Repositório RCAAP

he objective of this research was to evaluate torrified and fresh pellets produced from Pinus waste wood, used for direct generation of thermal energy. The compaction of Pinus sp. waste wood from lumbermill was performed in a pelletizer with a planar array of 8 mm. Roastings were performed in an electric furnace, type muffle, stabilized at final temperatures of 220 °C and 250 °C for 30 min. The following pellets properties were determined: apparent and unit energy density, bulk density, energy bulk density, immediate chemical composition (volatile materials, ash and fixed carbon), high heating value and moisture. It was observed an increase in high heating value and reduction of moisture content of torrified pellets. However, the gain in calorific value was less than the mass loss of the pellets after roasting, reducing the energy densities of the pellets. The pellets raw have marketing potential in European countries such as Germany, Austria and Sweden. The methodology used for roasting is not suitable for pellets heat treatment. However, further research on pellet roasting in a wider temperature and residence time range is recommended, in order to define parameters that optimize their energetic properties. 

Spatial modeling of forest fire risk has the aim to determine areas most susceptible to fire based on variables that represent facility of ignition and propagation. This work developed a forest fire risk map for the Municipality of Inhambupe, Bahia State, Brazil, by elaborating thematic maps of the following variables: road system, population density, land occupation and use, watershed network, slope and aspect. These were evaluated by the analytic hierarchy process and integrated with map algebra. Based on the developed model, 75.46% of the studied area was classified as “high”, “very high” and “extreme high” fire risk. When comparing the forest fire risk map with historical data of burned areas, 95% of the fires were in these areas.

Psyllaephagus trioziphagus (Howard, 1885) was first observed feeding from Mastigimas anjosi Burckhardt et al., 2011 immatures, with just one parasitoid on each insect. This parasitoid was previously reported from Canada to Brazil. Although it is not host-specific, it may be a useful agent to control M. anjosi in Brazil.

The mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC) was established as a successful action of xerophilous introduction in Brazilian Northeast dry region. Its fruits are used in animal feed and the wood may be used as piles, firewood and charcoal. The species was introduced in 1942, spreading in “low areas” in Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Bahia and Piauí States. This article aims to elucidate how mesquite was introduced in Rio Grande do Norte State and to understand how it was spread. It was first introduced in Rio Grande do Norte State by the introduction experiments installed at São Miguel farm in the municipality of Angicos. The enthusiasm of technicians and researchers promoted the distribution of pods and seedlings on farms and cities in the state. In addition, there were government incentives to production, distribution and planting the species. This work aims to establish considerations to be used as historical basis on studies about this species and to consider aspects regarding current situation of this culture in Brazilian Northeast.

This research aim to evaluate the volumetric estimates obtaining for Genipa americana, commonly known as jenipapeiro, in pure plantation in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia State, Brazil. To determine individual volume, 100 standing trees were rigorously cubed. Ten volumetric models were adjusted. The best models were selected based on the selection criteria of weighted value of statistical parameters scores and residues distribution. Volume estimates were obtained by form factor and by adjusted equations. To validate the estimates, the calculate volumes were compared to measured data. Among the used methods to predict wood volume, the adjusted volumetric equations are recommended. Spurr (Log) model present the best performance to estimate total wood volume.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have great potential as an alternative to conventional regression analysis because of its learning capacity of data set information and the generalization of learning to unknown data. So, the aim of this study was to apply RNAs to estimate relative diameter, total and commercial volume, as well as to compare their performance in relation to conventional taper functions. Data from 47 trees of Eucalyptus sp. were used in the training and validation of ANNs and in adjusting Hradetzky and Garay taper functions. The performance of ANNs were similar to the taper functions for diameter estimative, furthermore the estimative of commercial and total volume applying ANNs were more accurate and presented less residues scattering than Garay and Hradetzky function. ANNs were accurate and appropriate for the estimation of volume and relative diameter.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sociability of indigenous species from Caatinga with exotic invasive Prosopis sp. (mesquite) to be used in recovery projects of invaded areas. Twenty plots of 100 m² were installed, where  all woody species presenting height ≥ 15.0 cm had the number of individuals recorded. To evaluate the association of native species with mesquite we used the association index. In order to study the correlation of Prosopis sp. with other taxa, we used Pearson coefficient and the categorization performance of native species was calculate by arithmetic mean of the rate of association sum and Pearson coefficient. We sampled 28 species associated with mesquite, 14 of which presented the inclusion criteria of presenting at least 5 individuals and were present in at least two sample plots. The species with the best performance was Lantana camara (0.62 - very good), followed by Herissantia crispa (0.41 - good), Cynophalla hastata (0.32 - average), Ipomoea carnea and Celtis iguanaea (0.27 - average) and Mimosa pseudosepiaria (0.2 - average). Considering the obtained results and the ecological attributes of species, it is concluded that the species listed in this study are the most suitable to be planted in areas invaded by Prosopis sp.

Energy density is one of the main properties that define the quality of briquette as it summarizes chemical characteristics, moisture conditions and amount of heat of the final product in only one variable. We made six briquettes per treatment (pine, tauari, cumaru, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and jatropha press cake) in a briquetting press Lippel LB-32 model with 40 g biomass each and 5 min of pressing. Briquetting parameters evaluated were: two temperatures (130 and 200 °C), two compacting pressures (80 to 120 kgf cm-²) and two particle sizes (thick - retained on 35 mesh sieve, thin - passing through 35 mesh sieve). The energy density was obtained by multiplying the useful heat content by bulk density. Additionally, we carried out chemical analysis. Forest residues had fixed carbon 9.0% higher and ash 2.3% lower when compared to agricultural waste. Briquettes bulk density ranged from 1.088 to 1.305 g cm-³ and energy density between 3.11 and 4.67 Gcal m-³. Cumaru briquettes were considered of better quality, presenting 1.23 g cm-³ and 4.61 Gcal m-³ respectively for bulk and energy densities. It was concluded that the effect of temperature favors briquettes quality, overcoming effects of compression pressure and particle size.

This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the wood of Chrysophyllum marginatum (Hook. And Arn.) Radlk. We used three trees with 20.3 ± 6 cm of diameter. It was determined by regression analysis the variation bottom-up of shrinkage, anisotropic coefficient, saturate moisture content and basic density. To characterize the static bending in the first log, in saturate and air dried conditions, it was performed variance analysis using Tukey›s test. It was observed a decrease in radial and tangential contractions and basic density on bottom-up direction. Saturate moisture content increased, considering the same direction. Anisotropic coefficient presented increase tendency up to 1.30 m height followed by stabilization from that position to the top. It was observed decreasing tendency of longitudinal contraction to approximately 40% of total height, followed by increasing up to the insertion of the first living branch. Mean anisotropic coefficient and basic density were 2.3kg m-³ and 594 kg m-³, respectively. Air dry condition showed greater static bending resistance than when saturate. Values of rupture and elasticity modulus were similar to those found in studies with Eucalyptus saligna and Carya illinoinensis.

Geomorphic fracture is a natural geologic formation that sometimes forms a deep fissure in the rock with the establishment of soil and vegetation. The objective of this work was to analyze vegetation within geomorphic fractures under the effect of wildfire passage. The biometric variables evaluated before and after fire passage were: diameter, height, leaf area index, timber volume, grass biomass, number of trees and shrubs and of species. Results (in fractures) were compared to adjacent areas (control). The effect of wildfire passage on vegetation within geomorphic fractures was not significant because fire followed plant biomass bed and when it met the fracture (wetter), it changed from soil surface to canopy surface (jump fire effect), affecting without significance the number of plants or species; so, fracture could be plants refuge against fire passage. We could infer in our experimental model that quality of plant biomass bed could be more significant than quantity, and microclimate variability recruits plants to the refuge (geomorphic fracture).

The habitats destruction linked to fragmentation causes serious consequences for vegetation in general, especially considering the Northeast Atlantic Forest. The Northeastern Swamps of Altitudes are areas with microclimates dissociating from extensions where they are inserted. Knowledge of the natural regeneration potential is the key to understanding the dynamics of vegetation. The study aimed to evaluate the recruitment and mortality of Anadenanthera colubrina regenerating occurring in Open Rain Forest fragments. In a population of A. colubrina, ten plots with 10 m x 10 m were established, near matrices plants. All specimens with 1 m height or lower were numbered and monitored for 9 months. The stem diameter of the taxon showed continuous growth. The monthly average increment in diameter was at first 1.8 mm and at the end 2.3 mm, and the average stem increment in height was 20 cm at the first month  and 25.9 cm at the last month evaluate. The mortality rate reached 50%. Environmental and anthropogenic factors and seed predation contribute to mortality of regenerating individuals.

This study aimed to evaluate morphological and physiological characteristics of different canafistula progenies (Peltophorum dubium) under different soil water and nutrient availability. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, under completely randomized design with 12 treatments and four replications, in a factorial scheme 3 (provenance) x 2 (fertilization) x 2 (irrigation). Plant height, stem diameter and SPAD index (soil plant analysis development) were collected throughout the experiment every 15 days. At the end of the experiment, we determined shoot, root and total dry weight, ratio of shoot and root dry matter, leaf water potential and Dickson quality index. Provenances from Serra da Bodoquena and Serra de Maracaju had greater ability to resist water and nutritional stress in relation to Ivinhema, MS provenance. Differences among provenances were intensified when canafistula seedlings were not under water deficit. Water stress imposed on canafistula seedlings causes more morphophysiological damage than stress from lack of nutrients.

Cloning of superior genotypes is presented as an alternative to increase forest productivity, because it allows capturing the genetic gains (additives and non-additives) from forest breeding. Early selection based on characteristics related to adventitious rooting may be important for breeding programs for recalcitrant species, like Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. The objective of this work was to perform the genetic evaluation of E. cloeziana individuals based on adventitious rooting. The genetic control of adventitious rooting of 52 E. cloeziana trees was analyzed by variance components estimation and predicts breeding values. We used REML/BLUP procedure (estimation of variance components - Reml and prediction of breeding values - Blub). The variables were analyzed using univariate mixed linear model. The results showed high degree of genetic control for adventitious rooting (accuracy > 0.85). The genotypes showed high genotypic coefficient of variation (65.8% to adventitious rooting). Genetic correlation estimates showed negative association (- 0.299) between adventitious rooting and callus presence in the cuttings. The differences observed among E. cloeziana genotypes allowed its grouping into two groups. The results indicate the possibility of using adventitious rooting as selection criteria in E. cloeziana breeding programs.

This study aimed to assess the natural regeneration in stands of Araucaria angustifolia (PA) and Pinus sp. (PP) without management in Campinhos State Park, in the Municipality of Tunas do Paraná, Parana State, Brazil. Eighteen plots of 10 m2 were installed, 7 plots for PA and 11 for PP. All trees higher than 1.5 m were sampled and their circumference were measured at 1.30 m above ground level. In PA stand there were 586 individuals, corresponding to 67 species and 29 families and in PP stand 442 individuals of 58 species and 22 families were measured. The most important species in PA were Cordyline spectabilis, Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus and Clethra scabra; and in PP were C. spectabilis, Lonchocarpus sp.1 and Cupania vernalis. PA showed phytosociological parameters and diversity higher than PP. The floristic composition was similar for both stands, which denoted the regenerative potential of PP.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of Jacaranda micranta Cham. seeds, by electrical conductivity test. We used three lots of seeds, stored for different periods. Electrical conductivity tests were conducted at different amounts of seeds and deionised water for soaking, and then they were associated with germination and vigour data. It was observed that the longer the seeds were storage, the greater their electrical conductivity, and therefore the lower were their germination vigour. It was also observed that different quantities of seeds and soaking water did not present significant difference, so it is recommended to use 50 seeds in 75 mL of deionised water.

Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação do desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto sob distintas lâminas de irrigação na etapa de crescimento.  Híbridos de Eucalyptus urograndis (clone A) e Eucalyptus uroglobulos (clone B) foram submetidas às lâminas de 5, 9, 11, 14 e 15 mm. Foram mensuradas a altura, diâmetro do colo, biomassa fresca, biomassa seca e calculado o IQD. Do início ao fim do experimento, a altura das mudas variou de 17,75 a 30,27 cm e de 12,03 a 26,70 cm; o diâmetro do colo de 2,17 a 4,38 mm e de 1,88 a 3,13 mm; a biomassa fresca de 2,60 a 7,86 g muda-1 e 1,66 a 8,04 g muda-1; a biomassa seca de 0,89 a 2,45 g muda-1 e 0,42 a 1,97 g muda-1; e o IQD de 0,06 a 0,238 e 0,04 a 0,189, para os clones A e B, respectivamente. Para o clone A, a lâmina de 11 mm é a melhor a ser adotada para a fase de crescimento, pois permite o desenvolvimento de mudas de boa qualidade. Para o clone B a melhor lâmina foi a de 15 mm. O clone A apresentou desenvolvimento superior quando comparado ao clone B.

This study aims to characterize a native production area (native erval) through silvicultural procedures, productivity and density of Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil. (erva-mate) and also the floristic, phytosociology, and diameter structure. To identify the silvicultural procedures, we used semi-structured interviews. For productivity assessment, the commercial biomass of I. paraguariensis was determined. For vegetation assessment, two permanent sample plots totaling 1.25 ha were installed, considering all individuals with circumference at 1.30 m above soil level (CBH) ≥ 31.4 cm, for which it was registered CBH, botanical identification, XY coordinates in the plot, and all the individuals of I. paraguariensis composing the production system. Silvicultural procedures were characterized by mowing, canopy opening and conduct of natural regeneration, promoting I. paraguariensis, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze, and cattle. I. paraguariensis density was 634 trees.ha-1, with 2,030 kg.ha-1 of productivity in three-year crops. We found 22 species, with a predominance of Myrtaceae and Aquifoliaceae. The species of highest importance value and coverage was A. angustifolia. The diameter distribution showed a higher concentration of individuals in the smaller classes.

The long time required to produce seedlings and the formation of plantations with low-quality genetic material are problems that need to be solved in the culture of yerba mate. Grafting for new plants production or for replacement of mate plants canopy may overcome those restrictions. However, that technique still lacks better investigation, especially regarding adult genetic material. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of serial grafting (subcultures), clones, grafting environments and gender of parent plants in the survival and vitality of yerba mate grafts. An experiment with seedlings in a nursery was conducted in order to evaluate 3 subcultures and 2 clones. In another experiment, field and nursery environments were compared for six clones (three male and three female). The survival and vitality of grafts were evaluated for both experiments every 35 days and at the 105th day. The survival and vigor of grafts were affected by the clones and subcultures, there was a trend for the field ones to be superior to the nursery ones. Two subcultures were concluded to result in higher survival and vigor of yerba mate grafts, and those characteristics were concluded to be favored when grafting was directly conducted in the field and, especially, when the propagules came from female parent trees.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globules essential oils, in sanitary and physiological quality of Schinus molle L. seeds and seedlings. The seeds were treated with essential oils at concentrations of 10%, on 1 μL g-1, 20%, on 2 μL g-1, 30% , on 3 μL g-1 and control. After treatments, seeds were evaluated by sanity test, using filter paper method (“blotter test”) and by germination test, where the seeds were placed between vermiculite substrate. For counts, sprouted and dead seeds were considered. Shoot length, root, total height and stem diameter were measured for seedlings evaluation. The use of citronella and mint essential oils reduced the incidence of different pathogens in S. molle seeds. Mint essential oil at 20% and 30% were effective to promote seeds germination. Eucalyptus essential oil in any concentration was efficient to increase seedlings growth.

The generation of waste has gradually increased due to the large swine production and with this comes the concern about the final destination of the product. This study aimed to analyze the initial behavior of Eucalyptus super clone (AEC 1528), fertilized with swine sludge and compared to chemical fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications, with the volumes: 1.25, 2.5, 5 liters; 0 liters of sewage sludge and chemical fertilizer. The plants were irrigated with water from a well at the Rio Verde University, increasing the amount according to plant growth. After 120 days, we evaluated the height of the plants, stem diameter, relation between stem diameterand plantsheight, weight of the fresh matter, weight of the dry matter,root weight, leaf areaand mortality. There were significant differences in relation to plant height, the fresh matterweightand the dry matterweight. For the other characteristics there was no negative influence with the use of  different volumes of sewage sludge in eucalypts hybrid. It was observedthat, the application of biosolids (sludge from swine) is an effective alternative fertilizer in eucalyptus plantations.