RCAAP Repository

A Política de Recursos Hídricos do Estado de São Paulo estabeleceu em 1991 o Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (SIGRHI) e ao definir os princípios básicos para a gestão da água, adotou a bacia hidrográfica como unidade territorial para estudos, planejamento integrado para o desenvolvimento sustentável. O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar a morfometria das sub-bacias hidrográficas Fojo e Perdizes, no município de Campos do Jordão, SP. A análise morfométrica envolveu a caracterização de parâmetros geométricos, do relevo, da rede de drenagem, e a análise do uso e ocupação do solo das sub-bacias. Na caracterização morfométrica foi encontrada para sub-bacia Perdizes a área de 12,70 km², o perímetro de 19,85 km e o comprimento do eixo da bacia de 6,86 km, enquanto para a sub-bacia Fojo, a área de drenagem encontrada foi de 13,97 km², o perímetro de 19,74 km e o comprimento do eixo da bacia de 6,94 km. Esses resultados indicam semelhanças entre as duas sub-bacias. O coeficiente de compacidade (Kc) encontrado, 1,56 para a sub-bacia Perdizes e 1,41 para a sub-bacia Fojo, associados aos respectivos fatores de forma, F= 0,27 e F = 0,29 indicam que estas sub-bacias, em condições normais de precipitação, são pouco suscetíveis a enchentes. O resultado desses índices é reforçado pelo índice de circularidade encontrado, IC = 0,41 para Perdizes e IC = 0,45 para Fojo, pois o afastamento da unidade indica que as sub-bacias não tendem à forma circular, ou seja, possuem forma mais alongada e, portanto, possuem menor concentração de deflúvio. Os resultados obtidos para o Coeficiente de manutenção (Cm) indicam que para manter cada metro de canal, são necessários 286,5 m² para Perdizes e 243,9 m² para Fojo. A análise do uso e ocupação do solo revelou que dos quatro tipos de coberturas vegetais existentes: a cobertura vegetal dominante nas duas sub-bacias é de Floresta com 649 ha (51,1%) na Perdizes e 608,8 ha (43,6%) na Fojo; a cobertura Reflorestamento aparece em segundo lugar, ocupa área muito semelhante nas duas sub-bacias, 218 ha (17,2%) na Perdizes e aproximadamente 214 ha (15,3%) na Fojo. Em termos de conservação, a sub-bacia Fojo apresenta-se melhor conservada, pois além de menor área urbanizada, apresenta ainda, maior área com cobertura do tipo campo e uma área de floresta apenas um pouco menor que da sub-bacia Perdizes.

O conhecimento da vazão ecológica é de suma importância para se determinar a disponibilidade hídrica, visando ao gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. O presente estudo estimou a vazão ecológica e avaliou a disponibilidade hídrica em um trecho do rio das Pedras, manancial da cidade de Guarapuava, região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná. Para tal, aplicaram-se diferentes métodos empregados no Brasil para obtenção da vazão ecológica, uma vazão de referência à concessão de outorgas, e avaliou-se o regime fluvial. Os métodos utilizados foram média mínima de sete dias com período de retorno de dez anos, vazões associadas às permanências de 95% e 90%, vazões mínimas anuais de sete dias e vazão aquática de base. Os dados de vazão utilizados foram da estação fluviométrica localizada na ETA (Estação de Captação de Água de Guarapuava). Conclui-se que o débito fluvial anual, entre os anos de 1985 e 2009, apresentou uma média diária de 9,12 m³ s-1 e uma mediana de 9,16 m³ s-1. A vazão ecológica estimada pelos métodos utilizados para o trecho do rio das Pedras variou de 1,72 a 2,74 m³ s-1, com uma média de 2,20 m³ s-1, e coeficiente de variação de 19,5%. A vazão ecológica estimada para o trecho foi de 0,91 m³ s-1, conforme os critérios adotados no Estado do Paraná. No trecho avaliado, a relação entre a vazão diária e o volume outorgado indica a ineficiência dos métodos avaliados na determinação da vazão ecológica, ou seja, eles não garantiram o volume de água mínimo necessário à conservação do ecossistema fluvial.

Cada vez mais são necessários programas de monitoramento da qualidade e quantidade da água como subsídios para avaliar as condições dos mananciais e, além disso, propiciar informações para a tomada de decisão com relação ao gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. Este estudo analisou a qualidade e quantidade da água na microbacia do Ribeirão dos Macacos, afluente do rio Paraíba do Sul, Estado de São Paulo, por meio do monitoramento dos parâmetros: temperatura, pH, condutividade e oxigênio dissolvido, em cinco pontos da microbacia. As medições de vazão e altura da lâmina d' água durante os períodos seco e úmido dos anos de 2010/2011, permitiram obter a "curva chave" em quatro pontos de monitoramento da qualidade da água e reconstruir as séries de vazões para estes períodos. Os resultados das análises mostraram que há um indicativo de mudanças nos parâmetros de qualidade da água devido às práticas conservacionistas adotadas. O parâmetro temperatura da água foi o mais influenciado pela sazonalidade da vazão. Diversos fatores físicos podem ter contribuído na correlação dos outros parâmetros com a vazão principalmente as diferentes ações de recuperação ambiental implantadas na área deste estudo e que visam uma maior sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos.

Abstract Área de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas do Abaeté (APA Abaeté) is an urban fragment of restinga in an environmentally protected area in the municipality of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The area is impacted by irregular disposal of solid waste, clandestine removal of sand from dunes, suppression and fragmentation of original vegetation cover and urban growth of neighborhoods. A recent floristic study revealed new records of orchid species for this conservation unit but highlighted strong threats to the orchid flora. In this context, a taxonomic study of Orchidaceae in APA Abaeté was undertaken with the aim of facilitating the recognition of species in the field and supporting the establishment of more effective local conservation actions for orchids, which should include the manual dispersion of seeds and the relocation of individuals. Orchidaceae is the sixth most represented family in APA Abaeté, with 15 genera and 19 species, including Encyclia dichroma and Koellensteinia florida, endemic species of the Atlantic Forest. The most relevant morphological characteristics for the identification of species in the area are: growth type; climbing habit; caulome thickness; shape and consistency of leaf blades; inflorescence type and position; and color and resupination of flowers.

Abstract Lessingianthus plantaginoides (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) is a small natural tetraploid shrub that inhabits rocky highlands from South America. The population studied inhabits and covers an extensive region of a private reserve with high local biodiversity and animal and plant endemisms. With the purpose of providing insights into the cyto-embryology of this tetraploid species, the aims of this study were: to perform an ontogenetic study of the male and female gametophytes of L. plantaginoides; to carry out detailed meiotic analysis and evaluate the fertility of this species; to document and provide highlights on taxonomic implications of their reproductive aspects. Lessingianthus plantaginoides presented the following male and female gametophyte traits: dicotyledonous type of anther wall development, tetrahedral tetrads, 3-celled mature pollen grains; development of the chalazal megaspore, monosporic embryo sac and Polygonum type of megagametophyte development. The meiotic behavior was regular, the spores were tetrads of equal size and the pollen grains were highly stainable. Lessingianthus plantaginoides is a highly diplodized autotetraploid that reproduces sexually and has high meiotic regularity; which is apparently responsible for its colonization potential. It now seems certain that polyploid speciation plays a significant role in the establishment and diversification of the genus.

Abstract Plant species that show gregarious spatial distribution and endemism to the Atlantic Forest, such as Dorstenia elata, are particularly sensitive to the effects of genetic diversity loss. In the present study, we aimed to quantify the genetic diversity in native populations of this species in an Atlantic Forest remnant. The sample included three aggregates of individuals, and molecular characterization was performed with twelve ISSR primers. Intrapopulation analyses were based on the calculation of the Shannon index; total expected heterozygosity and the matrix of distances between pairs of individuals were also calculated. The obtained grouping dendrogram evinced the formation of two groups. Interpopulation investigations were based on the analysis of molecular variance and the estimate of historical gene flow. The results demonstrate that one group comprised the genotypes from two subpopulations, and the other contained exclusively the genotypes of a third subpopulation. The greatest genetic variability was observed within rather than among populations, indicating that the geographical distance and the road that divides the studied populations are not causing loss of genetic diversity.

Abstract We present here a taxonomic study of Apocynaceae from the Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Northeast Brazil. Twenty-four species in 18 genera, distributed in Apocynoid grade (3 genera/5 species), Asclepiadoideae (8 genera/10 spp.), and Rauvolfioid grade (7 genera/9 spp.) were recorded. The most species-rich genera were Aspidosperma, Ditassa, and Mandevilla with three species each. The other genera were represented by one species each. Five genera and seven species were recorded in Rio Grande do Norte for the first time. Descriptions, identification key and comments on distribution and taxonomy of both genera and species are presented, as well as illustrations and figures.

Abstract Worldwide, the Atlantic forest domain is considered one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots. In the Northeast region of Brazil, only 2% of its original territory is covered by forests, and part of these forested areas are found in the form of enclaves (“Northeastern brejos”) surrounded by the Thorny woodland. This study aimed to identify the phytogeographic patterns of the species of Leguminosae present in an area of Atlantic forest domain in Northeast Brazil and relate these patterns to abiotic and/or biotic factors to explain the current distribution. For this goal, a floristic inventory was carried out with assessments of dispersal syndromes for each species and construction of maps with distribution patterns. For Baturité Mountain, 60 genera and 128 species of Leguminosae were found. Twelve distribution patterns were identified, ranging from restricted to the Northeast region of Brazil to extracontinental. Long-distance dispersion events were the best explanation for the extracontinental distribution pattern, whereas vicariance can explain distribution restricted to the American continent.

Abstract The Mata da Pimenteira State Park (MPSP) is an important remnant of caatinga vegetation in the semiarid region of Pernambuco state, Brazil. The park holds great biodiversity, but relatively few taxonomic studies have been undertaken in the area. We present a taxonomic study of Ipomoea in the MPSP based on field observations and collections deposited in the Herbarium of the Semiarid of Brazil - UAST / UFRPE (HESBRA). The species were identified based on the specialized literature, comparisons with type images available online, and protologues. Fourteen species of Ipomoea were identified - more than three times the previously known number. Two Ipomoea species recorded in the MPSP are endemic to Brazil (I. bahiensis and I. brasiliana), three others are exclusive to the Caatinga domain (I. marcellia, I. rosea, and I. tenera), and the remaining are widely distributed in South America. The habit, type and shape of leaf blade and sepals, corolla size and shapes, and presence or absence of subapical rostrum on the external sepals were the most relevant distinctive characteristics. An identification key, descriptions, comments on distribution and diagnostic characteristics, and phenological data of the species are presented.

Abstract The urban areas have suffered with the loss in their biodiversity along the years due to the decrease of green areas by civil construction or by the urban population growth. Therefore, this work aimed at registering the angiosperms diversity in an urban forest fragment at the Itaperi Campus of the State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. The sampling was carried out from May/2018 to April /2019 through walks during the rainy and dry seasons. 160 species distributed in 128 genera and 49 families were registered. Fabaceae (27 spp.), Asteraceae (13 spp.), Convolvulaceae and Malvaceae (11 spp. each), Rubiaceae e Poaceae (9 spp. each), and Euphorbiaceae (8 spp.) were the richest families, accounting for 55% of the sampled flora. The herbaceous plants (36.65%) were the most represented habit after which the sub-shrubs and shrubs (17,50% each), arboreal (16,25%) and climbing plants (13.12%) were classified. Among the total species 94.37% are natives, 15,62% are endemic to Brazil and 5,62% are exotic. Of the identified species, 10 spp. are in the Red List of the Flora Conservation National Center and 30 spp. are in the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. It can be concluded that the studied fragment has an important richness of plant species in an urban area, therefore it is necessary to create a Conservation Unity and a management plan in order to guarantee the conservation of the area.

Abstract Humiria balsamifera is used in traditional medicine as anthelmintic, expectorant, to treat hepatitis, diarrhea, hemorrhoids; to cure chronic wounds; and to alleviate toothaches. This species occurs in Jurubatiba shoal, Rio de Janeiro state-Brazil, a rich region which offers a variety of promising bioactive product sources. The present study focuses on the chemical and pharmacological evaluation of H. balsamifera. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf fractions exhibited higher inhibitory potential on NO production. Friedelin (1), quercetin (2) and quercetin-3-α-O-arabinopyranoside (3) were isolated and characterized; the latter is described for the first time for H. balsamifera. Quercetin (2) showed the best inhibitory activity on NO production and moderate inhibition of TNF-α production. These results contribute to the knowledge of Humiria balsamifera as a source of anti-inflammatory compounds. Furthermore, the identification of the terpenes ß-amyrone, betulin, citronellol, eremophillene, dihydroactinolide and borneol, and the isolation of quercetin-3-α-O-arabinopyranoside are being reported for the first time for this species.

Abstract Dorstenia, the second largest genus of Moraceae, comprises nine sections that are mainly found in Africa and America. Two of them are woody macrospermous, and the other seven are herbaceous microspermous. There are three sections in the Neotropics, all of which are herbaceous and taxonomically complex owing to their great morphological similarity. The most recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Dorstenia suggested that the neotropical sections are polyphyletic. These studies also showed that the neotropical species represent a sister group to an African woody macrospermous grade rather than African herbaceous microspermous plants. We have now expanded the number of taxa sampled and included other molecular markers to determine whether the previous phylogeny are to be corroborated or whether new taxonomic interpretations are to be followed. This study inferred the phylogeny of the group based on ITS, ETS, and trnL-F regions from 40 of the 58 neotropical species and added a new African taxon, thus including 17 of the 60 known species. Our results reaffirmed the polyphyletic nature of the neotropical sections. Dorstenia sect. Acauloma emerged within the main clade of D. sect. Kosaria (both African species), a result that confirms the affinity of these taxa already observed in previous morphological studies. We suggest Dorstenia sect. Dorstenia as the only neotropical section.

Abstract Given the extreme importance of understanding biodiversity in the contemporary context, this study performed a taxonomic survey of planktonic green algae from a subtropical river in Paraná state, broadening knowledge of the group’s geographic distribution and the environmental conditions related to its occurrence. Monthly samplings of phytoplanktonic material were carried out from February 2015 to January 2016, resulting in the identification of 26 taxa belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae, distributed among 16 genera and six taxonomic families. Among the taxa identified, seven are new citations for Paraná.

Abstract We conducted an inventory of the fern, lycophyte and non-palm monocotyledon ground-herbs of terra firme riparian forests in the lower Tapajós region of the Brazilian Amazon. Eight 1.5 × 250 m plots, totaling 0.3 hectares, were surveyed along the watersheds of the Cupari and Curuá-Una rivers, located at the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil. To characterize the ground-herb community, we calculated species richness, abundance and Fisher’s alpha for each plot. To analyze turnover, we compared composition among plots by pairwise Bray-Curtis distance. In total, we sampled 3,130 individuals, 58 species, 27 genera and 20 families of riparian ground-herbs. Marantaceae (14 spp) was the richest family and Poaceae the most abundant family (738 individuals). The fern Triplophyllum glabrum (Tectariaceae) was the most frequent species, observed in 87.5 % of plots. Ground-herbs communities in the studied area have high species turnover, making it necessary to invest time and resources to adequately characterize and manage riparian habitats. The ground-herb community composition observed in the riparian zone here resembles that of other non-riparian forested sites in the Amazon with the plant families Marantaceae, Pteridaceae and Poaceae generally being the most commonly represented in the Amazonian ground-herb stratum. We highlight the importance of herb inventories, especially in conservation units.

Abstract Passovia includes Neotropical mistletoes characterised by inflorescences composed of bracteolate triads, rarely monads with one bract and two bracteoles; small tetra-hexamerous flowers; and laterally excavated filaments with basifixed anthers. The genus occurs from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, including Jamaica. Twenty-four species were recognised, including four reinstated species: P. alternifolia, P. lepidobotrys, P. micrantha, P. myrsinites, and three new combinations are proposed: P. intermedia, comb. nov., P. lobaterae, comb. nov., and P. murcaei, comb. nov. An identification key to species, synonyms, and typifications are presented.

Abstract The coastal region of the municipalities of Curuçá and Maracanã, on the northeastern coast of Pará, shelters a valuable biological heritage, the last two remnants of Dense Rain Forest on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. On the Ipomonga Island (Curuçá) and at the Marieta Beach (Maracanã), the Lowland Dense Rain Forest is notable for its abrupt contact with the pioneer formation with marine influence, called as Restinga. This geomorphological interface favors floristic connectivity between different ecosystems. The research objective was to evaluate, through vegetation inventories, whether these forests remnants, about Lowland Dense Rain Forest, are sources of dispersal of woody species in Restinga. A total of 189 species were recorded in 50 botanical families with the greatest richness corresponds to the dense forest (67 species). Of this flora, 46 species (24%) were common to both vegetation typologies, with 18 species considered new occurrences in Restinga of the Amazonian coastal plains. The floristic affinities founded support the effect of Lowland Dense Rain Forest acting as the source for propagule dispersion over the pioneer formation with marine influence (Restinga), mostly dispersed by animals (zoocory).

Abstract Annonaceae is the most species-rich family in the order Magnoliales and has a pantropical distribution, includes 109 genera and 2,440 species. It is subdivided into four subfamilies, Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae. The latter comprises eight tribes, including the Malmeeae, the only tribe of Malmeoideae represented in Brazil, with 13 genera and 73 species. The Amazon is the center of diversity of the tribe, with eight genera restricted to this biome, the other five genera having broader distributions. The present study sought to characterize the species of Malmeeae that occur in the state of Rondônia. Seventeen species belonging to eight genera were identified and characterized: Oxandra with five species, Bocageopsis with three, Onychopetalum, Pseudoxandra and Unonopsis with two, and Cremastosperma, Ephedranthus and Klarobelia with one species each. Bocageopsis mattogrossensis and Pseudoxandra lucida are recorded for the state for the first time. A key to the species, morphological descriptions, geographical distribution and comments are provided.

Abstract Rock outcrop vegetation is recognized worldwide by its singular and biodiverse flora. Campo Rupestre forms hyperdiverse mosaics in rocky environments across a wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradient, with high species turnover at macro- and micro-scales. The surrounding biomes, climate, and geological formations are the main drivers of species turnover on a macro-scale while micro-habitat seems to be the main one determining the peculiarities of the Campo Rupestre on a micro-scale. In a quartzitic Campo Rupestre area we evaluate how the outcrop micro-habitats influence floristic composition and functional traits. The study area is located in the municipality of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. Two main outcrop habitats were considered: top surfaces, with bare rock, shallow depressions and ephemeral ponds; and lateral surfaces, with clefts and crevices. We recorded the vascular species, their respective life-forms (according to Raunkiaer’s system) as well as their coverage in 18 plots. We identified 71 species in 31 families. The floristic spectra and species composition were similar between top and lateral surfaces. There was no significant difference among the vegetational spectra. However, hemicryptophytes were slightly dominant on top, while on the sides chamaephytes were the dominant life-form. Understanding plant adaptations to these environments provides insights into the mechanisms underlying geomorphological heterogeneity in plant communities.

Abstract We present a checklist of the ferns and lycophytes from the Cerrado State Park, Jaguariaíva, Paraná, Brazil. This region represents the southernmost limit of Cerrado vegetation in Brazil. The park is located along the Devonian Escarpment, one of the most iconic geological formations in southern Brazil. The remnants of Cerrado in Paraná are relics of a colder and drier climate that occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum, about 5,600 years ago. They are now surrounded by natural grasslands and Araucaria Forest, which is typical of southern Brazil. We recorded 112 species (102 ferns and ten lycophytes), from 51 genera and 16 families. Ten species were first recorded in the Devonian Escarpment, and Ctenitis bigarellae and Tryonia areniticola are rare. None of the species are endemic to the Cerrado and most are typical of the humid forests of Eastern Brazil. We provide notes and illustrations for all species.

Abstract This study presents the floristic-taxonomic treatment of Passifloraceae s.s. from the state of Ceará. Identifications were based on the analysis of collections deposited in national herbaria and photos of international herbarium collections, including types specimens, specialized bibliography and samples collected in the field. The family is represented in Ceará by 18 taxa of Passiflora, of which three are new records for the state: P. capsularis, P. kermesina and P. morifolia. Ten species were registered in Conservation Units in Ceará. The species occur in various types of vegetaion, but prefer more humid environments. Identification key, comments, images and distribution maps of the species are provided.