in all cats. The results showed that urinary tract infection was rarely seen. No significant difference was detected between castrated or intact animals. Among the sick cats the most consistent abnormalities found were: urinary alkaline pH, crystalluria and thickness of the urinary bladder wall. The difference in urine pH observed among healthy and sick animals fed with the same kind of meal should be stressed and deserves further studies.

Observaram-se 549 éguas da raça Puro-Sangue de Corrida paridas durante o segundo semestre, no período de 1º de julho de 1983 a 31 de dezembro de 1994, com a finalidade de se analisar o índice de concepção pós-parto, a duração e a fertilidade dos cios pós-parto, os percentuais de produtos nascidos no ano seguinte e relacioná-los com a idade das éguas. Verificou-se que éguas com idade superior a 13 anos apresentam uma capacidade significativamente menor de conceber e levar a gestação a termo do que éguas mais novas. O 1º cio pós-parto ocorre em média aos 12,3 (± 10,9) dias pós-parto e, quando apresenta uma duração de 8 a 14 dias, é significativamente mais fértil do que quando tem uma duração fora destes limites. A taxa de prenhez observada no 2º cio pós-parto foi significativamente superior à do 1º cio pós-parto.

O objetivo da investigação foi o de comparar os resultados observados por meio da avaliação morfométrica de fibras nervosas regeneradas, em cães, após 26 semanas da reparação cirúrgica de falhas do nervo ulnar, através de auto-enxertos e próteses tubulares de silicone. Para cada procedimento foram utilizados quatro animais. Dos nervos regenerados e dos enxertos foram retirados segmentos para avaliação em nível de microscopia eletrônica. De cada corte foram amostrados seis campos distintos com 1,750 µm² cada, que foram fotografados com aumentos de 1.880 vezes. Através de sistema computadorizado de morfometria (SigmaScan - Jandel Co., USA), obtiveram-se os seguintes parâmetros: diâmetros das fibras mielínicas; diâmetros dos axônios mielínicos; espessuras das bainhas de mielina e diâmetros dos axônios amielínicos. Os nervos regenerados no interior das próteses tubulares apresentaram diâmetros das fibras mielínicas com média de 5,12 ± 1,67 µm; média dos diâmetros dos axônios mielínicos de 4,08 ± 1,52 µm; média das espessuras das bainhas de mielina de 0,52 ± 0,18 µm; média dos diâmetros dos axônios amielínicos de 0,98 ± 0,37 µm. Os enxertos apresentaram os seguintes valores: média dos diâmetros das fibras mielínicas de 6,04 ± 2,27 µm; média dos diâmetros dos axônios mielínicos de 4,59 ± 1,95 µm; média das espessuras das bainhas de mielina de 0,72 ± 0,23 µm; média dos diâmetros dos axônios amielínicos de 0,96 ± 0,40 µm. Estes resultados permitiram concluir que os procedimentos cirúrgicos utilizados, quando analisadas as fibras regeneradas no interior das próteses tubulares e dos auto-enxertos, não apresentaram diferenças morfométricas significantes, decorridas 26 semanas de obervação pós-operatória.

Rotaviruses are the major pathogen for both human and animal. They affect young animals in intensive rearing and cause great economic losses. This study intended to evaluate the infectivity of porcine rotavirus maintained for 32 months at approximately 10ºC. in the original stools specimens. Thirty stools specimens of 1-4-week-old piglets originating from breeding farms located in the southwest region of the Paraná State were selected for this study. They were randomly chosen from stools samples positive for rotavirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at the time of collection. The thirty stools samples maintained for 32 months at approximately 10ºC were re-tested by PAGE and 11 out of 30 were still positive showing the integrity of the eleven bands of viral RNA. To demonstrate the maintenance of viral infectivity, clarified and trypsin-treated stools specimens homogenates were inoculated in MA-104 cell cultures. After an average of 3 blind passages 5 out of 11 samples demonstrated cytophathic effect similar to that of standard simian rotavirus (SA-11). To confirm these findings, a immunofluorescent test was used and demonstrated typical cytoplasmic granular fluorescence. Electron microscopy of stools samples showed that most of the virus particles were single- shelled and some were found to be in an advanced state of degradation. Therefore the conclusion was that porcine rotavirus infectivity is maintained for a long period of time in stool specimens at low temperature. This certainly is an important aspect for the maintenance of viable virus in natural condition as well as for the transmission of the disease.

We used twelve horses, PSI, nine males, from the Jockey Club of São Paulo. The surgical treatment was very efficient in all horses in this study, and we found better results than those found in the literature.

Avaliou-se a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e proteína bruta (PB) de camas de frangos tendo como substrato cascas de arroz, cascas de amendoim e sabugo de milho, através da técnica de sacos de náilon in situ em bovinos dotados de fístulas permanentes de rúmen alimentados com silagem de milho e cama de frangos. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos ao acaso, com repetição dentro dos blocos, e os resultados obtidos foram: a degradabilidade efetiva da MS (calculada para taxa de passagem de 0,02) da cama de cascas de amendoim (70,07%) igualou a degradabilidade da cama de sabugo de milho (67,42%) e ambas superaram (p<0,05) a da cama de cascas de arroz (60,68%), sendo estes achados semelhantes para a MO (cama de cascas de amendoim: 67,66%; sabugo de milho: 67,43%; cascas de arroz: 60,74%). Para a PB, a degradabilidade efetiva da cama de sabugo de milho (78,39%) foi significativamente menor (p<0,05) quando comparada às camas de cascas de amendoim (83,23%) ou cascas de arroz (83,97%). A casca de amendoim igualou o sabugo de milho, material considerado de boa qualidade na confecção de camas de frangos para utilização na alimentação animal (ruminantes), e superou a casca de arroz.

Avaliou-se a degradabilidade "in situ" da matéria seca e da proteína bruta: a) do caroço de algodão integral; b) do caroço de algodão integral quebrado e c) do farelo de algodão, com três novilhas mestiças, (europeu x zebú) dotadas de fístulas de rúmen, utilizadas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os animais receberam como volumoso a cana-de-açúcar e uma mistura de concentrados que continha farelo de algodão (0,3 kg), caroço de algodão integral (0,6 kg) e milho moído (1,6 kg). As taxas médias de degradabilidade para a MS com 48 horas de incubação foram maiores (P<0,01) para o farelo de algodão (62,3%) seguidos pelo caroço de algodão integral quebrado (57,1%) e caroço de algodão integral (22,1%). Para a proteína bruta as taxas foram maiores (P<0,01) para o farelo de algodão (93,5%), seguidos pelo caroço de algodão quebrado (82,5%) e caroço de algodão inteiro (18,3%).

A morphometrical study of the cranial, medial and caudal portions of the epididymis from 72 domestic quail was performed during one year, being six epididymides collected each month. The epididymal portions were morphometrically evaluated through five histological slides (7 µm thick) from each bird. The slides were stained by Harri’s hematoxilin. The morphometrical measures were taken from 4 transversal sections, randomly chosen, from each organs (120 measurements per bird each month). Measures were taken from the epididymal area. The diameter and thickness of the epithelium in the proximal and distal efferent ductules and the epididymal ducts were also measured, using 40x magnification lenses and an image analyzer coupled with a binocular Zeiss microscope. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS computer program. The analyses of the results showed that the caudal portion of the epididymus was significantly larger than the cranial portion when comparing the epididymal area and the major diameter of the distal and epididymal efferent ductules. These data suggested that the caudal portion is more active than the medial and cranial ones, similar to what occurs in mammals.

Six healthy equine were used to evaluate surgical technique of thoracotomy; surgical access to the right hemithorax was assured by anesthesia with mechanical controlled ventilation. The technique employed resulted in intense and diffuse bleeding throughout the muscular layers and provided easy approach to elevate the periosteum of the rib to be partially excised. After undoing of the negative thoracic pressure, pulmonary expansion was adequate, as assessed by visual examination. The bone endings provided good support and stability to the muscular sutures, and the suture material was of enough strength to support different degrees of tension. The technique allowed surgical procedures to be carried out in the horse’s cranial and accessory pulmonary lobes as well as satisfactory exploration of the right pleural cavity. The suture methods employed were efficient and no signs of respiratory distress or pneumothorax were observed.

Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) é uma árvore natural dos Estados do Pará ao Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo (Brasil). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a toxicidade dos extratos das vagens desta espécie e verificar efeitos sobre a gestação de ratas. As vagens foram coletadas na região de Cuiabá (MT, Brasil) e separadas em cascas e sementes. Foram feitos extratos brutos hidroalcoólicos (2:1), a frio e depois levados à secura (máximo 55°C). Ratas fêmeas virgens foram acasaladas e receberam extratos (0,5 ml/100 g de peso, 100 g/l) ou água na mesma proporção (controle) por gavagem do 1° ao 7° dia de gestação. No 7° dia, foram feitas laparatomias para contagem do número de implantes uterinos. As ratas foram sacrificadas no 21° dia de gestação. Os extratos das sementes reduziram o peso do útero e o número de fetos vivos em relação ao grupo controle. A dose média letal (DL50) calculada para o extrato das sementes foi de 4.992,8 mg/kg. A DL50 do extrato das vagens foi maior que 5.000 mg/kg. Pode-se concluir que o extrato das sementes de S. adstringens interfere na gestação de ratas, sendo que esta ingestão pode prejudicar animais herbívoros.