RCAAP Repository

The study examined the spatial structure and the association between COVID-19 cases and selected climatic variables. Data on cases, deaths, recovery were obtained from the COVID-19 Resources website of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). The climatic variables were selected included Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Water Vapour (WV) and collated from the NASA Earth Observations (NEO). Spatial and inferential statistics were used to examine spatial autocorrelation and associations with these variables. Results show that China, Italy, and Iran have the largest number of confirmed cases, the highest recovery (81%) was recorded in China. Confirmed cases have 7 clusters and 2 outlier locations. There are 21 and 17 spatial outliers for recoveries and deaths respectively. There are 2 natural clusters of the incidences and 98.7% of the locations belong to one of the groups. A weak but statistically significant (P<0.05) associations were observed for the incidence and the climatic variables. The analysis of spatial structure revealed more insight into the distribution of the disease, shedding more light on areas with needs for more investigation (outlier locations) and providing opportunities for mitigating spread and re-emergence.

The present article aims to explain why community-based natural resource management and tourism certification are the main concerns in academic literature on tourism sustainability implementation. The method of choice is a systematic review of literature based on the Prisma Statement for Systematic Reviews. Sources of interest were identified within the Web of Science Core Collection and other repositories. From a total of 430 records screened, 106 stable documents were selected and submitted to content analysis to create a matrix coding of mentions of sustainable tourism implementation in highly cited publications. A content analysis revealed that sustainable tourism implementation encompasses eight sub-categories of interest in current research outputs. Those sub-categories are: (1) Adaptive resource management (ARM), (2) Carbon mitigation approach; (3) Community-based Conservation Areas (CCAs) and Community-based ecotourism; (4) Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM); (5) Multiobjective Optimization model (6) Social reinvestment strategy; (7) Tourism Sustainability Certification and (8) Transition Management. The analysis revealed that implementation strategies such as Community-based natural resource management and the Tourism Certification Approach, covered 60 percent of all mentions of methods of sustainability implementation in the literature selected and should be treated as leading accelerators of tourism sustainability, yet much work needs to be done explain how and why a certain destination or tourism business meet set standards over time and across national contexts.

March 2020. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus restricted global mobility as cities and countries started to impose complete lockdown to curtail the spread of the deadly virus. The restricted movement of people and transport worldwide resulted in a metamorphosis from overtourism to zero tourism within a short period. This study aims to analyse the effect of COVID-19 on the tourists’ perceptions about crowding and how will this transition impact their decision while choosing a destination. In-depth interviews were conducted with tourists, and Nvivo12 plus was used to analyse the data. The study reveals that in the post-COVID-19 phase, tourists will be more sensitised towards crowding, and they would volunteer to avoid crowded places in the short run. Further, maintenance of social distancing norms and sanitised services at destinations will be a pre-requisite in selecting a destination. The study is a pioneer in analysing the changing tourist’s behaviour concerning crowding, evolving perceptions of overtourism for the tourists which will aid the stakeholders at the destinations in developing strategies. Inadvertently, the tourists visibly reflected the need for sustainable tourism.

This conceptual paper proposes using a new Community-based diffused tourism (CBDT) model, which is based on the consolidation of Community-based tourism and ‘Albergo diffuso’ (AD). CBDT is a model of tourism development that is dispersed over a given territory. It consists of an assemblage of hospitality facilities, social cohesion, and commonality of aspirations to empower disadvantaged communities and develop local economies for profitsharing tourism. The Social and Solidarity Economy of Argentina presents possibilities upon which CBDT can be formed. This opens up chances to describe culture and community in local terms. The CBDT is a confluence of minds, services, resources, and capacities serving a common purpose for the common good. The CBDT model has the characteristics of ownership/control residing with the local community, is geographical/space-specific, and boasts several typologies, such as neighbourhood-based CBDT, street-based CBDT, and ‘building’-based CBDT involving inhabited and uninhabited spaces.

Ecotourism has the potential to support protected areas (PAs) financing where PAs’ visitor centers (VCs) are mechanisms for raising public awareness, and revenue generation. Park agencies must shift from a sole emphasis on preservation to include management approaches that increase the benefits of ecotourism and promote partnerships, collaboration, and integration of tourist activities into protected areas core business. A strategy is needed for Wadi El Gemal National Park (WGNP) to enhance tourism practices in a manner that will protect ecosystems, benefit the local community, and promote sustainability. Visitor centers contribution to the development and sustainability of PAs and ecotourism is rarely investigated. This article sheds the light on PAs’ visitor centers and their role in ecotourism, conservation, and PAs financial sustainability. It defines the potential ecotourism products and services in WGNP and its Visitor Center, elucidates the impacts of COVID-19 on the park and the local community, and identifies the necessary tools and resources to implement a sustainable business and management model for WGNP Visitor Center. The results of the VC’s probability analysis and the financial indicators suggest that the Visitor Center is financially feasible and could present a model of sustainable revenue generation and ecotourism development in WGNP.

In June 2019, a red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra, whose toxins do not cause harm in humans, developed in the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). The occurrence of algal toxins and consequent interdiction of bivalve harvesting is common in this region, but harmful algal blooms that lead to water discolouration are rare. This study analyses the scientific accuracy of the information communicated by news media, and consequent public reactions, by analysing news pieces shared on Facebook by regional and national news media outlets, and comments to the news posted by individual users. Overall, news pieces had a sensationalized, negative tone, and many lacked scientific accuracy. For instance, some news referred that ingestion of contaminated water, fish, and shellfish leads to gastrointestinal problems, and the toxic substances that the algae produce may contaminate the air and cause respiratory difficulties – which is false in the case of a L. polyedra bloom. Many commenters showed an adverse reaction to the event, most likely influenced by the negative portrayal of the red tide by news media. Other Facebook users were quite knowledgeable about the red tide, due to their previous experience with these events. Individuals seemed to be aware of the lack of cooperation between authorities and scientists and expressed their mistrust in these stakeholders. As red tides may become a common feature in the Algarve coast, journalists, scientists, and authorities should strive to offer accurate and responsible information to the public.

Artificial reefs (AR) may be ignored by many people, probably because they are usually unseen structures. Even so, there are users that believe in the value of these structures even without observing them, as is the case of most fishermen and anglers. Divers usually believe in AR and are the ones effectively able to notice them. Based on the previous simple premises, the aim of this paper is to ascertain the perception coastal community people and tourists have on the risks and benefits derived from the presence of AR nearby. AR were deployed off the Algarve from 1990 to 2003. The methodological approach for sampling purposes used a search engine with key-terms following a simple 3-step protocol: identification, screening, and eligibility. The eligible documents were analysed using qualitative data analysis software. Most documents found were from AR promoters named as “institutional” and communication “media” reporting mostly AR by the supply side. Sources from companies named as “firms” and discussion “fora” were mostly on the demand side. The contents of the samples were assigned onto two different categories: risk and safety. These derived into the relevant criteria where alternatives were judged to achieve the goal stated in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). AHP sensitivity analyses were carried out and the best choices were calculated.

Luanda Bay and Mussulo Lagoon, situated in Luanda (Angola), are two coastal ecosystems highly sensitive to environmental issues, such as climate change, water pollution, eutrophication, and harmful algal blooms. These environmental problems can severely affect the quality of life of coastal populations. In this study, we aim to evaluate several psychological variables, such as environmental risk perception and awareness, sense of place, environmental attitudes, and the overall quality of life of the coastal community in these areas, using a comprehensive questionnaire applied to residents and other ecosystem users. Results indicate that most respondents considered that they possess high knowledge about climate change, water pollution, and ingestion of contaminated seafood. However, regarding eutrophication and harmful algal blooms, most participants reported a low/moderate knowledge. Life experience and the media were reported as the most relevant sources of information on environmental problems. Respondents indicated a moderate risk perception towards environmental risks, and a moderate/high emotional attachment to the place. Residents’ perceived quality of life was moderate/good in terms of physical and psychological health, and social relationships, but the environmental component was perceived as weak. Results suggest that improvements in the natural environment are needed to increase the quality of life in these ecosystems.

Luanda Bay, the second largest bay and one of the most important ecosystems of the Angolan coast, supports many human activities. This bay supports a range of marine biodiversity that serves as a means of livelihood and source of income for more than fifty small-scale artisanal fisheries and collectors of worms and bivalve molluscs. The present study is the first record of this fishing activity in Luanda Bay and the objective was to characterize the resource exploitation in this bay based on field data obtained by distributing self-reported and structured questionnaires to the two fishing communities (fishermen and shellfish harvesters) in Luanda Bay: Luanda Island and Luanda Commercial Harbour. The results revealed that the two fishing communities used different vessel types during fishing activity. In the Luanda Island fishing community, the fishermen used rowboats (“Chata”) and motorboats, and in the Commercial Port of Luanda fishing community, they used an adapted vessel made of Styrofoam boards. The main gears were line/hooks (34.1%), shovel (25.0%), seine (9,1%), gillnet (6.8%), trawl (4.5%) and traps (2.3%). According to the local fishing communities, Pomadasys jubelini, Mugil cephalus, Dentex spp., Senilia senilis, Mactra glauca, Donax spp., Perna perna, and Lucinella divaricata were the predominant species. In relation to the earnings by fishing day, the Luanda Island community had a higher income (average: 14.4 ± 8.3 euros; maximum: 39.0 euros) than Luanda Commercial Harbour community (average: 8.4 ± 5.1 euros; maximum: 24.2 euros). Thus, the quality of life of the fishing communities seems to be highly depending on this activity.

Many models of place attachment and sense of place have proliferated in the last decades, and a consensus on the conceptualisation and operationalisation of these constructs is yet to be reached. We aim to contribute to this discussion, by proposing a new model and measurement of sense of place as an overarching construct, using exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Results suggested that sense of place is a second-order factor with four first-order factors: ‘place’, ‘people’, ‘time’, and ‘self ’. The ‘place’ dimension integrates emotional content associated with the place and can be loosely compared to the unidimensional place attachment in other models. The ‘people’ dimension corresponds to the sense of community construct, whereas the ‘time’ dimension reflects the importance of length of residence and intergenerational transmission. Finally, the ‘self’ dimension is more internally focused than the other dimensions, reflecting the role of the place for an individual’s distinctiveness and self-esteem. Our 32-item Sense of Place Scale is thus a valid and reliable measure based on a quadripartite structure of the sense of place construct.

More advanced systematic reviews and traditional literature reviews have been an important point in assessing the epistemological progress of any field.Mindfulness has been described as a process of bringing attention to moment-by-moment experience. In recent years, some researchers have established the influence of mindfulness on the tourists’ experience, and it has been gaining a growing interest. Several studies revealed numerous psychological benefits including mental ease, tranquility, relaxation, and well-being when tourists embrace a mindfulness state. Despite this, a systematic review of this topic has not been conducted. Our main goal is to synthesize the existing studies about mindfulness in the tourism area, to provide an overview of how mindfulness has been conducted, and to explore what are the main outcomes.A literature search was undertaken using four electronic databases, namely Science Direct, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science. Quantitative and qualitative studies were included.All studies in the review used the mindfulness concept applied in the field of tourism.Using PRISMA guidelines, from a total of 517 records initially identified, 16 studies were selected for the review (n = 4240 participants).The reviewed literature suggested that mindfulness is effective in improving positive travel experiences, satisfaction, loyalty, happiness, well-being, and positive psychological and physical benefit. Mindful tourists are more responsive to sustainability practices and tend to be more connected to heritage sites.Mindfulness can be considered as a relevant concept that provides positive outcomes and may help to better understand the benefits derived by the tourists from traveling. Still, more research is needed to determine the efficacy and to clarify the contribution of processes of mindfulness to observed outcomes.

The main contribution of the study is to provide a new methodological and analytical approach in conceptualising and measuring spatial points of emotion (SPoE). It contributes to the further development of mobile methods in applied tourism geography. A mixed-methods design, including georeferenced biosensing data and contextual information, such as video data and ex-post interviews, was used to examine positive SPoE. A conceptual framework was developed for measuring SPoE. The results showed that georeferenced biosensing indicators can be used to identify SPoE in a tourism setting. Using a data-driven and episode-driven approach, visitors’ points of relaxation at the beach can be identified. However, there are some limitations to the method, as the interpretation of biosensing signals in a real-world situation needs further clarification. Validly identifying positive valences should be a focus in future tourism research.

The focus of the study was to understand and clarify the role of the senses, emotions, and memories (SEMs) on the memorable tourism experience (MTE). The main objective of the research was to map the relation between the SEMs within the tourism experience establishment. The tourism experience mapping results showed that SEMs explained part of the MTE establishment and the discovery of three map patterns of the experience based on the emotional states of joy, love, and positive surprise. The research findings are relevant to reinforce the understanding, the design and to implement MTE more effectively, in terms of experiential stage planning and acting (service staff).

While destination foodscape experience is a subject of growing interest, most studies have been dominated by a management and marketing approach. This theoretical research builds upon current literature on destination foodscape and identifies diverse elements that can influence the destination foodscape experience. The research contributes to different social science fields by drawing a multidisciplinary holistic conceptual framework that can help to better understand the importance of food systems. This reflection indicates that place and space as well as performance in connection with consumption are essential for foodscape destination analysis. Findings suggest that by complementing different social sciences, considering different academic points of view and taking different stakeholders into account, the proposed holistic conceptual framework allows for a deeper and wider understanding of destination foodscape.

The purpose of this study is to investigate consumers’ intentions to visit eco-friendly destinations for tourism experiences by developing an integrated structural model that incorporates the TPB model with an additional construct, i.e. environmental friendly activities (EFA). Data was collected via a web-based survey and then analyzed. The related hypotheses have been tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The sample consists of 471 responses from Indian consumers. The findings reveal that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and environmental friendly activities are significant predictors of intention. These constructs explained approximately 50 percent of the variance in the intention. The results of this study contribute to the body of the knowledge of intention, eco-friendly destinations, and tourism experiences and also provide useful information for developing effective marketing strategies to encourage consumers to visit eco-friendly destinations for tourism experiences. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this was the first attempt to predict the intention to visit eco-friendly destinations for tourism experiences by employing TPB along with the EFA construct.

The tourism area life cycle is used to map the changes within the tourism destination on a temporal basis. The paper reviews the literature on the tourism area life cycle from 2003-2020. Articles appearing in journals having a cite score of 1.0 or higher were considered for the review process. The paper uses a structured review methodology and a widely accepted technique of content analysis to review the articles. The tourism area life cycle, as a concept, has traced its lifecycle. However, the use of the tourism area life cycle for tourism planning and strategy analysis is lacking. The authors recommend tourism area life cycle based research on macro-environmental and tourism-specific factors to identify strategies at the destination. Ex-post-facto research seeks to reveal the correlational relationship between the variables responsible for destination development. The paper also suggests tourism area life cycle research on accommodation units, restaurants, transport, infrastructure, market segments, and tourism attractions.  

Tourism is going through a very challenging phase due to the current pandemic situation. In this context, psychology and tourism are a successful partnership to develop meaningful experiences considering tourists’ needs, desires, and expectations. This interconnection is observed through the application of positive psychology in the context of meaningful tourist experiences. This approach comprises adequate indicators to explore the tourism field from the perspective of individuals’ well-being. Positive psychology, positive tourism, well-being, and mindfulness constitute the theoretical foundations of this article, which intends to understand how they are intertwined to fulfil one goal: developing meaningful tourist experiences. This article offers a theoretical reflection on the connections between the referred theoretical foundations. In so doing, it proposes a preliminary diagram illustrating the theoretical links observed in literature, which acts as a first step towards the design of a systematic literature review on the antecedents and outcomes of meaningful tourist experiences.

This work addresses the problem of resident’s perceptions of tourism impacts and their perceptions of quality of life. Although there is a growing bank of tourism research available on these topics, specific tourism locations still need to be studied. The main goal of this research was to determine the tourism impacts in Faro, Algarve and whether links could be established between tourism impacts (positive and negative) and residents’ perceptions of quality oflife, globally, and within four domains, namely: material domain, community domain, health and safety domain and emotional domain. A sample of 300 residents was used to collect data from Faro residents on their perceptions of tourism impacts in their location, as well as the residents’ perceptions of their quality of life in the four domains. The results indicate a correlation between perceptions about tourism impacts and residents’ perceptions of quality of lifewithin the four domains and globally. These findings open the way for a more holistic understanding of the location’s tourism environment and the interplay of tourism and the residents of the tourist location. These findings are beneficial to residents, policy planners, governing bodies and tourism operators.

This study examined whether the employees’ internal motivation mediated the relationship between perceived supervisory support and constructive deviance. The population of this study consisted of front-line employees who work at four and five-star hotels in Bolu, Turkey. The study employed simple random sampling, one of the probability sampling methods, and data were collected by survey method. 170 questionnaires were distributed, and the number of valid questionnaires was 154. The analysis of surveys revealed that intrinsic motivation plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between perceived supervisory support and constructive deviance and has a positive significant effect on innovative constructive deviant behaviors. In addition, it was found that positive relationship between supervisory support and challenging constructive deviant behaviours and negative relationship between supervisorysupport and innovative constructive deviant behaviours. No relationship has been found between supervisory support and interpersonal constructive deviant behaviour. In this context, it should be taken into account that employees should feel the support of managers in order to be more flexible and willing to deal with various situations. The study makes a theoretical contribution to the literature by presenting findings about the antecedents of the tendency of front-line workers in the hospitality industry to exhibit constructive deviant behaviors.

This work applies systems theory and tools to build a flexible framework for sustainable tourism in Portugal due to the Covid-19 impacts. The objectives are (1) to explore the cause-effect relationships between and among the variables involved; (2) to develop a causal loop diagram that resumes the role of tourism stakeholders and (3) to identify policy directions to enhance Portuguese tourism. Tourism recovery in the country will depend mainly on interlinked factors of economic, social and health fields. Its complexity requires new approaches in tourism research, such as system thinking models and testing tools such as neural simulation. As well as statistical data and tourism official documents, a panel of European specialists has been used. The proposed approach is innovative as it helps the integration of tourism theory with other fields, and outlines policy solutions to the situation in Portugal which can be dynamically adapted. A qualitative analysis pointed out how crucial are the policy making activities (rebalancing measures) counteracting the causes and negative consequences of the problem.