RCAAP Repository

The work has a result the study on the Compendium of Pedagogy (1907) by Dario Vellozo (1869-1937), teacher of Ginasio Paranaense and Escola Normal de Curitiba. The Compendium of Pedagogy by Vellozo was published in 1907 and republished in 1975. It was organized in three parts, one for every year of Teachers’ School. The article refers to the first book of the collection. In the first part of that book, there are ten lessons which covers the Pedagogy subject and their methods, organization of school and definitions of educations, as well as several lessons about Ancient, Medieval and Modern History and the prevailing educational thought in each one of them. The book for the second year, which was also organized in ten lesson, emphasizes the teaching methods, didactics, and physical education (health), moral, intellectual aspects. For the third year of course, Vellozo writes lessons about science, geography, history, drawing, music and a special lesson about kindergartens. The Compendium follows the scientific logics that should guide the school practices in that historical period, but also reflects the current culture in Teachers’ School, as well as  it shows the social-economic, political and cultural influences in Brazil and in Parana.  

The article presents results of a survey on the history and policies of the financing and management of basic education in Brazil. It is a critical and historical analysis in which the purposes, the developments and the modus public education was financed and administered from its origin to the present. The goal is to elucidate and clarify how resources for the financing and management of education at its basic level were determined and defined up to the implementation of a public policy. The progress and challenges for a quality public education are thus explained. The analysis focused on budgets, such as current regulations present in legislation and financial funds. 

The article aims to discuss the methodological and theoretical assumptions of the academic production that focuses on the History of Education in Brazil under Pedro II's rule, with focus on the implementation of Gymnastics in Secondary Education. The paper considers the material base on which Brazilian society is constituted as a nation, as well as the social, political and ideological relations from which the educational proposals are developed, and which lie on the situation in which Gymnastics was established in Imperial education. In the academic production mapped, there are few studies that address the subject under a methodological approach based on the critical theory of totality. Most of the work is based on the new history. We conclude by reaffirming the relevance of the Marxist dialectical historical-critical epistemology in order to deep the knowledge about man’s reality and their historical production, understood as a path under construction.  

The financing of government universities in the state ofParaná,Brazil, between 2003 and 2010 (Requião administration), is analyzed. The parameter consists of two indicators: 1) resources constitutionally bonded to education and directed to government-run universities of the state of Paraná for the maintenance of teaching activities; 2) the state of Paraná´s treasury resources destined by the yearly budget to universities for the financing of teaching activities (education expenses), clinics and university hospitals (health expenses) and part of the research staff’s payroll (science and technology expenses). A documentary research was undertaken and the Court of Auditors of the State ofParaná, the General Balance of the State and information provided by the State’s Secretary of Science, Technology and Higher Education were consulted. Results showed that during the period under analysis, the government-run universities of the state of Paraná were under-financed, especially for the 2003-2006 period, resulting in a true decrease of state’s treasury resources for Paraná’s Universities. 

Current article discusses the interventions of bishops Frederico Helmel and Albano Cavallin from the diocese of Guarapuava.Paraná State,Brazilduring the period between the initial publishing of the Diocesan Bulletin (1978) and the end of Cavallin´s tenancy (1992). The meanings attributed by the bishops to the Diocesan Bulletin are investigated and the theological positions and policies of the diocese of Guarapuava are analyzed. Research is foregrounded on the Bourdieu´s concepts of intellectual and symbolic power as producer of symbolic capital. Copies of the Diocesan Bulletin have been analyzed to discuss the hypothesis that the bishops used the publication to consolidate the positions of the Catholic Church in the diocese of Guarapuava, establishing it as the Church´s messenger and herald for Christian life among Catholics in the various parishes and to make the diocese´s position on theological and political issues. 

This study will analyze the relationship between education and politics at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century. The source for this study is based on two questions of the Summa Theologiae (II - II), written by Thomas Aquinas. They relate to the Question 101 on the Mercy, and Question 102, on Respect. When dealing with piety and respect, Master Thomas teaches his students the importance of tolerance and respect among men, so that life could elapse in the collective space. Given this urban environment, Thomas showed that the life in the city and in the university became complex, requiring people to have new concepts about social interaction, especially in relation to the ruler. Men, therefore, needed to learn the art of living together and the art of politics to meet new social laws. Reflecting on the writings of Master Thomas, we learn, through historical memory, how the theorists of earlier times were able to combine, in their writings and teachings, the knowledge to be taught as well as the guiding principles of politics as important for social relationship, regardless of historical time.  

This article presents an investigation on the state censorship to the songs and musicals during the two last decades of Portuguese dictatorship. The research was carried out through the review and analysis of material from the archives of PIDE/DGS (Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado/ Direcção-Geral de Segurança – International Police of State Defense / General Directorate of Security), as well as from the unpublished censorial processes collected in the archives of the Secretariado Nacional de Informação (SNI) (National Information Office), both based in the Torre do Tombo, in Lisbon. The analyses of these documents revealed which were the main banned topics, particularly with basis on the legal principles to which these songs were submitted, as well as on the justifications used by censors. The option for addressing songs in this text is also justified by its vigorous social insertion through the media and the phonographic and publishing industries. This art form has certainly contributed to the cultural background of listeners, including its characteristic of being an educational agent. In this sense, in a period that illiteracy and low educational level predominated in Portugal, songs could be powerful instruments of cultural education and could have informative content, justifying their control by the State.  

Current study socializes analyses on the programs of a twenty-year-old theater group in a technical school in Aquidauana MS Brazil, by discussing the discourse of written and rehearsed plays, underscoring the stance of young people who participated as actors. Studies featuring Foucauldian perspectives were employed to problematize and discuss the selected material. Architectural, psychopedagogical, agricultural and artistic discourses crisscrossed in the Institution´s programs to prepare agents to be technicians within the primary sector of the local economy. However, the school theater had a more comprehensive task, or rather, to define or invent an identity of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul after its separation from the state of Mato Grosso in the late 1970s. The statements of the young actors on the discourses and practices that marked the theater experience showed different forms of appreciation and different ways to subjective them.   

Each time has its model, or rather, its models of education. While we can say that Western civilization, in one way or another, is liable to an entire Christian worldview, however, one must take into consideration how this influence played in society. Now, the medieval men hardly wrote treatises on the specific topic; between them there was no Piaget. Being theologians and living in a world surrounded by cultural placenta of faith, they were concerned with what should be taught and how it should be taught. Already St. Augustine, in De Catechizandis rudibus (On how to catechize the simple),wrote about both the problems of language and communication, as well as the content to be taught. In this text, I will stick with the teachings of St. Bonaventure. As the Minister General of the Franciscan Order, he wrote several treatises on the subject. I stick especially with Regula novitiorum (Rule of life for novices), De perfectione vitae ad sorores (The Perfections of the Life) supplementing occasionally with the Epistle continens viginti quinque momorialia (letter containing twenty-five topics to be remembered).  

Ethical education in Aristotle is analyzed and the formation of the virtuous character as a key factor in the achievement of happiness is emphasized. The happy life is based on virtue which, in turn, is based on education and not on any other forms of life. The formation on the activity of the soul is not enough to achieve a happy life. Rational virtue differentiates the good man from the others. It manifests itself in good acts expressed through balanced attitudes and contemplation. Ethical education is the basic criterion for character formation. The constant practice of virtuous deeds makes the human being achieve discernment to do what is appropriate and thus achieve virtue and happiness. 

In this article, we shall call ‘spirituality of the desert’ the experience that urges the human being to leave the safety and comfort of the known world in order to follow the inner voice that leads them to the encounter with the divine. This decision involves very great risks and uncertainties, because in the desert there is only silence and solitude and nothing guarantees success in the search of God. However, going through the desert offers, to those who take the risk, the most precious gifts that a human being can aspire: freedom and peace. In this regard and as a provisional essay of a ‘mystic phenomenology of the desert’, the main objective will be aimed at deepening the theological and mystical reflections on the desert done by an author such as Origen of Alexandria. The choice has been based on the immense influence this great theologian has had in the history of Western mysticism. The analysis of the significance of the desert in the theology of Origen, was held in his beautiful homilies on Exodus. This article will show how this theological line has full validity for the contemporary world.  

The organization of the production process has modified substantially during the last five decades, or rather, there has been a development from a rigid to a flexible type of production. The flexibilization of production, followed by that of products and processes, demands new forms. Within this context, the educational proposals which are systematized in official documents that, in the long run, direct the curricular organization, such as in more general discussions on education, currently expected, require emphasis on the development of critical thought. This may occur through the valorization of the student’s real world as a necessary trait for the 21st century citizen. Current essay, foregrounded on the presuppositions of the Critical Theory, describes the limits of formation for the development of thought that should be denominated ‘critical thought’. Critical thought necessarily implies the undertaking of an experience whilst it presupposes theory, intellectual activity, reflection and analysis of the phenomena so that their determinants could be revealed.  

Some recommendations are provided to the challenges that the evaluation and accreditation processes raise to higher education systems in Latin-American and theCaribbean. Necessary and urgent changes are required in the systems of evaluation and accreditation in the region. We have identified seven challenges: Inequity; formalism and bureaucracy; uncritical acceptance of the ‘World Class Universities’ model; preference of indicators measuring economic growth (often not sustainable) to the detriment of indicators that measure key values such as equity, social harmony and environment sustainability; the challenge of ‘academic corruption’; the challenge of international accreditation; and the challenge of innovation. Some policies and actions are recommended to face adequately these challenges and to carry out a transformation within the evaluation and accreditation processes. 

A critical appraisal of the normative regulations regarding the implementation of nine-year Basic Education, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Education (MEC), between 2004 and 2010, is provided so that current changes in Basic Education in Brazil could be understood. Based on the national legal support and on arguments forwarded by several authors, current essay describes the building of a policy for the inclusion of six-year-old children in the elementary school and contextualize this historical moment in Brasil. A qualitative approach focused on documentary research showed the procedures for the location, selection and analysis of sources. Documents produced by MEC seemed to prove and convince the reader that most Brazilian states had the necessary conditions for the expansion of primary education already in 2003. Such policy may have originated within a historical moment of discourse exacerbation on childhood protection and about the establishment of educational policies that address and include all children. In fact, it was part and parcel to the worldwide movement for the education of children at an earlier age bracket.  

Based on photographic sources of a school parade during Getúlio Vargas´s New State period, current historiographic essay shows how, within a specific historical place and time, the photographic records identify the relationships between civic school parades and the primary school and the period´s political ideology and environment. The article is divided into two parts. The first part provides brief considerations on the nature of the photographic image as evidence for historians and defines the manner it will be examined. The second part deals with the analysis and interpretation of photographs of the parade involving students of the Elementary School Dr. Manoel Pedro in the town of Lapa, Paraná State, Brazil, in 1941. 

In the early twentieth century, population’s whitening policies were incorporated in schools in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Whitening policies were rooted in racial theories prevailing in Brazil since the nineteenth century. Current research deals with such issues as: How were racial theories applied in the schools? How were the mixed-race Brazilians (caboclos) and settlers taught physical and mental hygiene? Research sources comprise Government Reports in the 1920’s, the magazine O Ensino, published by the Board of Education of the state of Paraná in 1922, school journals, such as Imprensa Escolar, published by the schools in the state of Paraná from 1939 to 1942, the Revista Labor, published in the state of Paraná from 1940 to 1942 and the Revista Escoteiro do Brasil of 1939. The above sources demonstrate how the state’s whitening policies and its endeavor to ‘civilize’ the population´s attitudes and manners were incorporated in the schools of Paraná. Hygiene and education were associated in the shaping and homogenization of the population to discipline bodies and attitudes. Eugenic speeches were broadcasted by lawyers, educators and philanthropists and teachers had to combat evil for the conversion and the production of the national citizen who should be healthy, disciplined and hardworking. 

Current investigation shows how the university formation process contributes towards the development of the idea of the professional by students through the identification of concepts and through attributes relevant to future performance. Features related to the profession (values and rules to be followed), to intervention subjects (behaviors and attitudes of students or professionals) and to professional activities (characteristics linked to the activities´ specificity) were identified by the Focal Group technique employed by Physical Education students at the State University of Maringá, Maringá PR Brazil. Analyses of the research involving students show that the professional formation stance within the BA course in Physical Education is determined by the ability to evaluate and judge the procedures and values that will be part of the activities and not merely by knowledge of the scientific content.

El presente trabajo, que hace parte de una investigación con aporte teórico de la Teoría de los Campos Conceptuales, investigó el desempeño de académicos que entraron en cursos de Ciencias Exactas de la Universidad Estadual de Maringá en la resolución de problemas del campo conceptual aditivo. Aquí se presentan los resultados obtenidos por estos académicos, evidenciando algunos tipos de razonamientos implicados en la estructura aditiva que aún permanecen como obstáculos para el aprendizaje de las Matemáticas, pudiendo interferir en la continuidad de sus estudios. Entre los tres tipos que constituyen el campo conceptual aditivo, propuestos por Gérard Vergnaud, los problemas de transformación fueron los que presentaron mayor índice de resultados insatisfactorios. Sin embargo, en todos los problemas del test diagnóstico, fueron detectados errores cometidos por alguno de los estudiantes. Estos resultados nos llaman la atención en cuanto a la necesidad de una discusión más amplia en el ámbito académico, que tenga en cuenta las dificultades encontradas en el test en relación a los razonamientos de la estructura aditiva, para fomentar cambios en la estructura curricular de los cursos de Ciencias Exactas. 

Current analysis discusses and reflects on the tension points between the professor as researcher and the researcher as professor within the university professorship and also analyzes the dilemmas of the complex situation in the professionalization of teaching in higher education. Partial results of current qualitative, hermeneutic and exploratory research show the need for a continuous re-professionalization process involving the professors’ professional, personal and institutional development.   

Current paper rethinks the history of Sociology as a school discipline, by reconstituting its trajectory marked by absences and presences in the school curriculum, and by reflecting on the reasons for its intermittence, with other arguments as yet not developed by researchers in this field. Research has been developed in two parts: a) the first part analyzed the presence of Sociology in the curriculum of the first half of the twentieth century, investigating the process of its introduction and withdrawal; b) the second part focuses on the process of its gradual reintroduction in basic education through an analysis of the meanings attributed to it and to institutional progress and impasses that marked its advance.