Repositório RCAAP

Carbon storage of agroforestry systems, regenerated areas, conventional agriculture and pasture was evaluated at Alto Ribeira Valley region, São Paulo State, Brazil, in different compartments of Land-use systems (LUS). In soil, classified as Entisols and Inceptisols, we found similarities among all LUS, dued to their low contents of organic carbon, and similar values of bulk density. The total carbon stocked on land-use systems, greater amounts were determined on regenerated areas (115.78 Mg ha-1), followed by agroforestry systems (75.38 Mg ha-1), agriculture (47.07 Mg ha-1), and pasture (36.01 Mg ha-1). Despite their conservative characteristic, the silvicultural practices of multistrata agroforestry systems have to be improved for forest production and carbon sequestration.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.66.143

The legal reserve (RL) is by the Brazilian Forest Code a portion of the total area of a farm where the use of the natural resources is to be done on a sustainable basis aiming the ecological processes, and biodiversity conservation and the shelter and protection of native fauna and flora.  The existence of RL has been criticized since its creation, specially by the allegation that it interferes on productive processes andfor regarding the difficulties of its implantation. The multistrata agroforestry systems (AFS) are widely accepted as a conservative management practice, even in Brazilian legislation, and it is an alternative technique for the  implantation of the RL. This work, carried altogether in small farms containing multistrata AFS and natural forests regeneration tracts (some of them already registered as RL) showed that this AFS, although productive systems, hold similar number and diversity of species to the renenerating forest , satisfying the legal minimum requisites expected in RL and thus suitable to be used as a technology for recovering and managing the RL. Moreover, as its management is agroecological, it was observed the recolonization of severalnative species, corroborating the potential use of these AFS in ecological restiration processes. Those agroforestry systems, however, need additional silvicultural practicesto improve forestry production and sustainability.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.203

Many governmental and non-governmental development organisations (NGOs) invest considerable efforts to support forest dependent people for the extraction and commercialization of non-timber forest products (NTFP) to generate income in an ecologically sustainable way. But success so far has been quite modest. Many of the families abandon these initiatives once the external support ceases. This paper critically reflects on the expectations and concerns regarding this kind of development projects by in-depth analysing a project for the commercialization of vegetal oils by the traditional community of Pedreira, situated in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, which received intensive government-lead support. The study explores the motivations of the participating families, how the project influenced production schemes, and what have been the specific benefits for participating families and the overall consequences for the entire community. Findings indicate that the analyzed NTFP project, on the basis of overoptimistic expectations, strongly invested in the re-organisation of local production schemes without adequately considering the socio-environmental reality, capacities and interests of the community. As a consequence, the proposed social-productive model was not necessarily meaningful to all local people and even had detrimental effects.

The objective of this work was to fit the probability density functions Normal and SB, to describe the changes, with age, in the diameter distribution of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands, in the region of Caçador, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The data came from permanent and temporary plots, with ages ranging from 5 to 11,9, grouped in age classes with intervals of 1 year. The probability density functions were fitted and, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the parameters of skewness and kurtosis were calculated. Basing on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test it was verified that, for ages from 5 to 7.9 years old, the Normal and SB functions didn’t show satisfactory adherence. The SB and Normal functions showed better adherence to the ages from 8 to 9.9 and from 10 to 11.9 years old, respectively. Using the Normal probability density functions to analyze the dynamics of the diameter distribution, it was found that there was a shift of the diameter distribution curves to the right, a “flatness” and an “wideness” of these curves, over the years. The skewness was negative for all ages, except for the age from 8 to 8.9 years old. The kurtosis was leptokurtic for all ages, except for age from 8 to 8.9 years old, which was platykurtic.

A study of the grasshopper fauna was performed through samples collected in three vegetal types in the National Forest of Chapecó. Weekly collections were carried out from December 2003 to December 2004. Pitfall traps, sweep nets, entomological umbrellas and malaise traps were used. Collections were repeated in areas with eucalyptus trees, native species and pine trees. The fauna found in different areas was classified by its abundance, constancy, dominance and frequency. Eighteen species were common in the three areas. Staurorhectus longicornis longicornis, Cylindrotettix sp. and Ommexecha virens were found only in eucalyptus and pine areas. Scotussa lemniscata and Zoniopoda tarsata were found in areas with eucalyptus and native trees. Amblytropidia sp. was found only in native vegetation and pines areas. Tridactylus politus was found just in the pine area. Allotruxalis gracilis, Dichroplus elongatus, Dichroplus misionensis and Ronderosia bergi were very frequent, dominant and very abundant in the eucalyptus tree area. A. gracilis, M. adspersa and D. misionensis were very frequent, dominant and very abundant in the native tree area. Metaleptea adspersa and R. bergi were very frequent, dominant and very abundant in the pine area. A similarity in diversity of species was verified with greater abundance in the eucalyptus area.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.65.43

Eucalyptus benthamii has shown to be the most proeminent specie for regions with frost incidence. The objective of this work was to classify selected Eucalyptus benthamii trees for breeding by importance ordening dendrometric and energetic characteristics, useful for this work 91 disks of DBH were collected, from three plantations at Guarapuava municipality, Parana state, with geographical coordinates 25º 23’ 26’’ S e 51º 27’ 15” E and 1,120 m high. Wood basic density, volume, mass, superior calorific power, energertic density and energetic potential were evaluated. Charcoal yield, condensed and non-condensable gases, fixed carbon, volatiles, ashes, superior calorific power and energetic potential were also evaluated. From the measured characteristics, at the field and laboratory for each individual, multivariable analysis were performed using the main compounds and factorial analysis with the aim of identifying those variables which presented larger contribution for total variance. At E. Benthamii tree selection for energy production, most of the attention should be driven to the variables mass, volume, wood energetic potential and charcoal energetic potential.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.31.65.09

The objective of this research was to quantify the genetic dissimilarity among P.caribaea var. caribaea progenies to identify divergent parents aiming to generate highly productive genotypes and to evaluate the total variability by phenotypic characters of commercial importance. The progeny trial of P. caribaea var. caribaea was set up through 10 x 10 triple lattice design, with 99 progenies and a commercial control in Selvíria, MS, Brazil. We have evaluated quantitative characters before and after thinning procedures such as: total plant height (m), diameter at breast height (dbh) (cm); wood volume  (m3 tree-1), stem form, wood density at dbh and wood density at the middle of the total height of tree stem (g cm-3), and survival of progenies (%). There was low genetic divergence among P. caribaea var. caribaea progenies. The diameter at breast height was the character that most contributes to genetic diversity among progenies, for both before and after thinning. The information of Mahalanobis distance and the clustering of progenies by Tocher's method will be important to define the future strategies for breeding programs and genetic conservation of the species. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.69

The understanding of wood quality in relation to different forest sites is of fundamental relevance in current timber market. There are only few studies available concerning soil and wood quality of tropical pinots. So, the goal of this work was to characterize tracheid dimensions and wood density of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, correlating these variables with soil properties at different sites. Discs were taken at 1.3 m height and comprised two radial samples in each of the four dominant trees removed at four different sites. Measurements for wood density were made from the third to the eleventh year old rings, and the measurement of tracheid dimensions were made in the fourth, eighth and eleventh year sold rings. The soil, collected in the canopy projection area of each tree was analyzed chemically and physically in different layers. The tracheid dimensions and wood density showed stabilization between the eighth and the eleventh years old rings. Moreover, the tracheid dimensions varied between sites and did not present a pattern of variation in relation to soil properties at the different sites.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the best concentration  and the incubation time to test germination in seeds of  Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. The seeds were  preconditioned at 25 ºC for 14 hours immersed in distilled water.  The coat were removed and the embryos submerged in tetrazolium solution (pH 6.5) solution in the concentrations of  0.1%; 0.05% and 0.01%, being kept in dark at 25 ºC for three and five hours and at 30 ºC for 24 hours. It was evaluate the intensity and localization of the coloration, presence of milky areas, tissues aspect. The embryos were classified in nine classes of viability. The best treatment as substitute of the germination test was the 0.1% tetrazolium incubated at 30 ºC for 24 hours. Viable seeds of A. peregrine were classified in classes 1, 2 and 3.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.269

The aims of this work were to evaluate the correlation, to adjust and select simple and multiple linear statistical models between elemental components (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) and ash content with higher heating value for plant biomass; to use the principle components analysis for the creation of an energetic development index and to adjust a linear model between energetic development index and higher heating value. Eight types of biomass were used. Three linear and nine multiple statistical models were adjusted. The best models were selected based on the significance of coefficients, adjusted determination coefficient, estimative standard error, coefficient of variation, linearity of parameters, normality, presence of heterocedasticity and lack of error correlation. The variance inflation factor was determined for linear multiple models. High correlation between the variables studied was found. Models 1, 3 and 11 were considered most adequate. Practical use of model 2 is not possible. Principle components analysis was efficient in obtaining an energetic development index of lignocellulosic residues and it may be used for solving multicollinearity found between variables considered.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.66.113

This study aimed to evaluate the total and seasonal deposition of biomass, concentration and total amount of nutrient in litter of a taxi-branco stand and of a secondary forest, both 9 years old and established in area deforested by shifting cultivation. Thirty collectors 1.5 m2 were distributed (20 at taxi-branco and ten at secondary forest). Litter was collected monthly, oven-dried and analyzed for concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The annual deposition of litter was 9646 kg/ha in taxi-branco stand and 4474 kg/ha in secondary forest. Litter production was greater in the lower precipitation period (August to November), comprising 74% and 56% of the annual production of the taxi-branco stand and secondary forest, respectively. Taxi-branco litter had higher concentration of N, while the secondary forest had higher concentration of Ca, Mg, K and P. The annual transfer of N was greater in taxi-branco stand (117.0 kg/ha) than in secondary forest (51.4 kg/ha); Ca was greater in the secondary forest (41.3 kg/ha) than in taxi-branco (26.4 kg/ha); and Mg, K and P were similar in two areas. Soils recovery in the migrant agriculture should be more effective in taxi-branco enriched secondary forests, by the species association with different characteristics from litter production, N fixation and nutrients cycling. 

The aim of this work was to evaluate the seedling growth of Eucalyptus badjensis Beuzev. & Welch in substrata prepared from different residues: pulp and paper mill wastes (organic sludge and cellulose mill liquid alkaline liquor), brewery malt and also goat manure. The experiment was carried out in the seedlings nursery of the Embrapa Florestas, in Colombo, Paraná. The organic sludge, cellulose mill liquid alkaline liquor and the brewer’s grain were previously composted with sawdust, and goat dung with pinus bark. A randomized blocks design with split-plot arrangement, with four replications was used. Plot treatments were the substrata and split-plot were base fertilization (with and without): 1) mixture of a commercial substratum prepared with composted pinus bark in a volume/volume relation - v/v - of 1/1 - standard of the experiment when base fertilization was applied; 2) composted brewery malt with sawdust in a relation v/v of 1/4; 3) composted organic sludge with sawdust (relation v/v of 1/1); 4) mixture oftreatment 3 with pinus bark (relation v/v of 1/1); 5) composted cellulose mill liquid alkaline waste with sawdust (relation v/v of 4/1); 6) composted cellulose mill liquid alkaline waste with sawdust (relation v/v of 3/2); 7) mixture of the productof treatment 6 with Pinus bark (relation v/v of 1/1); 8) composted goat dung with pinus bark. The results showed that substrata of treatments 2 and 8 can be used for the production of E. badjensis seedlings, with or without base fertilization, while treatment 4 can only be used with base fertilization. The growth of E. badjensis in the substratum of the standard treatment was not influenced by the lack of base fertilization.

In order to evaluate the effect of soil chemical and physical attributes on the productivity of 20 year-old Pinus taeda stands planted on different soil types and with different growth rates, four sites were selected based on previous inventory, in two municipalities in the State of Paraná. Experimental plots were established on these areas where dominant trees were selected. Data on DBH and height were recorded and stem cross section disks at different heights were collected. Also, soil samples at different depths were collected. Growth variables and tree volumes were analyzed and correlations with soil chemical and physical traits were estimated. The results showed that wood production was influenced mainly by soil physical traits. Of special importance was the amount of moisture available in the soil and the resistance to root penetration. On poor sites, productivity can beincreased by adopting some silvicultural measures such as pruning, thinning, fertilization and soil tillage.

The estimated Harmonic Mean for Genetic Values (MHVG), Relative Performance of Genetic Values (PRVG) and the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (MHPRVG) were used as measures to provide and facilitate the interpretation of genotypic stability and adaptability of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. The different criteria were applied as alternatives to the simulation of selection for productivity, stability, adaptability, as well as for the joint value of these attributes together. The estimates were generated by using the mixed model, assuming genetic effects to be random. The software SELEGEN-REML/BLUP was used to evaluate progeny trials and to estimate statistical parameters. The best trees to be used in seedling and clonal orchards were identified. Fifty three half-sib families from three Australian provenances were tested in the municipalities of Mogi Guaçu, Boa Esperança do Sul and Caçapava, in the State of São Paulo. Compact family blocks designs were used, involving variable numbers of replicates, with six-trees linear plots, in a 3 x 2 m spacing. Two types of data transformation were tried in order to evaluate their efficiency in the reduction of the genetic, environmental and phenotypic variances. MHVG, PRVG and MHPRVG statistics proved to be useful in simulations for the selection of individuals with the attributes considered, providing options for choosing strategies and criteria by considering different values for the estimated genetic gains. The joint analysis of experiments in different locations confirmed that substantial gains can be obtained in DBH through individual selection based on their genetic values. This can be achieved by either thinning the trial, which leads to the formation of a seedling seed orchard or vegetative propagation of the best individuals, in order to establish a clonal seed orchard. The genetic correlation between locations indicated that a single selected population and a single clonal seed orchard will suffice to represent all test locations. This mean a substantial saving at this stage of the tree improvement program. Genetic variability was achieved with the moderates values obtained from individual heritability, in the narrow sense, for growth in DBH in the three locations studied. The adoption of selection strategies and criteria proposed here will result in a selected population (seedling seed orchard) with two hundred individuals of the highest genetic value, while maintaining an adequate effective family number and producing gains in DBH in the order of 12.89 % to 24.33 % over the overall experimental mean. The selection of twenty individuals of thehighest breeding values to establish a clonal seed orchard can produce between 17.18 % and 50.95 % gains in DBH over the experimental mean. The selection of the best twenty individuals for the establishment of a seedling seed orchard can produce between 22.40 % and 82.16 % gains in DBH over the experimental mean. 

Forest plantations have been studied as a potential ecosystem able to absorb organic residues as fertilizers or soil conditioners. This study evaluate the effects of the application of composted organic waste and mineral fertilizers in a Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) plantation with 86 months of age in Neossolo Quartzarênico. It was analyzed wood production, litter decomposition and the physical and chemical changes in the soil properties. It was observed that the municipal composted organic wastes resulted in an increase of 45.6% in wood volume, as compared to the control. It also increase the velocity of the litterdecomposition on average of 28% and 16% for leaves and twigs respectively, increasing the pH level values and the availability of water in the soil (from 13% to 25% more available water in the first layer of the soil, 0 -10 cm). 

Large quantities of organic wastes are produced mainly in big cities, annually. There is urgent demand for safe and possible economic practices for its use on forest plantations. This study evaluated the effects of the application of urban waste and mineral fertilizers on Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden plantation growing on Neossolo Quartzarênico, analyzing nutrient contents in the litter and in the above ground biomass of trees at 86 months old. The results showed that those plots that received organic wastes presented biomass increments of 36.9 % and largest contents of N, P, K and Ca, 86 months after the establishment. After harvesting, largest nutrient pools remained on those same plots (18 % to 49 %), contributing significantly to maintain forest productivity. This study emphasized also the importance of keeping tree bark on site. Debarking tree on field accounted to an average of about 32 % of total nutrients present in the above ground biomass of the trees. Large quantity of nutrients in the canopy tree and litter highlights the importance to conserve this organic matter to contribute to the sustainability of the forest productivity. 

The objective of this work was to evaluate Pinus aeda growth and based on X-ray methods of  densitometry and bole analyses to develop mathematical models to estimate carbon amount accumulated on trees of different ages varying on DBH. Five P. taeda plantations were selected on sites of different soils, thinning intensity and growing rate. On each site dominant trees were selected and discs cuts from different heights were collected and submitted to X-ray densitometry for trunk analyses. Mathematical models were developed, to generated equations to compare by testing their statistical identity and equality and to validate by bootstrap methods. The results showed that P. taeda productivity was influenced by soil and silvicultural practices; X-ray densitometry and trunk analyses enhanced the development of mathematical models that estimated with high precision the carbon accumulation on P. taeda boles; site classes as well as trees of different DBH generated different mathematical models to estimate carbon accumulation. 

Knowing of the dependence between local area productivity, nutrient cycling and litter decomposition process, the knowledge of the mycobiota responsible for decomposition is the right way to obtain answers about forest’s productivity and nutrient’s demand. This study determined the fungal diversity during litter decomposition of needle of Pinus taeda in an experimental plantation with four years old, located at Três Barras, SC, Brazil. Senescent needles were collected from trees in november/2003 and putted in selective bags for microorganisms, which were left over the forest litter. The first sample was taken to the laboratory and the remaining ones were kept in situ so that the needles continue their natural decomposition process and were collected every three months. The collected needles were submitted at 20 successive washings. Fragments were taken off and inserted in Petri dishes containing malt extract agar 2% and were incubated at enviromental conditions. During fungi succession, 13 genera were identified: Acremonium sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Epicoccum sp., Fusarium sp., Gliocladium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotia sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Trichoderma sp. and Verticillium sp. The most significant fungi were Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. and Verticillium sp. It was considered that the present fungal biodiversity is enough to start needle decomposition, by presence of cellulolitic fungi. 

Toevaluate the effects of periods of shadeness over the initial growth and concentrations of chlorophyll in Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze seedlings, an experiment was installed in the research nursery of Embrapa Florestas, at Colombo/PR, Brazil. It was utilized randomized blocks design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments established were: 100% (entire light); 70%, 64%, 44% and 34% of sun radiation. Monitoring of height and diameter were made under intervals of 30 days, from 60o to 180o day after emergency (DAE). Air total dry matter weight of roots, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were measured 180 days after emergency. FAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation) of 63, 07% led to the best seedling growth in height. Best diameter averages of the region that divides roots from stem occurred with seedlings submitted to entire light. The contrary was observed with leaf area, where major averages were observed when seedlings were submitted to shadeness (34% of light). Dry matter estimates accumulated on 54,40 % of FAR. Chlorophyll a and b levels were higher in the leaves of seedlings cultivated in shadow. Seedlings of Cariniana legalis, at the first phase presented a good growth rate when cultivated among 54% and 64% of brightness. 

Albizia is an indigenous specie of estacional forest, with potential to ornamental , environmental and agroforestry systems uses. The trees of (Albizia hassleri (CHODAT) BURKAT) in adult stage can attain 35 meters of height and diameter of height of breast (DHB) of 80 centimeters. Another important characteristic of that specie is ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. This work was conduced at Embrapa Florestas, Colombo-PR, Brazil, to determine the protocols to break dormancy, substrata and temperature to germination test in laboratory, and storage conditions to conserve the seeds for 12 months. The experiment to break dormancy of seeds had sixteen treatments in complete randomized design and the experiment of substrata and temperature had twelve treatments in the same design. The experiment of seed storage had four treatment in factorial design, 3 X 2. The Tukey test was used to compare average of germinations of seeds among treatments. The number of seeds per kilogram was 36.600 (9.9% of moisture content). The best protocol to break dormancy of seeds was immersion in sulfuric acid for one to three minutes. The seed germination test in laboratory had the best combination with substrata towel paper with 30 oC of temperature. To conserve the seeds in storage for 12 months, the best conditions was cold chamber and polyethylene package.