Repositório RCAAP

This study aimed to show the effect of silvicultural treatments to improve the health and productivity of forests mecrusse (Androstachys johnsonii Prain, 1. c.), in the Mabote District of Inhambane province. The experiment design was based on a complete randomization design, comprising of a group of three plots (20 m x 50 m) and three treatments (Control - C, phytosanity - P and thinning - T). The results showed that the silvicultural positively treatments influenced the health and growth. The periodic annual increment (PAI) observed during the period under review was 1.22 mm year-1. There was an PAI of 1.3 mm for the treatment phytosanity (P) and thinning (T), and 0.9 mm year-1 for the control plots. The interventions did not affect the structure of the stands for the diameter distribution since remained the j-reverse shape.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.63

To quantify the stock of commercial timber in forests demands efficient methods, making possible to estimate efficiently and accurately the present and future timber volume. The aim of this work was to  adjust the mathematical models used to estimate timber volume, allowing the determination of the timber potential of a region with greater accuracy and lower cost. The study was conducted at Lábrea, State of  Amazonas, Brazil in an area of 6,000 ha, inserted in the Project Forest Management Seringal Iracema II. The forest is predominantly dense with emergent trees, also with the occurrence of open forest with bamboo and palms. For the process of adjusting the models to estimate the volume of commercial timber, 141 trees of commercial species were cubed by Smalian method. The equations developed for the Forest Management Project Seringal Iracema II are valid for diameters between 50 cm and 140 cm and for forests with similar structure; to standing trees due to its simplicity and accuracy, the best equation was Kopezki-Gehrardt (V = - 0.6870 + 0.00103 d²); for felling trees or for studies of biomass and carbon stock, the equation indicated is Schumacher-Hall (LnV = -9.5452 + 2.12837 Ln (d) + 0.72209Ln (h)).doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.64.283

The expansion of the human land use leads to a severe fragmentation of the natural habitats. Biological corridors may facilitate the movement of organisms among habitat patches and have been frequently adopted as a tool to conserve and restore biodiversity. Metapopulation theory gives the theoretical starting point for the actual biological corridors studies, which are still in their infancy. There are not yet a solid scientific knowledge to recommend the use of biological corridors as a tool in conservation biology. Nevertheless, the effects of forest fragmentation are so severe that the planning and executing of strategies to attenuate it are justifiable, even though research results demonstrating its effectiveness and benefits are not  available. doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.207

The variation of soil attributes along with peculiarities of riverine ecosystem process, determines strong influence on the vegetation distribution in these environments.  The restoration strategies of riverine vegetation need to observe these peculiarities and, in this case, choosing of appropriate species is a key element to initiate the process of establishment of a functional community. The present study aimed at to evaluate the survival  and initial growth of nine tree species in different plantation densities and in two soil types – Neossolo Flúvico (RY) and Cambissolo Flúvico (CY). Field experiments were conduced on Itajaí-Açu floodplain,  Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The species that showed better performance to promote the restoration in fluvial environment, in a RY soil type, under a semi-hydromorphic condition in the soil profile, with high level of fertility and submitted to recurrent inundation pulses, were: C. myrianthum, A. glandulosa, I. marginata, S. terebinthifolius and A.sericea. A. cacans is a promising species to the same areas but only under conditions of no permanent flooding.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.171

Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is an insect of Australian origin which can cause severe damage on the production of different species of Eucalyptus. In Brazil, its presence was first described in the State of Sao Paulo in 2003 and it is present in several states such as Paraná, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Espírito Santo and Bahia. The occurrence of this insect in Pernambuco in Petrolina municipality on a small stand of Eucalyptus spp. confirms the dispersive and adaptive potential of this specie.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.253

Physic-chemical parameters were used to evaluate the quality of fresh palm hearts of palm in the breeding program for quality of material produced. We monitored the pH, acidity (TA) and soluble solids (SS) of palm fresh during storage under refrigeration of the two most important populations of peach palm cultivated in Brazil. Were analyzed for microbiological and significant differences between the populations of Benjamin Constant (Brazil) and Yurimaguas (Peru) to ATT and SS, but not for pH, which shows that the first two are suitable to differentiate populations of peach palm. Although levels were  slightly acid pH (5.6 to 6.2), Microbiological analysis showed that the palm remained fresh during storage with microbiological standards for  minimally processed vegetables. Variations in pH, acidity and soluble solids during storage were generally small.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.261

Identifying areas of similar ecological conditions, such as climate, soils and vegetation have many potential uses, since land use planning, including agroforestry planning, to conservation of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to produce a climate zoning chart, supported by statistical analysis and also using geomorphological criteria to define the geoclimatic units. As a result of the interpretation of cluster analysis using metereological data, the Paran State was divided,at first, into two broad groups: hotter areas and colder areas. Among the hotter areas, the coastal areas were separated from continental areas and others divisions were obtained. A relevance table, presented in this paper consists in a great practical tool, because it is useful to allow species to be planted more suitably, since we have the knowledge about the species weather conditions requirements, such as the best minimum and average temperature, frost resistance, drought seasons, etc. This chart may be supplemented with information from others newer climatic stations installed in the Paraná State and can be transformed into edafoclimatic chart, using soils and water balance information.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.129

Chrysomelids are important pests in forest plantations because they cause injuries and affect tree growth. Among the chrysomelid, Eumolpinae subfamily presents the greatest number of species recorded as pest. The purpose of this study was to register the occurrence and evaluate the attack of Costalimaita lurida (Lefévre, 1891) in a plantation of Eucalyptus spp. in the northern of Minas Gerais state. The attack was observed in September 2006 on a twelve months old plantation of age with the following species being injuried: Eucalyptus grandis, E. saligna, E. urophylla, E. robusta, a hybrid of E. grandis and E. urophylla and also Corymbia torelliana.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.257

The objective was to evaluate the induction of epicormic shoots in strains and techniques of cutting, grafting and minicutting for Cupressus lusitanica cloning. For cutting, concentrations of IBA and substrates in plants of 5 and 10 years of age were tested. In minicutting evaluated the type of propagules. Grafting seedlings of trees 10 years as grafts for the first sub-culture, and from this, the shoots were collected for the second subculture. The species presented difficult rooting. The grafting showed the best result. Shoots induction of strains showed low viability.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.161

The use of essential oil and extracts from plants is becoming an efficient alternative in the biostimulation on growth and protection of plants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of leaf essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis on the germination and the  development of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings in nursery conditions. The eucalyptus seeds were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μL L-1 of the essential oil in controlled conditions. The eucalyptus seedlings were sprayed with 0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μL L-1 of the essential oil per plant, at intervals of seven days. The effect of this application on the seedling development were analyzed after 30 and 60 days. The results show that the germination was significantly higher when the seeds were exposed to 25 μL L-1 of the essential oil. The application of essential oil in the concentration of 30 and 40 μL L-1 provided higher growth of the aerial part and of the roots in greenhouse conditions, being an effective alternative to biostimulation the vegetative growth of eucalyptus seedlings.

Forest species have great economic and social importance, offering various products as wood and non-timber fundamental to society. In this context, the search for new technologies that promote increase in productivity of commercial forests has received special attention and biotechnology has contributed substantially to this. This branch of science can promote direct modification of the genome of a target organism, through the analysis and manipulation of DNA genome or by insertion of fragments of the same with known function and thus to achieve desired characteristics, such as resistance to diseases and pests, lignin reduction in wood and generation of plants tolerant to different kinds of stresses. This review aims at reporting techniques for the generation of genetically modified trees, applications of genetic transformation in forest species, risks of using this technology and its potential environmental impacts.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.51

Soil is an important compartment of carbon in terrestrial ecosystem, retaining substantial quantity of this element in organic forms, mainly in forest areas. The understanding of the factors that affect the fluxes of soil CO2 is the basic to the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The objective of this work was to evaluate the patterns of spatial variability of soil CO2 flux in native forest in a very clayey dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), in Lavras city, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. A grid of 32 points was delimited, regularly spaced in 5 m distance, in which the CO2 flux and environmental factors (water evaporation, temperature and soil moisture) and attributes related to fertility (pH, base soil saturation and exchangeable aluminium), structure (bulk density and total porosity) and soil organic matter (total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon) were evaluated. Simple linear correlation analyses indicated that the soil CO2 emissions are a complex phenomenon, being not satisfactorily explained by a single soil or environment attribute. The CO2 flux did not present spatially structured variability in the adopted sampling scale, having a distribution that was considered as randomized. doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.85

The objective of this research was to investigate the monthly growth rhythm of young trees of Araucaria angustifolia and Pinus taeda throughout the vegetative year and to establish its correlation with climatic variables. Monthly measurements of diameter and total height were carried out in one stand of A. angustifolia and two of Pinus taeda. Correlation matrices among the current monthly increments and the climatic variables indicated that the development of Pinus taeda is mostly affected by photoperiod and by minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, while A. angustifolia growth is affected mostly by minimum and average temperatures. doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.165

Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (faveleira), a caatinga xerophyte Euphorbiaceae tree, produces proteinrichforage consumed by ruminants. It should be used carefully due to urticaceous thorns in leaves, fine branches and fruits, and antinutritional substances present in fresh material. The narrow gene pool of the few thornless mutants should be widened by additional thornless individuals grown from open-pollinated seeds. This study checked the potential of six thorny and three thornless open-pollinated native trees in a caatinga site to produce thornless progenies, and estimated the proportion of their thornless progenies. The trial took place at the seed laboratory and seedling nursery facilities of UFCG/UAEF, Patos-PB, Brazil, from March 2002 to November 2003, in a completely random design with nine treatments (trees) and number of replications depending on seed and seedling quantity. Proportions of germinated seeds and thornless progenies were compared by the Student´s “t” test. Seven of the monitored trees produced thornless progenies (5.8% to 20.6%) consistently in two years.Three thorny and two thornless trees generated 15.1% to 20.6% of thornless progenies. Thornless progeniesshould be grown isolated to produce genetically improved seeds for the thornelss trait with a wide gene pool basis for distribution to local farmers and use to improve other traits such as forage and seed oil production. Further studies should investigate the genetic basis involved in the exhibition of this trait and if other trees in other C. phyllacanthus populations can produce thornless progenies as well.  doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.62.147

Piptocarpha angustifolia Dusén ex. Malme (Asteraceae) is a brazilian native and pioneer tree species, occuring in Araucária Forest, with potential to ecosystem restorarion and introduction in forest, agriculture and pasture systems. Its propagation by seed presents irregular production and low number of feasible seeds while vegetative propagation by cutting of mature plants with semihardwood shoots didn’t present rooting response. This work aimed to evalue adventitious rooting by minicutting technique using minisprouts from seeds. The minisprouts were collected and dipped in ascorbic acid solution (1%) and minicuttings were produced with 5 cm lenght mantaining a pair of leaves in the apex installed in a medium with vermiculite and carbonized rice husk (1:1 v v-1). The evaluation was made after 90 days considering percentage of rooting minicuttings, number and lenght average for minicuttings, percentage of living minicuttings, percentage of minicuttings with callus and dead minicuttings. The higher production of minicuttings was verified in winter and spring, varying between 113.4 to 259.2 units for square meter a month. The adventitious rooting reached 45% in winter with 6.3 roots and an average of 9.8 cm of length, without using plant growth regulator.

The artificial defoliation allows to measure the defoliation intensity caused by insects. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the damages caused by leaf-cutting ants in young plantations of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis using different levels of artificial defoliation. A classification was established according to defoliation levels that were caused by leaf-cutting ants in P. taeda: level 1: 50%, level 2: 75%, level 3: 100% and level 4: 100%, including the cut of the apical meristem. And in E. grandis: level 1: 50% of defoliation; level 2: 75% and level 3: 100%. After one year, the P. taeda seedlings had losses in diameter and height for defoliation level above 75%. Seedlings severely defoliated (level 4), had losses of 37.0% in height and 45.4% in diameter. The E. grandis seedlings had losses since three months old and the reductions were proportional to the defoliation intensity. After one year, the losses of 13.3% in height and 20% in diameter were verified in plants with 100% of defoliation. P. taeda plants are more damaged by leaf-cutting attack.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.37

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This is the first record of the beetles attack (Curculionidae, Scolitinae) in neem plantations located in Brejinho de Nazaré, Tocantins, Brazil. The insects were observed on plants between 7 and 10 years old and were identified as Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), Cryptocarenus diadematus Eggers, 1937 and Hypothenemus sp. Westwood, 1836. The attacked plants showed a growth rate considered low for the region, had a low seed production, high defoliation and branch sprouting, followed by the death of many young shoots and/or the tip of the branch. The insects caused intense gum exudation in the holes caused by them. This problem has similarities with the syndrome called "decline of neem", reported in Africa.