Repositório RCAAP

The integrated information of soil characteristics as well as of other elements of the environmentis of fundamental importance for the sustainability and competitiveness of the Brazilian forest sector. Thisstudy was developed in order to identify a set of productive management units for plantations established withEucalyptus species, using the method called “Fuzzy Logic”. Data were obtained from 128 sampling units froma detailed soil survey (scale 1:15,000) of a 4,660 ha eucalyptus plantation, located in Araraquara county, in thewestern plateau of the São Paulo State. The proposed method showed a great potential to be used as a tool tosupport the identification of management units for Eucalyptus sp. planted forests. The following managementunits were identified for the establishment of Eucalyptus plantations: good, moderate, weak, very weak and inapt.

Several species of the Lauraceae family are endangered, due to the high value of their woods,and the consequent exploitation of natural populations. Among them, Ocotea porosa, O. odorifera and O.catharinensis, native from South Brazil, have recalcitrant seeds, what makes even more dificult their naturalregeneration. This work aimed to evaluate in vitro seed germination and multiplication of O. odorifera and O.catharinensis in culture medium supplemented with activated charcoal and/or BAP and in vitro seed germinationand multiplication of O. porosa in culture medium supplemented with several concentrations of sucrose. Theeffect of BAP and activated charcoal were tested in the multiplication of O. catharinensis and O. odorifera andthe effect of sucrose concentration (30, 60, 90 ou 120 g.L-1) was tested in the multiplication of O. porosa. Thegermination percentage was higher than 85% for all species. BAP promoted the highest multiplication rates forO. odorifera. O. porosa showed the best results for in vitro germination and multiplication on 60 g.L-1 sucrose.The establishment of O. catharinensis was achieved, but after some weeks, in all media tested, the explantsshowed abnormalities, and finally died.

The mahogany wood, Swietenia macrophylla King, is valued in the international trade market forits beauty and durability for noble uses like furniture and decoration. Any attempt of commercial plantation ofthis specie to diminish the pressure made by its selective exploration fail due to the incidence of the mahoganyshoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller). Although some works have had relative success in presenting controltechniques over the punctual aspects, a strategy of economic, an economic strategy for efficient and integratedmanagement practice was not established yet for H. grandella in Brazil. This study objective is to updatedata about the insect and its host based in the most recent studies made in Brazil, besides to indicate the mostprominent research areas for its control in S. macrophylla plantations in the Country. The most recommendedcontrol’s strategies for H. grandella are the host plant resistance use, silvicultural management, semiochemicalsand biological control, in which exist the need of income to the long term researches. Natural resistance testsof S. macrophylla procedences must be encouraged due to Brazil’s wide natural resource areas.

Goal was to estimate genetic variability, genetic parameters and gains, as well as germination rateon teca parent trees. Seeds were collected from Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES) county. The trial was carriedout in the Espírito Santo Federal University. Experimental design was randomized blocks with 60 treatments,5 repetitions each and 19 plants per plot. Demonstrated genetic variability, individual heritability and parenttrees mean suggest great likelihood of genetic gain at more advanced ages. The 41, 11, 43 and 37 parent treespresented larger genetic gains associated with increase on rate and germination percentages.

Damages caused by Gryllus sp. in young seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis were analysed. Threeexperimental groups were tested: Group 1 with 7 days-old and stem diameter of 2.5 mm seedlings; Group 2with 49 days-old and 3.33 mm diameter seedlings; and Group 3 with 80 day-old and diameter of 5.75 mm. Eachgroup consisted of 12 plants isolated in a cage with a couple of crickets for 15 days. The following daily evaluationswere made: absence of damage; superficial signs of chewing; deep signs of chewing and stem cuts. Diameter andage influenced the occurrence and intensity of damage.

Canker have been found in field plantings of parica examined in Dom Eliseu county, Para State,Brazil. Several fungal species were associated with the field canker, most notably Lasiodiplodia theobromaeand Pestalotiopsis sp. Isolated cultures of these fungi together with other often associated fungi (includingFusarium oxysporum, Alternaria, basidiomycetes) were tested for pathogenicity on young parica plants, withapproximately one meter height. Only L. theobromae produced canker under the conditions tested when discsof culture were applied using wound inoculation techniques and high humidity, which closely mimicked the fieldsymptoms. Pestalotiopsis sp. proved much less damaging compared to L. theobromae. The acknowledgment ofL. theobromae as the causal agent of parica canker came after the reisolations of the fungus from symptomatictissue of inoculated plants, concluding the verification of Koch’s Postulates. This is the first report of thispathogen in paricá.

The majority of phytosanitary problems in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes) are still restricted to some plantations. However, with the expansion of planted areas, the damages caused by diseases has increased in nurseries as well as in plantations. The anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes) is the most important disease of peach palm in Brazil, but other pathogens (Phytophthora palmivora, Fusarium spp.) also occur in nurseries and peach palm plantations. Other phytosanitary problem is the low quality of the seeds of peach palm. Results from phytopathological studies on this plant are reported in this review including some management aspects. The etiology and management of the major diseases are discussed based on data obtained from Brazil and other countries where this forest species is planted. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.61

This paper aims to aprimorate the technic of offshots rooting and preparing of offshoots and verify the effect of progenies and substrates on the rooting of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth. var. gasipaes Henderson) offshots. Average of survival varying from 26.6 % to 60 %, of rooting from 3.3 % to 10 %. The progenies survivalaverage varied from 16.6 % to 26.6 % and rooting from 10 % to 16.6 %. Technic for extracting basal offshoots,presence of roots with turgid basis and meristematic tissue are principal factor for rooting of basal offshoots. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.69

Metalepis cubensis (A. Rich.) Griseb. known only to Central America and north of South America (Colombia and Equador) is registered as a new occurrence to Brazil, Espirito Santo State. Eight taxa described previously are included here as new synonyms. Description and  illustration are given. doi: 10.4336/2009.pfb.58.77

Eucalypt wood production is associated with a long cutting cycle, wide spacing and specific silvicultural treatments, and allows intercropping with grain and forage producing species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the silvicultural and productive performances of eucalypt under different arrangements in agrosilvipastoral system. Clonally propagated E. camaldulensis x E. urophylla hybrid was planted in the Brazilian savanna. The plants were intercropped with rice (first year of planting), soybean (second year) and Brachiaria brizantha pasture (following years). The experimental design was randomized blocks with 11 treatments (11 arrangements of eucalypt) and five replications, with plots splitted along of the time (18, 27, 38 and 51 months after planting). There was no treatment effect in wood volume of eucalypt trees until 18 months after planting. Wood volume was greater in the larger spacings 27 months after planting. From month 38 on, diameter at breast height showed to be positively affected by the available area to each tree. Until the fourth year, the arrangements 3.33 m x 2 m, 3.33 m x 3 m and 5 m x 2 m are indicated to quantity production wood, while 10 m x 3 m e 10 m x 4 m are indicated to produce major size wood.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), generated a global debate about the silviculture and agrossilviculture potential as an elegible project-based activities reducing GHG emissions. This study aimed to estimate the amount of carbon and biomass storage in a mixed silvopastoral system with Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium at the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State. The system had a plant density of 105 plants per hectare which was 60 eucalyptus and 45 acacia. The stem volume of 10 year old trees was assessed using alometric equations and the residual mean pasture biomass was quantified. For the eucalyuptus plants, the estimative of biomass and carbon were 24.8 Mg ha-1 and 11.17 Mg.ha-1, respectively, while those for acacia were 6.94 Mg.ha-1 and 3.12 Mg.ha-1. The total amounts was 31.74 Mg.ha-1 of biomass and 14.29 Mg.ha-1 of carbon. It was estimated that the pasture, considering only the residues of pasturing, accumulated 1.28 Mg.ha-1 of biomass and 0.58 Mg.ha-1 of carbon.

The agronomic traits and nutritive value of Brachiaria decumbens pasture were evaluated under three shade percentages (0.29% and 45%), provided by leguminous trees (Acacia angustissima, A. mangium, A. auriculiformis, Albizia lebbek e Gliricidia sepium), during winter, spring and summer seasons. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three replications. The forage mass was positively influenced by shading, in spring and summer seasons. In winter, the higher forage mass was observed in full sunlight condition. The values of crude protein increased in spring with shading, but did not vary with shade percentage in winter and summer seasons. The crude protein quantity per area, obtained by product between forage mass and crude protein concentration, was higher under more intensive shading, in spring and summer seasons. Fiber detergent neutral content and in vitro dry matter digestibility did not present consistent variation with shading, in function of the strong interaction between this variable and season of the year.

An economic viability analysis was performed for different eucalypt wood production systems (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden) in two rural properties located in Alegrete County, RS. The traditional pasture system was compared with two other alternative systems, one of them represented by a pasture land converted to homogeneous eucalypt plantation by using two plant densities (2,222 and 1,111 trees.ha-1) and the other represented by a silvopastoral system containing 1,000 and 500 trees.ha-1. The results were analyzed by determining the Internal Retuurn Rate (IRR) and comparing it to the Minimum Attractive Rate (MAR). The alternatives with and without land value were evaluated taking into account the wood price variation (gain and lost of 5%) and the wood yield (gain and lost of 10%). Considering the land value, all alternatives showed that the IRR was lower than the MAR (3.72%). The sensibility analysis showed that when price and yield of the wood had their values increased, for the majority of alternatives considering the practice of thinning, the IRR was higher than the MAR, except to silvopastoral system containing 500 trees.ha-1. The conclusion was that, the forest component implementation is economically viable for the land owner, except by the fact that it is necessary to disregard the land value in this approach.

A silvopastoral study consisting of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild) and tropical perennial grasses was developed at the Fepagro Research Unity in Tupanciretã, RS, in collaboration with Seta Group, from October 1995 until May 2003, with the objective of evaluating trees and animal (beef cattle) performances. The experiment was a bifactorial completely randomized design (forage specie and arboreal density) with two replications. The forage species assessed (FS) were anonni grass (Eragrostis plana), signal grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) in the first four years, and gatton panic, aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) and pangola grass (Digitaria diversinervis) in the remaining years. Trees densities (TD) tested were of 1,667; 1,000; 833 and 500 trees.ha-1. The highest wood production was observed at TD 1,667 trees.ha-1, although it was not different from that for 1,000 trees.ha-1 from the fifth year on. The animal production under arboreal density 833 and 500 trees.ha-1 was 229 e 223 kg.ha-1 of liveweight gain, respectively. At seven years of cultivation of black wattle the wood production were 166; 143; 86 and 51 m3/ha-1, respectively, under arboreal density of 1,667; 1,000; 833 and 500 trees.ha-1. To achieve of an equilibrium between trees and animal production, this study showed that silvopastoral systems with 1,000 and 833 trees.ha-1 are viable alternatives for farmers.

The silvopastoral systems (SPSs) have been considered promising to integrate tree crops in livestock production systems and reclain large areas of degraded pastures of the Brazilian Amazon. They are used on small scale by innovative farmers, the SPSs lack a scientific basis to provide technical subsidies to its wider use, especially when it comes to justifying the economic viability of these systems. The objective of this study was to analyze the economical viability of SPSs, established in farms areas used by producers in the Northeast State of Para and comparing to the traditional monoculture. The systems are composed basically by parica (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby) or teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) in kikuyu grass (Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick) under cattle grazing. The analysis of economical viability was realized by the indicators: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit-cost ratio (Rb/c), considering the four models of SPSs and monoculture of parica and teak. The systems composed by teak are economically more attractive than that with paricá, and among all silvopastures arrangements, when the livestock cattle was owned himself were considered better viability than the systems in monoculture or in which the animal incorporation was rental by pasture.

Proposing economic and ecological land-use alternatives has been a great challenge for agricultural research in the Brazilian Amazon. The silvopastoral systems (SPS) are promising to integrate trees in the livestock production system and reclaim degraded pastures in the Amazon region. In Municipality of Paragominas, State of Pará, nine SPS composed by combination of three tree species (Schizolobium amazonicum, Bagassa guianensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis), planted in 6 m-lane, spaced by 12 m – and three pastures (Brachiaria brizantha, B. humidicola and Panicum maximum / dictioneura B. dictyoneura), planted in the inter-lane space. Steers grazed the one-hectare experimental parcels simulating a rotational grazing system with 14 days - grazing period and 42 days – rest period, and was evaluated during August 1990 to November 1991. From the tree and pasture management point of view, the more promising silvopastoral combinations were, respectively, S. amazonicum - B. brizantha and E. tereticornis - B. brizantha.

Agroforestry research in the Brazilian Amazon began in the eighties by Agricultural Research Brazilian Enterprise (Embrapa), Executive Commission of Cacao Plantation (CEPLAC), and the National Institute of Amazonian Research (Inpa) by the Agronomic Science Research Coordination (CPCA). Evaluation of literature on agroforestry systems can identify lacking areas of information or grouping them into knowledge area. Thus, it is possible to extract lessons to be used for planning and executing public polices. This paper analyzed the literature on agroforestry systems, in the Brazilian Amazon, from 1980 to 2005. The bibliography survey was based on database of Embrapa Eastern Amazon as well as on the Agricultural Research Data Base (BDPAWeb) through the search expression [*Amazon and sist* and agriculture* and agrossi*]. The literature was classified by year, responsible institution, author, local implementation, and use of trees. A total of 460 references were classified. The chronological analysis showed that the Brazilian Congress of Agroforestry System (CBSAF) contributed to increase the scientific production. In general, agroforestry research needs a long time for validation. However, projection of scenarios by modeling could shortening time. We observed a gap in modeling of systems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop this issue seeking to obtain more dynamic and solid progresses in the agroforestry system research.

Although researches related to silvopastoral systems have been initiated many years ago in Brazil, there are few informations generated until now. The advantages from a silvopastoral system are inumerous and well recognized. By the fact of being a technique of land using capable of recovering several disturbed ecosystems, the silvopastoral systems by the integration of agricultural, cattle, and silvicultural activities represent a technology that can achieve higher sustainability than the traditional systems as the monocultures. Today, research centers in Brazil dedicate great attention to agrossilvopastoral systems. The government of Minas Gerais State, through the extension offices is promoting the agricultural, cattle and silvicultural practices in an integrated process of soil occupation. Even with good level of knowledge about annual crops, trees components, an example eucalyptus, and forage grasses tolerant to lower light intensity, it is necessary a better knowledge of the management of understory under the effects of grazing.

The selection of adapted tree species is fundamental for the success of silvopastoral systems. The present study aimed to evaluate the initial development of native trees seedlings planted on pastureland chosen by their economic value and nitrogen retrieval. The seedlings were planted in strips containing three lines. Between each strip there was an area of 15 m with pasture. From the measurements of tree height, diameter at the base, damage by insects or by diseases, it was reported the best performances for canafístula (Peltophorum dubium), pau-jacaré (Piptadenia gonoacantha), mutambo (Guazuma ulmifolia) and capixingui (Croton floribundus). Ipê-felpudo (Zeyheria tuberculosa) showed the worst performance of all under the conditions evaluated. Survival rate in eleven months for pau-jacaré was under 50%.

The objective of this research was to study the relationship between the DBH with crown diameter,stump diameter and inside bark diameter at breast height of Araucaria angustifólia (Bert.) O, Kuntze. The data from the mentioned variables came from 162 Araucaria distributed in the whole amplitude of diameter at breast height in a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest fragment with 15,24 hectares located at the Curitiba urban region, State of Parana, Brazil. All the fitted relationships resulted in predictive equations with good values for the Schlaegel Index, Syx%, value of F and value of ρ for the coefficients, as well as good performance in the graphic analysis of residual. doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.369