RCAAP Repository

Caros Leitores,Inicia-se com este primeiro número da Revista CAFI – Contabilidade, Atuária, Finanças & Informação mais uma contribuição da PUC-SP à comunidade acadêmica, no cumprimento de sua missão de assegurar a liberdade de investigação, de ensino e de manifestação de pensamento, objetivando sempre a realização de sua função social, considerada a natureza e o interesse público de suas atividades.Vinculada ao Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciências Contábeis e Atuariais da FEA/PUC-SP, que este ano comemora 40 anos de atividades ininterruptas, a CAFI é uma publicação semestral e propõe-se publicar artigos científicos e ensaios de professores, pesquisadores e alunos brasileiros e do exterior, em português, inglês ou espanhol, de caráter multidisciplinar na área de ciências sociais aplicadas,  servindo como espaço para o debate de ideias de reconhecido rigor teórico, relevância intelectual e científica para comunidade acadêmica e sociedade, tanto nacional como internacional. A CAFI é editada em parceria com a Corporación Universitaria Remington da Colômbia.Este primeiro número da CAFI traz oito artigos, sendo cinco do Brasil e três da Colômbia, iniciando com isto a abertura para a internacionalização. Segue uma breve apresentação dos artigos.O primeiro artigo, de Kátila Oliveira Silva e Antonio Robles Júnior, intitulado Provisão para crédito de liquidação duvidosa (PCLD) calculada conforme as normas do BACEN e IFRS: comparação, buscou expor conceitos relacionados à inadimplência e PCLD, bem como as diferenças existentes entre as metodologias de cálculo da PCLD pelos métodos BRGAAP e IFRS. Para tanto, analisou o comportamento da PCLD dos quatro maiores bancos presentes no Brasil: Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, Itaú e Santander. Apesar de serem identificadas diferenças já esperadas no cálculo da PCLD realizado pelos dois métodos, concluiu que o método IFRS favorece as Instituições financeiras.O segundo artigo, intitula-se Relación entre el desempeño financeiro y las practicas de sostenibilidad de las empresas del sector cosmético y beleza de Colombia, de Lina María Maya Toro, apresenta o grau de correlação entre o desempenho financeiro das empresas envolvidas na indústria de cosméticos e beleza na Colômbia, com o desenho e implementação de políticas de sustentabilidade. Por meio de técnicas estatísticas, foi comprovada a hipótese de que uma boa prática na concepção e implementação de políticas de sustentabilidade em empresas desta natureza, melhora significativamente o seu desempenho financeiro.O terceiro artigo, de Amanda Torres de Azevedo Araújo e Marcus Vinicius Moreira Zittei, intitulado Impactos na convergência das normas internacionais de contabilidade de leasing para arrendatários, demonstrou os impactos na convergência à regra IFRS 16 com foco na contabilidade do arrendatário nas operações de leasing e o resultado das modificações propostas, bem como as mudanças nos indicadores financeiros, tais como: lucro antes dos impostos, EBITDA e nível de alavancagem financeira. Concluiu que a convergência é um caminho importante, dado à sua transparência, porém, certamente, continuará como pauta de futuras adequações entre os reguladores.O quarto artigo, intitula-se Caso: disenõ e implementación de la estrategia de intervención social en una instituición micro financiera en la Ciudad de Cali-Colombia, con un modelo institucional orientado en temas de protección y capacitación de los servicios no financeiros, de Victor Manuel Escobar Zuñiga, apresenta a experiência de uma instituição financeira da cidade de Cali, especializada em microcrédito, a qual foi base para a pesquisa. A política pública de bancarização da Colômbia estimula o fortalecimento do microfinanciamento e requer o desenvolvimento da educação financeira em prol de uma maior e melhor utilização dos recursos. Com base nesses princípios, a instituição analisada implementou a educação financeira como uma questão institucional dentro de seus programas estratégicos, gerando um impacto significativo entre seus clientes, uma vez que estes estão localizados em setores da cidade com menor receita econômica.O quinto artigo, intitula-se Caraterizacion de las prácticas de sostenibilidad en las empresas colombianas "caso sector financiero", de Maria Fanny Castro Arbeláez,  analisou as boas práticas de desenvolvimento sustentável contido nos relatórios de sustentabilidade emitidos por empresas no setor financeiro colombiano, declaradas como casos de sucesso de sustentabilidade durante os períodos de 2011-2014. Concluiu que o setor financeiro colombiano tem praticado políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável com grande impacto na população, garantindo assim uma melhor geração de valor tanto econômico como social e ambiental para os grupos de interesse, que trabalham pela inclusão social para reduzir a pobreza e gerar melhores condições de vida para todos.O sexto artigo, intitula-se A presença da sustentabilidade na formação do administrador em universidades públicas, de Leonardo Fabris Lugoboni, Karen Rodrigues de Souza e Bárbara Stefáne Ferreira dos Santos, analisou as grades curriculares dos cursos superiores de administração de 12 faculdades de universidades públicas, visando compreender como as questões relacionadas à sustentabilidade são contempladas. Verificou-se que na maioria dos casos o tema é adicionado à grade tradicional dos cursos e não de forma transversal, de maneira integrada com outras disciplinas ao longo do curso, como deve ser desejável e possível.O sétimo artigo, de Luiz Fernando de Barros Scholz e Fernando de Almeida Santos, intitulado Estudo de caso: análise financeira da rentabilidade no transporte aéreo baseado em informações públicas e sua relação com o custo do petróleo no resultado operacional das cias. aéreas, apresenta uma visão crítica das cias. aéreas nacionais, demonstrando a forte concentração de receitas na operação das linhas domésticas (98%), bem como o impacto do custo do querosene de aviação, denominado de QAV1, na rentabilidade das mesmas.Por fim, o oitavo artigo, intitula-se Relação entre o relatório de auditoria com modificação e a troca de auditor independente em companhias listadas, de Marcos Reinaldo Severino Peters, Leda Honorato da Silva Reis e Lincoln de Jesus Peres, analisou todas as companhias listadas na CVM na data-base de 31/12/2016, totalizando 619 companhias. Foram identificadas 41 companhias com relatório de auditoria com modificação e concluiu-se que 26,83%, ou seja, 11 companhias trocaram seu auditor independente subsequentemente ao recebimento de um relatório de auditoria com modificação. Esse resultado contraria pesquisas internacionais sobre a emissão de relatório sem modificação por pressão da administração das companhias, e “Opinion shopping”.Desejo a todos uma boa leitura!Prof. Dr. Napoleão Verardi GalegaleEditornvg@galegale.com.br

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar como as políticas de investimento da Previdência Social estão mantendo o equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental na Declaração de Política de Investimentos (DPIN) e na Demonstração de Aplicações e Investimentos em Recursos (DAIR). Conclui-se que os investimentos buscam manter o equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial por meio de investimentos de recursos que visam respeitar as normas estabelecidas pela lei e realizar estratégias de alocação de recursos de acordo com as perspectivas e visão de cada gestor com relação à sustentabilidade e rentabilidade necessária para manter a estabilidade dos RPPS.

This article studies the causal relation between the BM&FBovespa indexes and the Exchange Rate, in the analysis applied the Spearman rank correlation (Rô) to test the correlation between the indexes during the period from 1995 to July 2017; moreover, analyzes relevant determinants such as the influence of the trade balance on the exchange rate. The analysis of the results indicate that the BM&FBovespa indexes and the Exchange Rate show a negative correlation, which causes a simultaneous variation between the indices. 

Technology is increasingly present in society, it contributes to the fact that many things that were manually performed at some time were automated. Accounting, plays a fundamental role for companies, it has undergone great changes since its inception, changes that have brought countless benefits to professionals. Thus this work seeks to address a new technology called blockchain. The study intends to verify how technological innovation called blockchain can be used within the accounting system. In addition, objectives were developed in order to verify the level of acceptance of accounting professionals in relation to new technologies within accounting, as well as their perception of this new technology called blockchain. The study consists of a research whose approach is characterized as deductive, since it seeks to describe the use of blockchain, classified as qualitative research. Through these methods, it was found that accounting professionals have a low level of knowledge about new technologies and a low level of knowledge about the blockchain, which makes it difficult to visualize their applications within accounting, making this study even more relevant to the community in general. 

The purpose of this study is to conduct a critical analysis of the various methods for profit calculation expressed in Economics, Accounting and Law theories, in order to identify which better methodology, in case of distribution of 100% of dividends calculated in those theories, would translate the respect capital maintenance rule. The research starts with academic theories that define profit in Economics, Accounting and Law. Two aspects are crucial for the understanding of economic events that could impact the Adjusted Net Income, calculation basis for dividends: the liquidity of assets and equity increase. After that, this work aims to analyze the distribution of dividends related to capital maintenance presenting several real cases in exploratory research of events already occurred. Was given preference for cases where there was economic events affecting the Accounting result of Entities in adoption of IFRS rules in Brazil. Key-words: Profit. Income as equity increase. Income realization as monetary liquidity. Distribution of income related to capital maintenance.

The individual tax payer, as an important part of the State's tax collection process, could better plan and organize its assets in order to make the tax burden less costly, within the legality. The society assumes that the professionals with knowledge to do such activity are the graduates in Accounting Sciences, however it is not known how our HEIs (higher education institutions) have trained this professional. Based on this, the research question answered here was: How do HEIs approach IRPF/DIRPF theme during the undergraduate course in accounting sciences? The research had a qualitative character, whose data collection was done through interviews with the four private educational institutions that have the best courses in accounting sciences of the State of São Paulo - quality of teaching - according to the university ranking of Folha 2017. The study allowed us to conclude that the positioning adopted by the IES evaluated currently creates a vacuum in the local market regarding the subject and that can be absorbed by professionals from other areas. Changes in the IES approaches could present to the students a new option in the market.

With the advancement of technology and the emergence of the new currency, several doubts and questions surfaced, among them, which stimulated the present study: what will be the hypotheses of the incidence of personal income tax on transactions with bitcoins. In search of the answer, the objective of this study was to identify and analyze the hypothesis of the IRPF incidence in transactions with bitcoins. The research was developed based on the deductive method, becoming a study of exploratory bibliographic nature. As this is a new subject, the research information will be explored in both books and news and published articles, as well as in public documents such as the Income Tax Regulation and other legislation. The main results were that the possibility exists of the collection of income tax on transactions with bitcoins of the individual in a manner similar to the transactions occurred in reais, according to the current legislation. With the absence of a quotation and official legislation, the easiness of evasion was identified, and the possibility of solving this problem was suggested.

In October 2015, the OECD approved the BEPS comprising 15 different actions in international taxation, seeking to combat the erosion of the tax base and the transfer of taxable profits. However, almost three years have elapsed, and there is still a long way for us to have an uniform and universal taxation instrument.  In this article, after the exposition of the main foundations of the BEPS package, the effects of its proposed actions will be reviewed, particularly the impacts caused in the Brazilian tax system. Methodologically, through the analysis of the recent modifications in Brazilian tax legislation, it will be reviewed the main achievements in this theme. The OECD strategy has been reinforcing the fight against aggressive tax planning, and has sought to promote this through multilateral instruments, which offer a new standard of international taxation. However, the differentiated treatment of some countries, where Brazil is included, has fueled a fragmentation of the BEPS that can create opportunities for other types of international tax planning, compromising the effectiveness of the BEPS.

This study analyzes the computer tools at the service of the forensic auditor in his audit assignment in the savings and credit cooperatives of the financial sector of Ibagué. Methodologically it is a qualitative case study, supported by the theory of insurance. The results show that it is necessary to identify risks associated with the lack of controls in the organizations of the solidarity sector. Therefore, it is important to typify the type of risks: deliberate omission of transaction records, accounting simulation, falsification of records and documents, errors or irregularities in administration, lack of staff training, high turnover percentage of key personnel, delays of the accounting, registry of inadequate operations, computer systems easy to be harmed, accounts not reconciled and fictitious persons.

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This article deals with a descriptive empirical technical report that aims to verify and clarify controversial points regarding the calculation and collection of the interstate tax differential (DIFAL) in the branch of a multinational company located in Santa Catarina. To do so, it was necessary to study legislation relevant to the above, such as Convention 52 of 2017, ICMS Regulation of Santa Catarina 2001 and others, as well as reflection on organizational culture. For the implementation of the action plan, qualitative research was used, that is, the relationship between the real and the conceptual does not require statistical techniques for data development and demonstration. From the point of view of procedures, this technical report will be made based on bibliographical and documentary research. After the research and the documentary survey, some proposals were made that were suggested to Company A (matrix), in order to improve the procedure as a whole in its subsidiary (Subsidiary C). However, faced with a scenario of a company with a lean organizational culture, the process of acceptance and implementation of the proposals took time, but nevertheless, it occurred.

The main purpose of this article is to highlight stylized facts about Private Equity funds in Brazil, in order to understand how this type of investment occurs in the Brazilian capital market. Therefore, secondary data from 12 funds that are domiciled in Brazil and invested in Brazilian companies were used. All data were obtained from a Bloomberg terminal. The results show that the most commonly used benchmark indexes by the funds of the sample was DI-Cetip, Fix TRX Des Imob I has the highest return, Brazil Invest 2014 I FIP has the highest risk of the sample, and Barao Vermelho FIP the lowest. As for the tracking error, the fund that presented the largest departure from the benchmark was Brazil Invest 2014 I FIP. In addition, negative beta was observed in several funds, which reinforces the idea that there are more appropriate measures than beta to assess risk of countries with emerging markets like Brazil. In general, the FIP TRX Des Imob I fund presented the best performance of the funds analyzed, not only for the results of the IS, IT, Jensen’s alpha and Isor indexes, but also for being one of the most adherent to the benchmark index and having one of the lowest volatilities of the sample. On the other hand, the Brazil Invest 2014 FIP fund had the lowest adherence to the benchmark, in addition to being the most volatile fund in the sample.

In the present work is a proposal of social and transformational type, which seeks to be the mechanism and alternative to eradicate little by little with problems such as lack of economic resources, student unrest, desertion, among others. This proposal is aimed at solving the problem of students who lack financial resources to meet each of the needs that arise in the training process. To achieve this, three parts were established, which are the three objectives of this work: A survey applied to a staff of cadets identified in a sample, to determine the main economic problem that is presented to the senior cadets and cadets of the military aviation school. The creation of service lines to solve the problem already identified. Some lines of service where the capabilities of the financial fund are raised, there are some guidelines, requirements and requirements to access each of the benefits. Determine the viability of the proposal, where an analysis of the important aspects of the project was made, analyzed and looked for the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities; and it was completed with a survey of a staff of seniors cadets and cadets to know and determine the position they have regarding the existence of a financial fund in the EMAVI.

The general objective of this research is to identify the relationship between public security spending and private security costs, comparing saline companies. The methodology focuses on a descriptive, documental, quantitative research using correlation statistics technique, comparing companies from the State of the Newborn, from 2004 to 2014. The relationship between the variable public spending with security and costs with private security is significant and has a high positive correlation. Inferring the rejection of the hypothesis of a negative relationship between public security spending and private security costs. It is concluded that, in a general way, public spending with security influences the variation of the behavior of the costs with private security. It was also identified that the companies adopt two security models, the private and the organic, the security model chosen by the companies to be priority influence the variation of the behavior of the costs with private security.

In Colombia, the business sector is developing at an increasingly rapid pace, in Medellín the creation of companies is in continuous growth, however, it is difficult for them to be maintained over time, because after a few years they are liquidated for different reasons. This phenomenon, according to a study presented by the Antioqueña Magazine of Economy and Development (RAED), is due to deficiencies in the organizational and marketing structure at the time of its creation, which affect sustainability in an increasingly competitive market, on the other hand Institutions such as Confecámaras and the Bavaria Foundation make an analysis of the main causes that make certain companies close, agreeing that the affectation comes among others, from factors related to the environment that are almost always unpredictable, therefore, failure can be For a mixture of causes, the main threat is the financial issue. One of the projects of the Research and Development in Business and Insurance Research Seedbed, SIDINS, of the Center for Business Services and Management is to implement a business office with the objective of generating a space that energizes knowledge, promoting research and development projects as a solution to specific problems related to business management, fostering strategic alternatives to global scenarios, emphasizing the strengthening of the skills, knowledge and aptitudes of entrepreneurs, apprentices and instructors. The profile of the Business Management and Services Center of the SENA Regional Antioquia, is appropriate for this type of intervention, since since its creation it was conceived as a space to help companies to be more competitive, hence the Business Office that is intended It is aligned with the mission of the center and SENA in general, it also becomes a tool that favors project-based learning of the apprentices of Technology in Business Management, Risk Management and Insurance, Specialization in Online Marketing and others technologies that, due to the initial diagnosis made to companies, are necessary. The methodology to build the business office is based on the results of research carried out by public and private entities that show how MSMEs have been disappearing shortly after they were created, on the other hand, there was a tracking of universities and institutions that have business offices to understand its operation and contextualize it to the particular characteristics of the training in the SENA.

The study aims to highlight the economic and financial performance of the clubs that participated in the series A, B and C of the Brazilian championships in 2017, being methodologically characterized as descriptive, documentary and investigative in order to gather information from the sample of 38 clubs. To clarify the economic and financial situation, indicators usually used in the literature and descriptive statistics were used to relate and highlight the results concluded in each series analyzed. The results revealed, in short, that the A, B, and C-series clubs have a poor financial and economic outlook, which is clear from the exposure of the indicators. In the comparative test between averages, the results showed that A-series clubs are able to earn higher profitability (ML) than B-series clubs and still have higher total return on investment (RSA) than C-series clubs. B have a higher dependence on third-party resources (PCT), higher than C-series clubs, however, gain greater profitability from their total investments (RSA).

The object of study of the research was the taxation on fuel consumption of Uberlândia - MG and the applicability of Law 12,741 / 2012. Thus, the problem that gave rise to the research was to demonstrate the applicability of the Fiscal Transparency law on fuel consumption. The hypothesis of the research was that most of the establishments use as source IBPT (Brazilian Institute of Planning and Taxation) and the same product can present different tax burdens. Therefore, the objective of the research was to analyze the applicability of the Law "With an eye to the tax" and its impacts on fuel consumption. The research method was a documentary survey of data collection of fiscal coupons of Fuel Stations of Uberlândia for the period from January to May 2016. The sample was extracted from the total of 22 fuel establishments. The analysis of the data was based on the theoretical reference of the IBPT and legal texts (specific legislation). The results indicate that most establishments do not apply law 12.741 / 2012 correctly, reporting an incorrect tax burden in relation to the indicated source. It is concluded that the applicability of the law is not efficient and effective, since the information to the consumer is distorted.

This study who aims to examine the influences of institutional forces on the process of convergence in governmental accounting in Brazil. Beside de introduction, the second section outlines the adoption of IPSAS in Brazil. In the third part, we approach, from the institutional theory NIS point of view, specific from the mimetic, normative and coercive pressures, this process of change in Brazilian government accounting; and finally, we made some final considerations on the subject. We discuss some real cases of Brazilian context on IPSAS adoption, based on direct observation, several informal interviews with different agents on Brazilian’s public sector in different levels and various institutions and literature review. Is important point that the examples showed here are not and do not pretend to be exhausted, but only illustrative. Our intention is foment the debate and clarify some institutional pressures who exists in this process. We suggest as next steps could be to examine qualitative factors such as: the quality of the financial statements; impact on wider management practices (are budgets based on accruals, the use of the balance sheet to inform decision making, etc.); and whether external stakeholders (citizens, elected members, societal  groups, etc.) consider that the introduction of IPSAS has improved  accountability.

The following article aims to identify the level of application of environmental accounting at business level and establish how it relates to business management, mainly from the concept of stakeholders; Additionally, it describes the main government strategies carried out to optimize the environmental management of companies through the Colombia´s current legislative framework. To carry out this purpose, the methodology of the systematic review is used, this allows to categorize adequately the information obtained under previously established criteria and clearly delimit the relevance of the sources consulted. Among the main findings of the research are: the strong monetarist emphasis of environmental accounting, which leaves aside key environmental variables, such as greenhouse gas emissions or water and energy consumption; the incipient implementation of environmental strategies by companies (still focused on maximizing benefits) and the lack of a broader legislative framework for a topic that is becoming increasingly important. This text seeks to contribute to the debate between economic growth and mitigation of environmental impact from the perspective of the accounting exercise and the organizations management.

The new professional code of ethics of accountant is established in the Brazilian Accounting Norm (NBC PG 01), approved by the Federal Accounting Council (CFC), at September 7, 2019, and its updates and deletions are considered significant. We used the methodology classified as quantitative, descriptive, documental, and through data collection, the data showed that between all accountants analyzed during the research, only 76% of the accountants of Corumbá city were aware of the code update. Regarding the belittlement aspect, that there is not in the new code, about 70% were against the update, because it will be detrimental to the accountants. About the divulgation of prices and gratuity 76% are against because of class devaluation, and that would cause unfair competition and even disunion between accountants. Regarding price fixing, the answers were divided by 50% against and 50% in favor.