Repositório RCAAP

The aim of this study was to assess the taste of beverage prepared from yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves, originated from male and female plants, by taking into account leaf gas exchange and the content of macro-and-trace-elements. Ecophysiological, chemical and sensorial properties were evaluated in one of the sprouting phases and in two fruit ripening phases. Male and female plants did not differ in fresh and dry matter production per plant, nor in the content of micro- and trace elements. However, female plants showed higher leaf net photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) than male plants. The beverage prepared with male plant leaves was less bitter than that prepared with female plant leaves, especially when leaves from the branch tips were used. The intensity of bitterness was positively correlated with Zn and Mg contents in female plants and with Mn content and gs in male plants. The bitterness of the beverage prepared with male plant leaves was negatively correlated with K content. The idea about "masculinization" of yerba-mate stands appeared as a possible solution for the production of yerba-mate of normal to soft taste.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of mineral nutrients on tree growth and wood quality of Pinus taeda, on commercial plantation at 20 years after planting, on different soil types. Experimental plots were set, and from trees representing each population, stem disks were collected at different heights. Treegrowth, wood quality and growth ring parameters – tracheids diameter and radial density by X-ray densitometry – were analyzed and related to mineral nutrient contents. Results showed negative correlation among Mn and Mg stem disk contents and Pinus taeda tree growth; negative correlation was also obtained among Ca, Mg and Mn contents and tracheids dimensions and wood density. There was no correlation among N, P, K and B contents in stem disks and tree growth or wood quality studied variables.  Dendronutrition concept – study of relationship among tree growth parameters and growth rings to mineral nutrient contents in stem – is discussed in this work.

Considering the need for viable options for destination of waste from agricultural and agriindustries activities waste from logging and brewing industries and goat dregs previously composted, with potential foruse as substrates for the production of seedlings of trees were characterized chemically and physically. The treatments had consisted of the following mixtures: S1) commercial product for substratum (Plantmax® Florestal) + pinus bark partially decomposed - PB (1:1); S2) residue of malt with wooden sawdust - WS (1:4); S3) cellulosicmud with WS (1:1); S4) mixture of treatment S3 product with PB (1:1); S5) black-liquor with WS (4:1); S6) blackliquor with WS (3:2); S7) mixture of the product of treatment 6 with PB (1:1); S8) goat dregs. The following variable were evaluated: pH CaCl2; P, C, N, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al and Na concentrations; CEC, Al saturation and C/N; total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, density and available water. The substrates made with mixtures of Plantmax Florestal® + PB (1:1); residue of malt with wooden sawdust - WS (1:4); cellulosic mud with WS (1:1) mixed with PB (1:1) and goat dreg composted can be used in the production of seedlings of forest species tolerant to acidity, adopting the protocols of management recommended, both for irrigation as for fertilization.

Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil., popularly named erva-mate in Brazil, is an indigenous species of the Araucaria Forest with a large geographic distribution and a high social and economic importance. The seeds of this species exhibits physiologic and seed coat  impermeability dormancies and needs stratification on sand in order to break them. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of genotype -environment interaction on embryo development of erva-mate seeds formed under different environmental conditions. The fruits were collected in Cascavel, Toledo and Campo Mourão, State of Paraná, and in Soledade, State of Rio Grande do Sul, in February 2003. The experiment was carried out on Forest Seed Laboratory of Embrapa Florestas, in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds each. It was concluded that the seeds from State of Paraná provenances presented more developed embryos than those ones from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, probably as a response of the higher mean annual temperature and the amount of sunlight.

Brazil shows competitive and comparative advantages against others wood producers, mainly in thepulp and paper segment, because Brazil has technology in wood production with shorts lifecycles due to thegood climate conditions and the quality of the products exported for many countries around the world. However,in the economical and financial area this advantage is not verified. In reason to the importance of this segment in the Brazilian forest sector the present study had the objective to know the economical and financial situation of six Brazilian pulp and paper companies. The information was obtained with BOVESPA – Sao Paulo State Stock Exchanged by the annual financial balance showed by the companies in the last nine years. Some of the most important economical and financial index was used, like capital profitability. In general, the companies showed a situation of low liquidity and profitability. It was verified an increase of the indebtedness and improvement in the use of the assets in the period. In relation to the operational margin and to the profitability of the equity, thecompanies showed similar behaviors along the time.

Seeds of several tree species from Brazilian wet forest are in dangerous situation and show recalcitrant characteristics. Therefore, it is not possible to store them by traditional methods adopted with orthodox seeds and it limits their genetic resources ex-situ conservation in seed banks. This situation encourages researches to find news technologies in order to store these species in genebanks. Therein, flash-drying method for embryos desiccation shows to be a promising technique in order to resolve seed conservation of Brazilian endogenous tree species in genebanks. This paper has an objective of to become known the flash-drying technique and to be accessible to seed  physiologists

A literature review was performed to discuss the fungal decomposition of needle pines and impacts on commercial forest production and sustainability. Aspects as organic matter and litter degradation, associated micobiota, and factors that condition this process are discussed. Needles are principal components of residues in pine forests and their decomposition by fungi is important to nutrient turnover. Nutrients released for soil by decomposition increases forest productivity which promotes more biomass production and fixation of carbon in trees.

In spite of the readiness of seeds of Luehea divaricata, your collection is a difficult and onerous task, sees the maturation to be irregular along the time, generating difficulties for production of seedlings through seeds. With base in this, it was aimed to evaluate the most appropriate concentration of IBA in rooting cuttings for the production of seedlings of Luehea divaricata. The cuttings were picked from branches of adult trees and natural regenerations in the spring of 2003, prepared with 10 to 15 centimeters (with a pair of cut leaves to the middle, treated with IBA (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg L-1) and rooted in greenhouse during 85 days. The medium survival in the exit of the shade house was 29.2%, with superiority for the treatment with 4000 mg L-1 of IBA (42.5%) and, at outdoor conditions, average of 19.8% of survival, with superiority for the treatment of 2000 mg L-1 of IBA (26.5%). None of the studied concentrations was shown technically viable for the production of seedlings of Luehea divaricata with rooting cuttings.

Sphaeropsis sapinea is one of main pathogens that causes losses in commercial plantations of Pinusspp. Studies for control based on genetic resistance can be done by inoculating different monosporic isolates onpine populations and selectioning the resistant individuals. This work describes a methodology for pycnidia production in vitro and S. sapinea monoconidial cultures, using an agar-water medium with sterile pine needles. Four S. sapinea isolates were tested e pycnidia and mature conidia were observed after 14 days of incubation, under continuous fluorescent light, in BOD, at 25 °C. Pycnidia were triturated in sterile water and conidia germinated after two hours of incubation in water-agar, in BOD, at 25 °C. Germinated conidia formed colonies which were purified in malt extract-agar and maintained in test tubes with the same medium, covered with sterile mineral oil for preservation. This methodology revealed to be  adequated for production of monoconidial coloniesof S. sapinea

The main fungal species present in self-heated chip piles of eucalypt wood in Brazil were Aspergillusfumigatus, Chrysosporium thermophilum, Dactylomyces thermophilus, Penicillium bacillisporum, Rhizomucorpusillus and Thermoascus aurantiacus. This study determined the micelial growth and spore germination of these species at several temperatures on PDA medium ranging from 20 °C to 70 °C. Optimum growth temperatures were observed at 30 °C for A. fumigatus and P. bacillisporum; 40 °C for R. pusillus and 50 °C for D. thermophilus, C. thermophilum and T. aurantiacus. Growth was not observed at 60 °C and 70 °C. Incubation of spores on wateragar medium at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C showed that only A. fumigatus, P. bacillisporum and R. pusillus could germinate at 20 °C.

In the present work the dendrochronological potential of six species of the Araucaria Forest is analyzed. The trunks of 20 trees were collected in Candoi, State of Parana, Brazil, from an area that belongs toELEJOR, Centrais Elétricas do Rio Jordão, for the following species: Araucaria angustifolia, Clethra scabra, Cedrela lilloi, Ocotea porosa, Podocarpus lambertii and Sebastiania commersoniana (3 to 6, from each species). The trunks were sawed, and at breast height a sample was taken from the center of the board, from bark to bark, crossing the pith, for macroscopic analysis. These samples were dried and polished, making possible the recognition and measurement of growth rings The historical climatic data series were provided by SIMEPAR, the State weather institute. The trees presented diameter at breast height (DBH), varying from 14 cm to 40 cm, with age of 60 years, annual diameter increment of 0.6 cm, in average. Although the number of trees was small, it was possible to observe that the site was not limiting for the species, as the growth rings showed very low sensitivity.However, the very extreme growth condition of 1999 and 2000, when  occurred a very low precipitation period followed by a very severe winter, was registered in the growth ring series of most of the disks analyzed

The development of new urban areas and the necessity of disposing of goods production and increased movement of people requires the intervention of man in areas previously not inhabited or preserved of the human interference. Infrastructural work sites have direct effects on ecosystems and RS/486 causes, beyond the visual impact on the landscape, a strong fragmentation in Atlantic forest. The removal of vegetation around the highway can facilitate the occurrence of natural disasters related to changes in geomorphology and weathering processes may result erosion and soil accommodation. To study the vulnerability and susceptibility the mass movements of the sub-watershed Três Forquilhas river along the highway RS 486 were employed techniques of GIS and remote sensing to produce maps of environmental vulnerability from employment of such variables as land use, geomorphology, geology, digital elevation model (DEM), slope and normalized digital vegetation index (NDVI) by applying analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) to support decision. The resulting maps matchie the purpose of defining priority areas for action of the Rio Grande do Sul State Civil Defense.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.61.61

The aim of this study was to calculate the ratio of Liocourt and evaluate the diameter distribution in natural forest with 84 hectares of Araucaria angustifolia serving as a parameter for its management in a farm of 176 hectares, located in White Stone Farm, Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, to achieve the concept of balanced forest. Diameter distribution behaved as expected for native forests, generating a distribution curve in J-shaped, showing that it is a forest inbalanced phase of succession as it has lack of trees in higher  diameter classes. The value of the ratio of Liocourt was 1.33, similar to other studies with native forests. By using the ratio of Liocourt would it possible to remove 54 trees per hectare in all classes of frequency, to a desired maximum diameter of 35 cm with a reduction of 7.4 m² ha-1 of basal area or 620.8 m² to the  settlement, avoiding the stagnation of the forest and 39 trees per hectare for the maximum diameter of 40cm with a reduction of 5.27 m² ha-1 of basal area or 442.7 m² for the forest.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.337

The stock of timber species was evaluated in a 64 ha experimental area 28 years after logging. The study was carried out in the Tapajos National Forest, state of Para, Brazilian Amazon. The study area was logged in 1979 and tree species were measured from 1981 to 2007 in 36 permanent sample plots. In 2007 tree species were classified in three groups: commercial timber (MC); potentially commercial timber (MP); non-commercial timber (MS). During that period all trees with DBH>5cm were measured. In 2007, 28 years after logging 9,859 trees from 239 species were recorded. Considering the species groups 35.5% belong to MC, and from these only 53% are available for harvesting, representing a timber volume of 75.5m3 ha-1. In 2007 some species as Carapa guianensis and Virola michelii had higher timber volume than before logging but other species as Astronium lecointei and Manilkara huberi had timber volume lower in 2007. In the end of the studing period, 28 years after logging, the timber volume was recovered but the harvested species did not recuperated their original basal area. Even with the high intensity of harvest occurred in the area but considering the timber volume in 2007 of those species that were not harvested in 1979, a second cutting mainly for those species could be admissible now.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.265

The aim of this work was to evaluate, in vase, the effect of cellulosic residue in soil and chemical characteristics of effluents resulting from that application in Litholic Humic Neosol layers collected in the 0 to 10 and 10 cm to 30 cm. Doses of sludge, equivalent to 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1 were implanted in a randomized design. Aliquots corresponding to doses of sludge, collected on the treatment were mixed to the soil layer of 0 to 10 cm and placed in vessels after the completion of the soil layer from 10 cm to 30 cm. At 117 days after implantation of the test, samples were collected from the soil layer from 0 to 20 cm and from the effluent resulting from the application of water for irrigation. The treatments changed the characteristics evaluated, except the levels of organic carbon and Mg. There was an increase in pH CaCl2, in the levels of Ca, P and K and in the base saturation, with greater impact on the content of P. The concentration of exchangeable Al, the potential acidity and exchangeable Al saturation were reduced with increasing doses of the residue. There is no evidence of contamination of soil and water by the application of the residue.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.27

This paper presents an approach to the technique of aerial sketchmapping in respect to its characteristics, applications and potential for use in Brazil, mainly to monitor changes in forest cover in Paraná state. The method consists of observation and annotation of features or phenomena from overflights in the area of interest flying at low altitudes along a predetermined route. It also presents the advantages obtained with the introduction of digital aerial sketchmapping, which defined the new name for the technique as Digital Aerial Sketchmapping. In this case the annotations are performed digitally on the screen (touch screen) of a notebook and not on paper map, as in the conventional technique. The development of methodologies that demonstrate technical efficiency and economic viability has received increased emphasis on research, according to the necessity of obtaining reliable information to support decision making at the government level, for an appropriate monitoring procedure and/or planning a  given region. Considering the dynamics of land use and the need to monitor land cover, it can be stated that the Aerial Sketchmapping has high potential for application to brazilian conditions and still excelent cost/benefit relation.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.245

In this study we evaluated the uptake, decomposition and nutrient release of the deciduous material in summer in areas of secondary forest and eucalyptus plantations in Redenção da Serra, SP. Were installed ten collectors in each area to evaluate the contribution of deciduous material (litter). It was collected every 15 days from December 2003 for 75 days. Part of the litter was placed in decomposition bags and distributed in surface areas, being collected every 15 days for evaluation. The area under eucalyptus showed greater intake of dry matter, lower decomposition constant and longer half life. There was a higher proportion of the fraction in the forest leaves and branches on the fraction area of eucalyptus. At time zero, the area of secondary forest showed higher accumulation of N, K, Ca, Mg and P. As for the area of eucalyptus, there was a sequence of N, Ca, K, Mg and P. At the end of 75 days, the area of eucalypt in plantation showed higher percentages of N, P, K and Ca. For the climatic conditions of Redenção da Serra, in summer, the area with eucalyptus showed greater intake of dry matter and nutrient content remaining compared with the area of forest.

One of the first areas investigated for commercial applications of LiDAR was for forest applications. Topography and forest coverage are of extreme importance for forest resources managers. Accurate information on trees height and density, besides being fundamental for planning, are hard to obtain by conventional methods. Laser scanning technology, as opposed to satellite images and aerial photographs, can concurrently map the ground and obtain estimates of trees height. The use of modeling associated with LiDAR data allows to obtain estimates of several other forest variables such as basal area, diameter, volume,  biomass and fuel material. Besides these applications, LiDAR technology presents a great potential for planning forest harvesting activities, road construction and maintenance. However, there are great challenges to be overcome in developing technologies and computational applications more robust and reliable for modeling data from this type of sensor.

This study aimed to determine the artificial form factor and confection table form factor for teak in Brasnorte and Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. A hundred tress were measured and 162 were cubated in stands from 20 to 10 years of age. The volume was estimated using Smalian and form factors by the reason between the estimated and cylindrical volumes. Sixteen models of artificial the form factor werw tested, and the equation ln(f1,3)=0,774+0,697.ln(d0,5/d²)-0,647.ln(d0,1/d²)+0,199.ln(1/h.d) presented the best fit with the diameter of Hohenadl (d0.5 e d0.1) estimated by the respective equations: ln(d0,5)= -1,066.ln(1/d)+0,234.ln(1/h) and ln(d0,1)= 0,753 – 0,535.ln(h/d²)+0,199.ln(h). The form factor table covered a amplitude from 0.4038 to 0.6443.

The use of silicate is a practice that has been frequently adopted in annual crops, although few studies have been conducted in order to verify its efficiency in forest tree species. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of calcium and potassium silicates in the growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Alambari county, State of São Paulo. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, with eight treatments, three replications and 25 plants per plot, maintained at the field capacity moisture level. Seedlings were planted in plastic tubes using local substrate, basic fertilization and silicates. Diameter, height and fresh and dry biomass of the seedlings were determined 150 days after silicates treatments were applied. The use of silicates either in the substrate or through foliar application, in the production of eucalypt seedlings has proven to be inadequate when the substrate presents a balanced basic composition in terms of nutrients and pH.