Repositório RCAAP

The cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum), species native from the Amazon region, has been domesticated presenting a broad genetic variability, and thus favorable conditions for establishing of strategies to breeding and genetic conservation. The aim of this work was to evaluate 36 half-sib progenies of Theobroma grandiflorum obtained from a stratified mass selection in farmers areas based on primary components of yield. The experiment for selection of elite progenies was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four plants per plot. The fruit traits (length and width, in cm) and components of production (average weight of fruit/plant; average weight of pulp with seeds/plant and average weight of pulp/plant, in g) were evaluated. The data were analyzed through the methodology of REML/BLUP using the Selegen software. Analysis of grouping was performed using the matrix of genetic euclidean distances and Mahalanobis. The experimental population allowed the selection of superior parents for formation of base population to be used in the genetic improvement of cupuaçu. Among the 36 analyzed lineages only the genotypes 9, 10 and 18 showed genetic divergence and they can be recommended with some lineage of group 1 that demonstrates agronomic superiority to form base population of experimental clones with high genetic dissimilarity.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.66.123

Vegetative propagation of imbuya (Ocotea porosa) and the germination process of its seeds is slow, justifying tetrazolium test, that is faster for verifying viability of seeds. Seeds of Colombo (PR)  native trees were collected and treated with 0.1 %, 0.3 % and 0.5 % tetrazolium solutions for one and two hours, presenting percentual  variation associated with the different treatments. No statistical significant differences were observed among different treatments. Viable seeds varied among 50 % and 85 %. Tetrazolium 0.5 % for one hour was suggested as the minimum for verifying viability of imbuya seeds.

Imbuya (Ocotea porosa Nees et Martius ex. Nees, Lauraceae) is a species under extinction of the Mixed Ombrophylous Forest, whose wood owns high economic value. The objective of this work was to discuss precocious individual genetic selection utilizying Selegen REML/BLUP software in germoplasm of Colombo, PR, Canoinhas and Caçador, SC, populations. Results showed that 1182 selected genotypes (42,9 %) were from Colombo, 1004 (36,4 %) genotypes were from Canoinhas and 572 (20,7 %) from Caçador, totalyzing 2758 selected genotypes. Estimates of variance components showed that additive genetic variance within provenances (Va=6,62) is higher than variance among provenances (Vproc.=1,33), indicating the possibility of predominance of alogamy in the studied populations. Individual heritability in narrow sense in the block (h2a), that is, from additive effects,was 0.29 ± 0.04. Individual genetic variance coefficient (CVgi) was 18,72. Ranking of 50 superior genotypes showed a genetic gain from 5.66 cm to 8.72 cm, with estimates of averages in the next  generation varying from 19.04 cm to 22.45 cm (increment ranging from 41.9 % to 63.46 %). Colombo provenance contributed with 56 % of 50 superior genotypes, Canoinhas with 40 % and Caçador with 4%.

It is proposed a breeding strategy for eucalypt, which congregates in an individual desirable traits belonging to different species and capture the heterosis for growth, stemming from several pair of species of known heterotic behavior. Such strategy relies on obtaining two synthetic multi species populations and posterior reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) between them. It is called reciprocal recurrent selection between synthetic multi species populations (RRS-SMSP) and improves the traits drought, disease resistance, volume, density, yield and lignin content. Options for making the synthetic multi species populations are presented. The RRSSMSP is suitable for applying the genomic selection.

The objective of this research was to test and select mathematics models for estimating total heigh (ht) and bole high (hb), as a function of DBH, as well as, to establish the dendrometric relationship  between ht/hb. The data came from measurements of diameters (DBH), total height and bole height of all Araucaria angustifolia trees from an Ombrophylous Mix Forest fragment of 15,24 ha situated in the Botanical Garden Campus of the UFPR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Thirteen  models were tested, including arithmetic, logarithmic and nonlinear  models, such as Chapman-Richards and Mitschertich or monomolecular adapted; the nonlinear models were fitted by the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm. The statistic criteria for selecting the best models were the graphic analysis of residuals, Standard error of estimate in percentage (Syx%) and adjusted determination coefficient (R2 aj). The R2 aj were very low for all fitted models, characterizing an advanced and asymptotic stage of the species under study. The best equation for estimating ht was that one proposed by Stoffels & Van Soest, and for hf the Curtis equation in its logarithmic form, chosen due to its statistics values and easy utilization. The adjusted linear equation to estimate total height as a function of bole height presented R2 aj = 0.88 and Syx% = 5 %, characterizing a strong relationship between these two variables.

The objectives of this research were: to develop equations to estimate the stem and firewood volume of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth.); to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates having as a  comparator the true volumes obtained by the xylometer method; to  test the validity of Ahrens' (1981) published equation. In bracatinga stands, 384 trees were measured until a minimum diameter of 4 cm at the small end. The validation set was composed by 55 trees measured by the xylometer. The ² (chi-square), aggregated difference test, standard error of estimation, average error and graphical distribution  of the residuals were used on validation process. The best equation obtained for the stem was provided by Schumacher-Hall model. For  firewood, data were stratified, forming one set of trees with DBH < 6 cm and other with DBH 6 cm. The first set was best modeled using Parabolic model, while the second one performed better applying  Schumacher-Hall model. The validated equations resulted in ² values not significant at the level of 5% and no visible tendencies along the collected DBH extent. Ahrens' (1981) equation also had a not significant ² value at 5%, but presented a strong underestimate along all its DBH extent.

It was evaluated the effect of different residue management systems in the plant nutrition status, nutrient contents in the litter and litter biomass yield, on Eucalyptus grandis plantation. Samples were taken on four residue management systems: (i) removal of all residues from previous harvesting and NPK fertilization; (ii) maintenance of all residues on soil surface and NPK fertilization; (iii) removal all at bark  and commercial-size crop stems over 3 cm diameter and NPK fertilization; (iv) removal of all residues from previous harvesting, NPK fertilization and addition of industrial waste (15 t.ha-1 of pulp and paper sludge, C:N ratio 25:1 and 4 t.ha-1 of wood ash, C:N ratio 30:1). Results showed that the maintenance of the forest residues on site improved the nutritional status of trees and increased productivity. Addition of industrial waste allowed expressive increase of Eucalyptus sp growth. Possible excesses of Ca from the industrial waste used  should be corrected, to avoid nutritional unbalance in the trees; independent of the treatment used, the amounts of K added to the soil are not enough to maintain appropriate tree nutritional status. Greater amounts of K should be added to correct soil nutritional deficiencies on this element. 

The aim of this work was to measure the effect of ash, collected from  the boiler of a pulp mill and applied in doses equivalent to 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 t.ha-1 on the chemical characteristics of the soil and on the development and absorption of nutrients for Pinus taeda L. seedling potted with CAMBISSOLO Humico from the 0-20 cm layer in Piraí do Sul, PR. Portions of the soil were placed in pots and aliquots of each treatment were applied to the first 0-10 cm layer after filled the pots with 20 cm of soil. Needles and soil (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers) were analyzed. The height, diameter and dried biomass of aerial part, the root - MSR and total were evaluated. The application of ash reduced the acidity and the concentration of Al, and increased the concentration of Ca, Mg, K, P, with more pronounced effects in the layer of 0-10 cm; there was no effect of treatment in the development of seedlings; and the concentration of Cu in needles was declined with increasing doses of ash.

Black-wattle growth is different on soils with distinct characteristics. To evaluate this influence, plant growth and wood production variables were quantified on black wattle growing on five soil classes with different morphological, physical and chemical characteristics, on SETA S.A. commercial plantation at seven years of age, on Butiá County, RS. It was measured the black wattle growth on the following soil classes Argissolo Vermelho (Alfisol), Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Alfisol), Cambissolo (Inceptisol), Neossolo Litólico (Entisol) e Neossolo Regolítico (Entisol). Soil chemical and texture analyses were performed on surface and subsurface horizons, and physical analyses, just on soil surface horizon. On plants, it was measured DBH, total height, bark thickness and estimated the wood volume. On both Alfisols (Red and Red Yellow) and on Inceptisol, that presented higher nutrient content and effective soil depth, wood production was 30 % greater than on both Entisols, that were shallower and with less appropriate chemical characteristics. 

Genetic selection has been practiced by the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) method using phenotypic records. A first proposal for enhancement of the efficiency of this procedure was the marker assisted selection (MAS). Later, another method called genome wide selection - GWS was reported, which presents high accuracy for the selection based exclusively on markers, after predicting their genetic effects from phenotypic data in a sample of the population of selection. GWS is excellent for low heritable traits, while MAS is not. This paper presents the GWS methodology and simulates a case of its application, aiming at emphasizing its advantages over MAS. The relation between traditional BLUP and genomic BLUP is also detailed as well as the sample size required for precise estimation of the genetic values of the markers. Results revealed that the GWS can be worthy for genetic improvement. Practical experience is much needed to infer about its effectiveness.

Superficial water quality was monitored in plantation areas with exotic species (Pinus taeda e Pinus ellioti) in Joinville coutry, Santa Catarina, Brazil, between September 2005 and July 2006. The results, obtained in the monitoring area through the comparison of different forested catchments of different forestry ages, were compared with the ones of the native forest. The parameters used in monitoring were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxygen biochemist demand (OBD), total solids dissolved (TSD), turbidity, and thermo tolerant coliforms (TC). The most significant result was: an average increase of 0,4 units of pH, 42 NMP/100 mL of TC, comparing the water quality in the entrance and exit of the forestry. It had greater stability at temporal and spatial variation in pH values in the oldest forestry. Preliminary, this research showed that the silviculture does not considerably intervene in the superficial water quality.

The present study was developed to characterize the chemical properties of the soil under peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plantations at 24, 39 and 48 months old, and to quantify the heart-of-palm  production on a local industrial scale (packaged in various forms in glass jars). The experiment was set up in two areas, located along the Alexandra-Matinhos Road (km 7 and km 10) near Paranaguá county, State of Paraná, Brazil, in March of 2001. Randomized blocks were used as statistical design, having 100 plants per sample, with four  treatments and six replicates. Treatments considering spacing and plant density were: 3 m x 1 m ; 2 m x 1 m ; 2.0 m x 1 m x 1 m and 1.5 m x 1 m x 1 m. Peach palm plants were fertilized at plantation stablishment and at 6 ; 9 ; 12 ; 18 ; 21 and 45 months after planting, totalizing 86 ; 47,8 and 67,5 g per plant of N, P and K, respectively. Dolomite lime was placed between rows at a level of 16 kg, corresponding to 2 ton.ha-1. The results showed that: (i) fertilization with N, P and K and the application of lime changed soil chemical characteristics; (ii) density between 5,000 and 6,666 plants.ha-1 presented bigger heart-of-palm production, in the successive harvests.

The extrativism method, inappropriate management and the reduction of mate tree populations has resulted in the loss potencial of relevant specimens for future genetic improvement. Few are the techniques and studies, focused on the restoration of degraded mate tree plantations, in order to recover vegetative samples of mature trees. So, an experiment was installed in São Mateus Country, Paraná State-BR, in a mate weakened population whose trees aged approximately 40 years. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of bark girdling, combined to different pruning intensities, on the sprouting at the base of the  trunk of weakened mate trees. A bark ring of 1 cm width, at 20 cm from the base, was removed. Additionally the crown was submitted to three pruning intensities: T0, control (no pruning); T40, 40 % crown pruning and T70, 70 % of crown pruning. The trees were grouped into five blocks, with six trees each, considered a block totalizing 30 mate trees. Mortality, number and length of the basal sprouts per tree were evaluated. After 270 days from the girdling procedure no mortality has been detected. The 70 % pruning intensity induced a greater number of sprouts per plant. Even being weakened mate trees, showed high healing capacity of the removed bark ring, indicating the technical

The aim of this work was to test the viability of microwave digestion for the colorimetric determination of silicon in foliar tissues of wood species. In the test, the correlation coefficient was 0.998 in the concentration range of 0.4 to 7 mg.g-1. Spiked cellulose samples were used and the recovery was high than 90 % in two tested concentrations (2 e 4 mg.g-1). The obtained coefficients of variation were equal to 4.2 % and 7.0 % for espinheira santa (Maytenus ilicifolia) and eucalipto (Eucalyptus benthamii), respectively. The microwave-induced digestion was compared to autoclave-induced digestion by interlaboratorial test, with relative errors smaller than 17 % in all tested samples (n=10). Based on these results, the microwave digestion of foliar tissues samples of wood species showed to be an alternative to determination of silicon by colorimetric method performed at a wavelength of 410 nm.

The present study was developed aiming to evaluate the variations in the structure and the dynamics of Amazonian estuarine floodplain forest, in three places (Bailique, Igarapé Fortaleza eandAracu River) along the north arm of the Amazon River, in two measurements. The samples were installed in areas of forest that had a good state of repair. In 2001/02 three permanent sample plots were installed with size of 100 m x 100 m, divided in ten sub-plots with 20 m x 50 m, and in 2006/07 a new measurement was done to evaluate the changes, with minimum inclusion CAP of 15 cm. The families number remained the same in the Bailique (20), in the igarapé Fortaleza (26) and had reduction in the Aracu river from 27 to 25 families; the species number reduced in the three places: 39 for 37, 49 for 48 and 50 for 47; the absolute density (trees per hectare) increased in the Bailique (17),reduced in the Aracu river (50) and in the igarapé Fortaleza (151); the basal area (m2/ha) increased in the Bailique (1.97), in Aracu river (2.90) and reduced in the igarapé Fortaleza (5,64); the mixture quotient of Jentsch remained the same in the Aracu river (01:18), reduced in the Bailique (01:19 from 01:20) and increased in the igarapé Fortaleza (01:21 for 01:18); the biggest ingrowth occurred in the Bailique, with 31 açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.); the biggest  reductions occurred with the death of 33 murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.) in the Aracuriver and 46 E. oleracea in the igarapé Fortaleza; the species of better sociological position in the forest was E.oleracea.

The main purpose of this work was to estimate soil physical characteristics that are time consuming, developing mathematical models based on others characteristics obtained routinely on soil laboratories. Thirteen soils were selected varying from 40 to 590 g  kg-1 of clay content. From these soils, undisturbed and bulk samples were obtained at 5 cm to 15 cm soil layer, and determined in laboratory, chemical (sorptive complex, pH and potential acidity) and physical (bulk density, dessorption curve and porosities)  characteristics. Correlation was established among optimum soil water  content and soil water at field capacity and the chemical and physical  soil characteristics obtained. The soil characteristic that showed the  highest correlation coefficient with optimum water content (r = 0.93)  and with water at field capacity (r = 0.93) was the average soil particle  diameter (ASPD). This soil attribute can be obtained from most soil  surveys existing in Brazil and it is the sum of the multiplication of  average particle diameter of four particle classes to their soil content.  Soil water content at -1500 kPa was also well correlated to ASPD; this  allows calculating the amount of available water for plants.

There is little knowledge about the vegetative propagation of Ilex  paraguariensis, mainly in relation to the minicutting technique and  rooting environmental aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the initial  rooting environment in relation to the survival, shoot vigor and  minicuttings rooting of this species. The experiment was conducted in  a completely randomized design, under a factorial arrange (3x2), with  three clones (A7, A21 and A35) and two rooting environments (simple greenhouse - without control of temperature and humidity; and automatized greenhouse - with automatized control). The minicutting  survival in the exit of greenhouses and in the exit of shadow house  was not influenced by the tested environments, with 51.8 % to 71.9 %  of survival variation. The A7 and A21 clones did not present  significative difference in relation to rooting, with averages of 49.1 %  and 46.4 %, respectively. However, the A35 clone showed the best  development (62.5 % of rooting) when it was cultivated under  automatized greenhouse condition. The automatized greenhouse  favored not only the characteristics leaf and shoot numbers, but also  the shoot length. The minicutting technique for I. paraguariensis may  be considered viable in both evaluated rooting environments, which  presented similar results.

Community of arboreal ants associated with the pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) in the remnant of cerrado goiano (State of Goiás, Brazil) was surveyed in the trunk of these plants, using bait based on sardine and soy oil. During one year, in the four climatic seasons, consecutive collects of the ants were accomplished. A total of 32  species was collected during the studuy period. Myrmicinae and  Formicinae were the most frequently subfamilies found. Significant  difference was verified in the composition of the arboreal ants community along the investigated climatic seasons. Significant  correlation was not verified between size of the trees and richness of  ant species associated to the pequizeiro

This work objective was to estimate wood production, CO2 stocks and economical profitability, including carbon credits sale from pasture  associated eucalyptus and pine plantations. For each species, two experimental plots were used, all installed at natural pasture land in  Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul State. Experimental plots were submitted  to three treatments: two of them with silvipasture systems at triple tree lines, with both species at 3.0 m x 1.5 m intervals, the first of which with a 14 m corridor (between triple lines) for animal feeding and, the second with a 34 m corridor; the third treatment consisted of isolated cultivation of both tree species, with 3.0 x 3.0 m intervals. Thinning and 21 years final cutting were simulated for all treatments. Trees showed positive economical returns at all tested systems, with profitability after the 7 years thinning operation. Carbon credits sales can turn the forest component attractiveness up, especially when the income generated is considered since the project start.

The assessment of the quality of clearwood produced in pruned plantations of pine is necessary, especially to set price and know the utilization potential. The pruned log index (PLI), index used in Chile and New Zealand to characterize the quality of the logs, is a function of measurable variables of each log as diameter with defects, diameter 1.3 m from the largest end and the ratio between the cylinder volume common to the entire length of the log and the scaling volume through the method Smalian. This study aims at evaluating the ITP usage for slash pine (Pinus elliottii) logs at the age 24 years and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) at 19, harvestedin the regions of Ibaiti, Paraná, and Itapeva, São Paulo. The PLI values did not exceed 2.3, which  indicates that there is little clearwood on the logs. This has been proven through the veneering results, in which the potentially clear volume in relation to the log volume ranged between 52% and 55%, but 10.3% at the maximum, was turned into clearwood veneer. The slicing procedure in the lathe proved to be suitable, since it allowed the diameter of the knotty core to be measured as soon as the knot came out. The PLI showed itself as applicable for the Brazilian conditions.