RCAAP Repository

N-methylpyrrolidone is a powerful solvent for variety of chemical processes due to its vast chemical properties. It has been used in manufacturing processes of polymers, detergents, pharmaceuticals rubber and many more chemical substances. However, it creates large amount of residue in some of these processes which has to be dealt with. Many well known methods such as BASF in rubber producing units have tried to regenerate the solvent at the end of each run, however, there is still discarding of large amount of residue containing NMP, which over time, could cause environmental concerns. In this study, we have tried to optimize regeneration of the NMP extraction from butadiene production. It is shown that at higher temperatures NMP is separated from the residue with close to 90% efficiency, and the solvent residue proved to be the most effective with a 6: 1 ratio.

Four simple titrimetric procedures are described for the determination of lisinopril (LNP) in bulk and in pharmaceuticals based on the neutralization of basic-amino and acidic carboxylic acid groups present in LNP. Method A is based on the neutralization of basic amino groups using perchloric acid as titrant in anhydrous acetic acid medium. Method B, method C and method D are based on neutralization of carboxylic acid group using NaOH, sodium methoxide and methanolic KOH, as titrants, respectively. Method A is applicable over 2.0-20.0 mg range and the calculations are based in the molar ratio of 1:2 (LNP:HClO4). Method B, method C and method D are applicable over 2.0-20.0 mg, 1.0-10.0 mg and 5.0-15.0 mg range, respectively, and their respective molar ratios are 1:1 (LNP:NaOH), 1:2 (LNP:CH3ONa) and 1:1 (LNP:KOH). Intraday and inter day accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated and the results showed intra- and inter-day precision less than 2.7% (RSD), and accuracy of < 2.5 % (RE). The developed methods were applied to determine LNP in tablets and the results were validated statistically by comparing the results with those of the reference method by applying the Student's t-test and F-test. The accuracy was further ascertained by recovery studies via standard addition technique. No interferences from common tablet exipients was observed.

The goal of this work was to develop a simple and rapid preparation method for patulin analysis in apple juice without previous clean-up. This method combined sonication and liquid extraction techniques and was used for determination of patulin in 37 commercial apple juices available on the market in the South of Brazil. The method performance characteristics were determined using a sample obtained in a local market fortified at five concentration levels of patulin and done in triplicates. The coefficient of variation for repeatability at the fortification level of 20.70µg.L-1 was 3.53 % and the recovery 94.63 %, respectively. The correlation coefficient was 0.9996 and agrees with the requirements for a linear analytical method value. The detection limit was 0.21µg.L-1 and the quantification limit 0.70 µg.L-1. Only three of the analyzed samples were upper the allowed level of 50.00 µg.L-1 recommended for the World Health Organization.

Colloid chemical behavior of indole dihydropyrimidines in non-aqueous solvent mixture benzene-methanol of varying composition has been investigated by viscometric measurements at 303K± 0.1. The viscosity of the system increases with the increase in concentration. The Trend Change Point (TCP) values have been determined by intersection of two straight lines, which are found to be dependent on the composition of solvent mixtures. The study confirms that the nature of synthesized compounds agglomerate formed below and above 50% benzene concentration is quite different. The viscometric data have been analyzed in terms of Einstein, Vand, Moulik and Jones-Dole equations. These well known equations have been successfully applied to explain the results of viscosity measurements and the viscometric parameters show that the behavior of compound changes in the proximity of 50% benzene concentration.

An optode based on thymol blue (TB), an acid-based indicator, has been constructed and evaluated as a detector in FIA system for CO2 determination. The dye was chemically immobilised on the surface of a bifurcated glass optical fibre bundle, using silanisation in organic media. In FIA system, hydrogen carbonate or carbonate samples are injected in a buffer carrier solution, and then are mixed with phosphoric acid solution to generate CO2, which diffuses through a PTFE membrane, in order to be collected in an acceptor carrier fluid, pumped towards to detection cell, in which the optode was adapted. The proposed system presents two linear response ranges, from 1.0 x 10-3 to 1.0 x 10-2 mol l-1, and from 2.0 x 10-2 to 0.10 mol l-1. The sampling frequency was 11 sample h-1, with good repeatability (R.S.D < 4 %, n = 10). In flow conditions the optode lifetime was 170 h. The system was applied in the analysis of commercial mineral water and the results obtained in the hydrogen carbonate determination did not differ significantly from those obtained by potentiometry, at a confidence level of 95 %.

O aprimoramento dos métodos analíticos faz com que a busca por novas tecnologias rápidas, exatas e de custo reduzido estejam constantemente sendo revistas e avaliadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três formas de extração de K (decomposição nítro-perclórica, extração com água e extração com solução diluída de HCl) de amostras da parte aérea de capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) e de alfafa (Medicago sativa cv. Crioula). Os métodos de extração de K de amostras de tecido vegetal de capim-tanzânia e alfafa com solução ácida diluída ou com água apresentaram-se equivalentes ao método tradicional da decomposição nítro-perclórica e podem substituí-lo.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método analítico simples, rápido e eficiente para a determinação de corticosteróides (cortisona, corticosterona, acetato de hidrocortisona e acetato de dexametasona) em amostras sangüíneas de ratos empregando um sistema isocrático de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detecção ultravioleta. O método envolveu a injeção direta da amostra sangüínea em uma coluna cromatográfica com superfície interna de fase reversa (ISRP-C18), empregando a fase móvel composta por tampão fosfato pH 4,0: acetonitrila (65:35 v/v). A detecção dos analitos foi obtida, através de um detector de ultravioleta de comprimento de onda variável (Varian Modelo 2550) ajustado em 240 nm e um integrador SP 4400 Chromaject (Varian Associates, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). A extração do analito resultou em valores de recuperação entre 90% e 108%, e coeficiente de variação entre 1,1% a 2,5%. Os limites de detecção e quantificação do método foram de 0,02 e 0,04 µg mL-1, respectivamente. Assim, o método analítico proposto possibilitou a injeção direta (on-line) da amostra sem tratamento prévio apresentando também várias vantagens, tais como: rapidez, exatidão, precisão e especificidade.

Neste artigo descreve-se a construção de um calorímetro simples, utilizando materiais de fácil aquisição, para a determinação de entalpia de neutralização (pressão constante) de reações ácido-base. Foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do experimento soluções de ácidos e bases fortes e fracos, além de termômetro e recipiente de poliestireno expandido (isopor) para a medida e manutenção da temperatura, respectivamente. Com este experimento, foi então possível determinar a entalpia de neutralização (ΔH) de algumas reações de neutralização e compará-las com o valor mais aceito de - 55,84 kJ mol -1, a 25 ºC [1].

The aim of this present work was to provide a more fast, simple and less expensive to analyze sulfur content in diesel samples than by the standard methods currently used. Thus, samples of diesel fuel with sulfur concentrations varying from 400 and 2500 mgkg-1 were analyzed by two methodologies: X-ray fluorescence, according to ASTM D4294 and by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The spectral data obtained from FTIR were used to build multivariate calibration models by partial least squares (PLS). Four models were built in three different ways: 1) a model using the full spectra (665 to 4000 cm-1), 2) two models using some specific spectrum regions and 3) a model with variable selected by classic method of variable selection stepwise. The model obtained by variable selection stepwise and the model built with region spectra between 665 and 856 cm-1 and 1145 and 2717 cm-1 showed better results in the determination of sulfur content.

Measurements of parameters expressed in terms of carbonic species such as Alkalinity and Acidity of saline waters do not analyze the influence of external parameters to the titration such as Total free and associated Carbonic Species Concentration, activity coefficient, ion pairing formation and Residual Liquid Junction Potential in pH measurements. This paper shows the development of F5BC titration function based on the titrations developed by Gran (1952) for the carbonate system of natural waters. For practical use, samples of saline waters from Pocinhos reservoir in Paraiba were submitted to titration and linear regression analysis. Results showed that F5BC involves F1x and F2x Gran functions determination, respectively, for Alkalinity and Acidity calculations without knowing "a priori" the endpoint of the titration. F5BC also allows the determination of the First and Second Apparent Dissociation Constant of the carbonate system of saline and high ionic strength waters.

The complexes of 2-methoxyhenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)with the general formula: M(C9H9O4)3·4H2O, where M(II) = Mn, Co, Ni and Cu have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, magnetic and thermogravimetric studies and also X-ray diffraction measurements. The complexes have colours typical for M(II) ions (Mn(II) - a pale pink, Co(II) - pink, Ni(II) - green, and Cu(II) - blue). The carboxylate group binds as monodentate and bidentate ligands. On heating to 1273K in air the complexes decompose in the same way. At first, they dehydrate in one step to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals with the intermediate formation of the oxycarbonates. Their solubility in water at 293K is of the order of 10-5 mol·dm-3. The magnetic moments of analysed complexes were determined in the range of 76-303K. The results reveal them to be high-spin complexes of weak ligand fields.

Two simple, rapid and accurate methods for the determination of bupropion hydrochloride (BUP) in pure and in pharmaceutical preparations are described. Both methods are based on the measurement of the chloride of its hydrochloride. In the titrimetric method, the chloride content of bupropion hydrochloride is determined by titrating with mercury(II)nitrate using diphenylcarbazone-bromophenol blue as indicator. Titrimetric method is applicable over a range 2-20 mg of BUP and the reaction stoichiometry is found to be 2:1 (BUP: Hg(NO3)2). The spectrophotometric method involves the addition of a measured excess of mercury(II) nitrate reagent in formate buffer to the drug, and after ensuring the reaction had gone to completion, the unreacted mercury(II) is treated with a fixed amount of diphenylcarbazone, and absorbance measured at 515 nm. The absorbance is found to decrease linearly with increasing concentration of BUP and the calibration curve is linear over 1.0-15.0 µg mL-1 BUP. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of BUP in commercially available dosage forms with good accuracy and precision, and without detectable interference by excipients. The accuracy was further ascertained by placebo blank and synthetic mixture analyses and also by recovery experiments via standard-addition procedure.

Em vista da eficiência comprovada da biorremediação na degradação de compostos tóxicos ao ser humano, como o benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), diversas empresas, principalmente as relacionadas com consultorias e remediação ambiental, têm despertado grandes interesses pela implantação da biorremediação como opção para a reabilitação de áreas contaminadas. Em países desenvolvidos, como os Estados Unidos, Canadá e vários países da Europa, a técnica bioquímica de remediação vem sendo amplamente utilizada em trabalhos que se baseiam, por exemplo, no tratamento de solos contaminados por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. Porém, ao contrário do que se tem notado nesses países, no Brasil, os projetos de biorremediação ainda estão no campo da teoria, com poucos casos práticos, embora exista uma probabilidade real de expansão. A esse despeito, uma das maiores pertinências dessa revisão é elucidar as vantagens que essa técnica pode oferecer quando é utilizada para a degradação de compostos, como os BTEX, em solos tipicamente brasileiros, cujas características físico-químicas contribuem, em muito, para a degradação desses contaminantes. Nessa conjuntura, pesquisas revelam que os fatores ambientais (como teores de umidade e oxigênio) e a disponibilidade de nutrientes nos solos, além das condições climáticas do Brasil, são bastante adequadas para o emprego dessa técnica. Isso pode trazer como vantagens, ótima relação custo-benefício e maior eficiência na degradação de compostos tóxicos e recalcitrantes frente à maioria das técnicas convencionais de remediação. Em síntese, a presente revisão busca enfocar o estado da arte das técnicas de biorremediação de contaminantes em solos, apresentando as mais atuais e recentes aplicações e inovações, tanto no âmbito nacional quanto no internacional.

A simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of sitagliptin phosphate in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is based on condensation of the primary amino group of sitagliptin phosphate with acetyl acetone and formaldehyde producing a yellow colored product, which is measured spectrophotometrically at 430nm. The color was stable for about 1 hour. Beer's law is obeyed over a concentration range of 5-25 µg/ml. The apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity values are 1.067 x 10(4) Lmol-1cm-1 and 0.0471 µgcm-2 respectively. All the variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. No interference was observed in the presence of common pharmaceutical excipients. The validity of the method was tested by analyzing sitagliptin phosphate in its pharmaceutical preparations. Good recoveries were obtained. The developed method was successfully employed for the determination of sitagliptin phosphate in various pharmaceutical preparations.

A utilização de efluentes de esgoto tratado na irrigação, ao invés de realizar a disposição deste subproduto nos cursos d'água tem sido uma alternativa antiga, popular e atrativa, com triplo propósito: tratamento complementar do efluente, fonte de água e de nutrientes ao sistema solo-planta. Entretanto, no Brasil, há falta de tradição na reciclagem de águas residuárias, particularmente, do efluente de esgoto tratado e, conseqüentemente, poucos têm sido as pesquisas relacionadas a este tema. Com a finalidade de fornecer mais informações para subsidiar as pesquisas nesta área, este trabalho visa avaliar, por meio de técnicas químicas e espectroscopias, o processo de humificação na matéria orgânica dos solos irrigados com efluente de esgoto tratado em experimentos de campo. Os cinco tratamentos estudados foram: TSI (controle) - irrigado com água potável e adição de nitrogênio via fertilizante mineral, T100, T125, T150 e T200 irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado e adição de nitrogênio via fertilizante mineral. Os resultados obtidos mostram variações no teor de carbono e no grau de humificação, para os solos irrigados com efluente de esgoto tratado, decorrentes do aumento da atividade de decomposição da matéria orgânica, estimulada pelo aumento de água no solo.

O lodo de esgoto doméstico é um resíduo gerado durante os processos de tratamento de esgoto, podendo ser estabilizado por diversos processos químicos, físicos e biológicos. O lodo de esgoto estabilizado (biossólido) não possui um destino final adequado e gera diversos problemas no sentido de sua disposição final. Dentre os muitos processos que visam à disposição do biossólido, destaca-se a reciclagem agrícola. A utilização da vermicompostagem como meio de estabilização do lodo de esgoto mostra-se como uma ferramenta útil na estabilização deste resíduo. O processo de vermicompostagem apresentou características físico-químicas satisfatórias para ser utilizado como técnica de estabilização do lodo de esgoto doméstico. O produto final apresentou potencial para ser utilizado na agricultura como fertilizante ou condicionador de solos.

Amostras de materiais coletados em diferentes estádios de vermicompostagem foram submetidas a procedimentos de extração de ácidos húmicos. Técnicas de titulação potenciométrica, termogravimetria (DTG), difração de raios X e espectrofotometria no uv/visível e no infravermelho foram utilizadas no estudo desses materiais. Os dados de titulação foram submetidos ao ajuste por regressão não-linear, determinando-se, assim, cinco valores de pKa característicos de cinco classes de grupos tituláveis. Nas curvas DTG, foram observadas duas etapas, sendo a primeira característica da separação de estruturas alifáticas e, ou, alicíclicas e a segunda, a decomposição de estruturas aromáticas. A difratometria de raios X apresentou diferenças marcantes nos resultados, principalmente nos três primeiros picos onde parecem ocorrer reorganização estrutural e polimerização ao longo do processo de vermicompostagem. Os espectros do infravermelho não apresentaram diferenciação entre os espectros. Os valores da razão E4/E6 encontrados estão de acordo com os característicos dos ácidos húmicos, mas não fornecem informações que possam contribuir para a elucidação da estrutura e formação desses ácidos.

A quantitative analysis is made on the correlation ship of thermodynamic property, i.e., standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH fº) with Kier's molecular connectivity index(¹Xv),vander waal's volume (Vw) electrotopological state index (E) and refractotopological state index (R) in gaseous state of alkanes. The regression analysis reveals a significant linear correlation of standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH fº) with ¹Xv, Vw, E and R. The equations obtained by regression analysis may be used to estimate standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH fº) of alkanes in gaseous state.

A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of nevirapine is described. The method is based on the reaction of nevirapine with tetrathiocyanatocobalt(II) ion in buffer of pH 4 to form the corresponding complex. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0.2 - 2.0 µg mL-1 for nevirapine. The optical parameters such as molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity, detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 1.16× 10(4) Lmol-1cm-1, 2.09 X 10-3 µg cm-2, 0.073 µg mL-1 and 0.222 µg mL-1 respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The statistical evaluation of the method was examined by determining intra-day and inter-day precision. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of nevirapine in pharmaceutical formulations.

The arbitrary angular momentum solutions of the Schrödinger equation for a diatomic molecule with the general exponential screened coulomb potential of the form V(r) = (- a / r){1+ (1+ b )e-2b } has been presented. The energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions are calculated analytically by the use of Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method which is related to the solutions in terms of Jacobi polynomials. The bounded state eigenvalues are calculated numerically for the 1s state of N2 CO and NO