Repositório RCAAP

<p>«O aumento ou diminuição das populações, as migrações internas e de país para país, o índice de natalidade e de mortalidade, a frequência de casamentos, têm por trás de si fenómenos de natureza económica, política e social, de que são consequência. Por sua vez, podem influenciar os acontecimentos no espaço e no tempo».</p>

<p>Después de haber intervenido en el a nterior Encuentro con una revisión de los estudios de investigación sobre la migración de portugueses asentados en Espana (LÓPEZ TRIGAL, 1995), el CEPFAM meda la oportunidad de tratar ahora sobre los caracteres y perspectivas de futuro en dos apartados diferenciados, que trataré de exponer con unas reflexiones nuevas sobre esta línea de investigación, que me ha ocupado en los últimos anos de manera casi continuada.</p>

<p>Entre las múltiples funciones de la prensa escrita, desde luego no la primigenia ni la principal; pero si de no poca utilidad, está la de servir ai historiador como fuente para la reconstrucción del pasado, después de haber vencido éste no pocas reticencias, la mayoría hijas de un incorrecto uso de las mismas. Si de lo genérico descendemos a campos históricos más acotados, también la prensa escrita, estimo, puede ser aprovechada con ventaja por parte de la Historia de la Población en sus variadas vertientes, aunque lógicamente por unas parcelas concretas más que por otras. A buen seguro, de entrada, habría que desconfiar de la fiabilidadde ciertos aspectos cuantitativos, pero también sernos extremadamente útil e incluso imprescindib e para multitud de aspectos de carácter cualitativo: actitudes sociales con respect a cuestiones tales como natalidad, emigración, etc. En este sentido, esta fuente nos va a resultar fundamental e insustituible. Se impone, portanto, matizaciones y algunas reflexio nes previas, antes de pasar a cuestiones prácticas de índole metodológico.</p>

<p>É vulgar dizer-se que o homem vive no interior de círculos, em relação aos quais define os seus próprios horizontes. E o círculo primordial, é sem dúvida, o da família. Mas qualquer reflexão sobre a família ou os seus papéis implica desde logo uma reflexão sobre o próprio conceito do termo “família" , circundando em torno do seu campo semântico. Uma simples busca num dicionário vulgar nos coloca desde logo perante a complexidade do "objecto" em causa: Família, s.f, conjunto de todas as pessoas que vivem em com um sob o mesmo tecto; pessoas do mesmo sangue; linhagem, descendência, raça, estirpe.</p>

<p>Ao longo do século XX, a par de uma concentração populacional ao longo do litoral, ocorreu um processo de convergência nos dois principais aglomerados urbanos portugueses, o qual ficou marcado, nos anos mais recentes, por uma progressive periferização da fixação residencial. No Porto, como noutras cidades, o processo de concentração populacional marcou-se inicialmente pela densificação da área central (agora dita histórica), com a subdivisão dos espaços e formas de convivência polifa miliar. A continuada expansão demográfica e urbanística conduziu igualmente, na envolvência, ao aproveitamento do interior dos quarteirões, com soluções do tipo "ilha" que a relativa especificidade fundiária e fiscal ajudou a criar.</p>

<p>A evolução recente da mortalidade em Portugal levou-nos a questionar sobre quais os comportamentos de diferentes gerações, em termos globais, ao longo de alguns decénios. Estudos vários mostraram-nos que a mortalidade em cada idade é influenciada pelo conjunto dos acontecimntos sofridos em todas as idades precedentes. Assim, por exemplo, as gerações que viveram as duas grandes guerras, ou, analogamente as que a viveram na sua adolescência, são caracterizadas por uma forte mortalidade.</p>

<p>It had traditionally been thought that the history of the Portuguese mediaeval parliament was exhausted from the point of view of available information; almost all approaches had studied the Cortes from a legal angle. In 1990, Armindo de Sousa published As Cortes Medievais Portuguesas (1385-1490); this work was to radically renew everything that was known about the theme, proving that, even from the strictly factual point of view, there continued to be a large number of errors and gaps and, above all, suggesting a sociological and political approach to the mediaeval parliament, treating the texts that were produced at the Cortes as discourses, rejecting biologistic theories and concepts such as nature and decadence, lingering in particular over the study of the primary and secondary functions of parliament. But this book, which represented a complete break with everything that had previously been written on the theme, did not provoke any significant reaction either in Portugal or in other countries, being received in virtual silence. Thirteen years after its publication, this article seeks to rekindle discussion about the more controversial and innovative aspects of Armindo de Sousa’s thesis, as well as updating it in regard to a number of aspects and putting forward a new agenda for research into the Portuguese mediaeval parliament.</p>

<p>In 1961, the Kennedy Administration decided to adopt a new African policy, supporting selfdetermination and independence. This change occurred while the war against Portuguese colonial rule erupted in Angola. Acting in accordance with the principles adopted by the administration, the American Ambassador in Lisbon informed the Portuguese government of this new policy and recommended the urgent adoption of reforms in the Portuguese territories in Africa. When, in March, the situation in Angola was brought to debate in the United Nations, the United States voted in favor of a defeated resolution condemning Portuguese colonialism. Needless to say, this action provoked a serious crisis in Portuguese-American relations.</p>

<p>This article tries to outline the major differences between practices of charity within Europe, either comparing Catholics to Protestants, or different Catholic areas. The point of departure is constituted by the study of the Misericórdias, lay confraternities under royal protection who would develop as one of the main (if not the greatest) dispensers of charity either in Portugal or its Empire. Its evolution since the formation of the first misericórdia in Lisbon to the end of the seventeenth century is analysed, relating these confraternities to political, social and religious changes that occurred in the period under analysis. Issues related to their functioning, membership, rules, and economic activities, as well as the types of needy they cared for, are also dealt with, mainly through the comparison of different colonial and metropolitan misericórdias.</p>

<p>This paper examines the role of the New Christians within Portuguese mercantile organizations during the early modern period. It stems from the case of the General Brazil Company, because the foundation of this enterprise provides an example of how the 17th-century Portuguese authorities dealt with New Christian issues, allowing for a survey of Portuguese historiography on the subject.</p>

<p>The aim of this study is to single out the latest directions taken by the historiography of the Religious and Military Orders established in Portugal in the Middle Ages and to discuss the current state of research into them. We shall also examine the main tendencies characterised by such research and the way it has been formally organized, drawing attention to how it fits in with other historical topics. The historical course of the Military Orders in Portugal has influenced the documentary output that supports research into the topic, and also the actual organization of the archives and their use. In this regard, we should first describe the orders, showing how they originated and where they became implanted, as well as their relationship with the monarchy.</p>

<p>The presence of Portuguese at Yale can be traced to the hiring of Henry Roseman Lang, an Austrian with a doctorate in romance philology from Strasbourg (1890), in the Department of Romance Languages. There is no evidence that Professor Lang ever taught Portuguese, although he worked with Portuguese medieval poetry and corresponded with Carolina Michaela de Vasconcellos, Adolfo Coelho, and other famous Portuguese linguists and philologists of the time. In 1908, he received Joaquim Nabuco, then the first Brazilian ambassador to the United States, for two lectures at Yale on “The Place of Camões in Literature” and “The Spirit of Nationality in Brazil.” Professor Lang had a long and distinguished career at Yale, from Instructor, 1892-93, Assistant Professor, 1893-96, Professor of Romance Philology, 1896-1906, to Benjamin F. Barge Professor of Romance Languages &amp; Linguistics, 1906-1922. He was emeritus professor from his retirement in 1922 until his death in 1934.</p>

<p>The recently published Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires—1500–1800 brings together fifteen articles as well as two essays that summarize the main arguments developed in the collection. Geared towards an Anglo-American university audience, the book reassesses the importance of the Iberian legacy for understanding the scientific revolutions of the modern age by giving greater weight to the different (and highly particular) ways of engaging in, communicating and theorizing science that were practiced under the scope of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. The organizers question the reductionist and depreciative views associated with Iberian scientific culture that still persist in the great historiographic narratives about the formation of modern science.</p>

<p>Este volume é resultado do projeto PTDC/HIS-HIS/102956/2008, aprovado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia em 2009. Foi desenvolvido entre 2010 e 2013, no âmbito das atividades do Grupo de Investigação de Estudos Medievais e do Renascimento do Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade (CEPESE) da Universidade do Porto, e tem como objetivo desenvolver um estudo monográfico de duas comendas das Ordens Militares no Sul de Portugal (Noudar e Marmelar, a primeira da Ordem de Avis e a segunda da Ordem do Hospital), tendo em conta a sua contextualização, nomeadamente no âmbito Peninsular.</p> <p>Este volume reúne as fontes que foi possível coligir relativas à comenda hospitalária de Vera Cruz de Marmelar, desde meados do século XIII até 1640.</p>

<p>What news became printed news in 18th-century Portugal? How was information conceived, exchanged and read? Drawing on Ph.D. research, this paper attempts to make sense of the most important Portuguese periodical printed during the first half of the 18th century: the Lisbon gazette, called Gazeta de Lisboa. The analysis is undertaken from a comparative perspective, considering the Portuguese gazette as part of an intertextual European whole. The paper will concentrate on two particular aspects: in the first place, the production of the Gazeta as “literary genre” from the point of view of its editor, stressing the affinities between the writing of the news and the task of the historian’s analysis. This will lead us to the periodical’s main paradox: information about events occurring in the present was somehow systematically devalued.</p> <p>Historical discourse was also present in the hand-written newspapers that circulated in Portugal in the same period. Together with the information transmitted by simple letters, manuscript periodicals, possessing a title and a regular date of issue, played a major role in the exchange of information in the 18th century, circulating within the same networks as the printed periodical press. I will show that, rather than speak of possible conflict, we should speak of the complementary roles of these two media. In the end, beyond the surface of the written text, there lies a complex landscape of social relations involved with information.</p>

<p>After several decades of official disinterest, contemporary history became a popular topic of Portuguese historiography in the late 1970s. However, attention was often directed towards sociopolitical aspects, with legal and constitutional aspects barely being examined at all. Although the situation has not changed dramatically, the area benefits indirectly from the interest that is being shown in the period. The following text brings together a group of works which deal, more or less directly, with the legal and institutional framework of 19th-century Portuguese history. The lack of any systematic treatment of the subject makes a synthesis or a critical bibliography far too hazardous a task, so that this contribution claims to be little more than an organized list of titles, with some brief comments.</p>

<p>Moral choice is often discussed in the context of conforming to religious norms, with immoral behavior explained as a consequence of imperfect indoctrination or a lack of control and dissuasion mechanisms by the church and other institutions that promote moral concepts. Our findings point in a different direction: moral choice in sexual matters seems to be the result of an equation that relates the perception of the alternative paths of action, the place of the individual in networks of relations and resources and various trade-offs. It is a question of strategy, at a personal or small group level, and less a question of belief. We use intensive cross-linking of sources to reconstruct individual biographies and networks of relations to gain a micro-historical view on a set of case studies involving public sinners in a Portuguese parish in the 17th and 18th centuries. By placing individual cases in the context of individual life cycles and in the context of family and social relations, we gain relevant insights into motivations for immoral behavior and its role in personal strategies.</p>

<p>Um ser humano na situação de imigrante, por mais proximidade ou laços estreitos que possua com o habitat dessa condição, passa a ter conflitos intrínsecos para a busca ora de pertencimento ao ambiente, ora pela intenção de recuperar o que Marc Augé designa por "lugar antropológico”. Os portugueses imigrantes, embora com a facilidade de uma língua comum e como integrante de um povo miscigenado, procuravam de várias formas reproduzir cenas e modos quotidianos de sua terra natal.</p> <p>O imigrante que fez opção p ela conformação de uma identidade dupla (lusa e brasileira) esforçou-se por ter, nessa condição de imigrante, a permanência de estilos de vida semelhantes aqueles de possuíam na sua terra de origem.</p>

<p>É hábito entre os paulistanos comer u m pastel no meio do dia, seja nas pastelarias ou nas feiras livres, onde tem seu lugar de destaque. Ícone da cozinha popular paulistana, o pastel é imbuído de muitas histórias e representações culturais, desde a sua origem até chegar às fusões alimentares multiétnicas que resultaram na criação do pastel de bacalhau na cidade de São Paulo, ou seja, no mito de origem que o reveste.</p>

<p>A experiência do deslocamento espacial está fortemente presente n a vivência de boa parte das famílias brasileiras, sejam elas descendentes de imigrantes internacionais ou migrantes das várias partes do Brasil.</p> <p>A Ilha das Flores abrigou a primeira Hospedaria de Imigrantes do Brasil. Foi criada p elo governo imperial em 1883 e funcionou até 1966. Por ela passaram centenas de m ilhares de indivíduos que saíram de suas terras natais para uma nova vida no Brasil. A maioria dos imigrantes que chegou pelo Porto do Rio de Janeiro teve o primeiro contato com o país e com os brasileiros na Ilha das Flores.</p> <p>Dali eram transportados p ara várias localidades do pais.</p>