Repositório RCAAP

The aim of this study was to quantify the stocks in volume, biomass and carbon in wood of a fragment of Caatinga dry forest, in Caicó Municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern of Brazil. The inventory and sampling of biological material was carried out for biomass and carbon analysis. Wood density of eight species representing 91% of the importance value (VI) of the fragment was determined to convert timber volume into biomass. The percentage of carbon in these species was determined by wood elemental analysis. The carbon stock was calculated based on that carbon percentage multiplied by biomass of each tree. For those species that have not been examined (9% of VI) it was used average basic density () and carbon (), weighted by importance value of the species. The observed volumetric wood stock was 15.5 m³ ha-1. Biomass was 12 t ha-1, corresponding to carbon stock of 5.7 t ha-1.

The objective of this study was to map the distribution of eucalyptus gall wasp in the world, highlighting states of Brazil and cities of Paraná. Literature review was conducted concerning the occurrence of eucalyptus gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa). Occurrence of this insect was recorded in two cities in the state of Paraná. Updated thematic maps of insect occurrence areas in the world and in Brazilian states were designed. Additionally, a map of the state of Paraná with new areas of occurrence of L. invasa was also designed.

Seed of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze species, known as pinhão, is very present in the Paraná Southeast and South Center mesoregions, being considered one of the leading non-timber forest products (NTFP) in Paraná, after erva-mate, in terms of production level and value of production itself. Producers of pinhão do not have the exact dimension of the change in market prices. When prices of pinhão increase, they believe that sell prices will remain high and move their resources to increase production. A disorderly trade practice can cause loss, related to the pinhão production costs and selling price by producers. The minimum price guarantee policy (MPGP) consists in a system of anticipated prices established by the Federal Government, whose function is to reduce or transfer to the community the uncertainty faced by farmers in planting or harvesting. The objectives of this study are: to analyze the economy of pinhão in the Paraná Southeast and South Center mesoregions to support the structuring of the production chain; and to analyze the producers’ sell prices in relation to production costs to include pinhão in the list of products benefiting from the MPGP.

In a technical bulletin designed by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the importance of studies in Mozambique to assist in decision-making techniques that aim to improve incomes of sawmills in the country was emphasized. Because of the species used and the industry’s low technological level, this study was carried out in order to assess the lumber yield of two tropical species, in a sawmill in Chimoio, Manica Province, in the central region of Mozambique. We used trees of Combretum imberbe (mondzo) and Pterocarpus angolensis (umbila), selecting 12 logs from each species. The logs were divided into three diameter classes (four logs in each class). Logs were sawed with band saw, in successive tangential unfolding model. Lumber yielding for both species increased depending on the diameter class, with statistical differences of lumber yielding between the two species and in the three diameter classes. C. imberbe had higher yield compared to P. angolensis, with results considered satisfactory for wood unfold of both native species from Mozambique.

The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) was introduced in Brazil in 1988 and became the main pest in pine plantations. It has spread to about 1.000.000 ha, at different population levels, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Control is done mainly by using a nematode, Deladenus siricidicola Bedding (Nematoda: Neothylenchidae). The evaluation of the efficiency of natural enemies has been difficult because there are no appropriate sampling systems. This study tested a hierarchical sampling system to define the sample size to monitor the S. noctilio population and the efficiency of their natural enemies, which was found to be perfectly adequate.

The use of aquatic macrophytes in substrate composition to produce seedlings of moringa is a sustainable alternative. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the development of moringa seedlings using substrates composed with aquatic macrophytes, and to determine concentrations of N, P and K in the seedlings. We used different combinations of weeds (M), manure (E) and topsoil (TV) to compose the substrates. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 4 factorial in randomized arrangement with four replications. We evaluated plant height, crown diameter and stem, relative growth rate in height, canopy diameter and in stem, dry matter of aerial part and of roots, root length and root/shoot ratio, besides the content of N, P and K in seedlings. Moringa seedlings showed reduced growth when produced in substrates composed only with cattail. Water lettuce and substrates composed of 60% M + 30%E + 10 % TV and 70% M + 30% E, promoted greater nutrition and growth of moringa seedlings. The substrate 60M +30E +10TV composed by water hyacinth and cattail resulted in greater amount of P in moringa seedlings.

The present study aimed to develop a mathematical model to describe annual periodic percentage increment in basal area of Araucaria angustifolia trees with data collected from increment cores extracted radially from the trunk at breast height of 109 trees distributed in a large diameter range. Dendrometric and morphometric attributes were tested by multiple linear regressions as independent variables and their interactions with dummy variables as descriptors of social position class. The model explains 80% of total variation of the periodic annual percentage increment in basal area with formal crown and height/diameter relationship for trees of all social positions, as well as length and crown proportion of dominant trees described by the dummy variable. Morphometric variables, especially those that characterize the crown size, are indicated for development of individual tree growth models of Araucaria angustifolia.

The objective of this research was to verify the quality of LVL panels manufactured with wood of five clones of Eucalyptus urophylla. Five LVL panels were produced for each clone, with 2 mm veneer, resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesive with a 320 g m-² weight, 1.47 MPa pressure for a period of 8 h at room temperature. In general, all clones showed potential to be used for production of LVL panels, especially clone 26, as it showed better performance regarding physical properties and bonding strength.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae microscopy requires differential staining of typical structures. Dyes employed, such as trypan blue, pose risks to health and environment. Alternative dyes such as pen ink and aniline have variable coloring efficiency. In this work, Brachiaria decumbens roots, discolored with caustic soda (NaOH), were stained with açai, annatto, saffron, trypan blue and pen inks. There were significant differences among dyes regarding stained mycorrhizal structures and pictures quality. Acai was considered the best alternative dye, with similar results to trypan blue.

Thin cell layer of meristematic region was successfully used to induce somatic embryogenesis in greenhouse-grown plants of pejibaye. The effects of three sources of carbohydrates, sucrose, glucose and mannitol on induction of somatic embryogenic calli were evaluated. Somatic embryos were observed on media containing either sucrose or glucose.

Wood is an organic material, heterogeneous and hygroscopic which may present dimensional variation and deformation due to environment interaction. When moisture equilibrium between wood and atmospheric air is reached, in use or during drying, it is wood equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The wood presents high importance as raw material for Mato Grosso State. Them it becomes necessary to know the seasonality of the EMC. This study aimed to estimate the wood EMC by Simpson model for 30 cities in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, located in different regions of the socioeconomic and ecological zoning. Meteorological data from 2006 to 2012 were obtained from Automatic Weather Stations Network of the National Institute of Meteorology. EMC was estimated on daily databases to obtain monthly averages. EMC varied between 5.08 to 9.57% and 8.58% to 13.49% in the dry and rainy season, respectively. The higher EMC was observed from January to March. Wood dries naturally and faster due to environmental condition during dry season (June to September).

Quinone compounds are largely generated at extractive fraction of the woods in a complex and variable biological system. The literature has indications for many segments from food industry to pharmaceutical industry. Within the field of industrial use of wood, they are less desirable since they are treated only as incidental substances in production strings of pulp, paper, charcoal, and sawmill. In spite of its small amount, compared to other chemical compounds called essential, these substances have received special attention from researchers revealing a diverse range of offerings to market products textiles, pharmaceuticals, colorants, and other polymers, for which are being tested and employed. Quinones are found in fungi, lichens, and mostly in higher plants. Tectona grandis, usually called teak, is able to biosynthesize anthraquinones, which is a quinone compound, byproduct of secondary metabolism. This species provides wood that is much prized in the furniture sector and can also be exploited for metabolites to supply the market in quinone compounds and commercial development of new technologies, adding value to the plantations of this species within our country.

This study aimed to analyze the energy potential and wood quality of Tectona grandis Linn F., using different positions along the stem (base, middle, and top) and thinning ages (56 and 92 months). The study material was from the city of São José dos Quatro Marcos, MT, Brazil. Analyses of higher heating value, proximate chemical composition and density were performed. Analysis of variance revealed no differences along the stem for all properties studied. However, there was significant variation at 1% probability density as a function of age, in which the highest averages were from the second thinning (0.584 g.cm-3). The average position between thinning and age were 4,594 kcal.kg-1 for higher heating value; 80.37% for volatile materials; 18.39% for fixed carbon and 0.59% for ash.

The importance of permanent preservation areas (PPA) is mainly associated to their environmental role to maintain, preserve, and conserve water resources and ecosystems within a basin. The objective of this study was to delimitate and quantify the areas of PPA along watercourses as well as anthropized areas within PPAs boundaries, in the Formoso river basin, state of Tocantins, Brazil. PPAs area was delimited considering boundaries according to the Brazilian Forest Law. We sampled areas within the watercourses classified up to hierarchical Level 4. Watercourses handling draw, automatic delimitation of PPA, and visual classification of the soil use conflicts based on LANDSAT 5 TM of 1985, 1998 and 2011 were carried out on Geographical Information System ArcGIS. PPA of the watercourses sampled in this study represent 1.14% (24,491.35 ha) of the drainage area of the Formoso river basin. For 1985, an area of about 3,616.48 ha was quantified, which is characterized by conflicts related to soil use. However, these conflict areas were reduced to 3,341.25 ha and 3,345.37 ha, respectively, for 1998 and 2011. Due to the intense agricultural land expansion observed in the basin in the last decades, the mentioned reductions in soil use conflicts between 1985 and 1998 and subsequent maintenance can be linked to changes on Brazilian environmental legislation.

The aim of this study was to analyze the basic density of tree species of Cerradão phytophysiognomy in Cerrado domain in the state of Tocantins, and establish the relationship between the wood basic density of stems and branches. Samples of 80 trees were collected from stems (base, middle and top) and branches (thick branch, medium branch, and twig). The species had an average 0,650 g cm-3 of wood basic density. The basic density for most species (58%) decreased from the bottom to the top of the stem. The basic wood density between axial positions of the stem and the basic density of branches with different diameters showed significant relationship. According to proposed models to estimate stem density using branches density, the medium branch density showed the best adjust in the equation. The developed equations are adequate to estimate biomass and carbon stock of trees from Cerradão physiognomy, without destructive sampling.

The manufactured wood products are essential to modern society, since they are made from renewable and recyclable raw material, characterizing a sustainable input. The objective of this study was to elucidate the importance of wood from planted forests in forest products manufacture of higher added value, addressing forest and wood contexts of topics related to education, resources, products, industry, governmentincentives, public policies and markets. Different from Europe, it was verified that Brazil does not support positively this important industrial sector, nevertheless it still presents growth potential due to range of wooden-based products. Thus, wood could reach a prominent position in Brazilian economy, if strategies and incentives were defined by rules and public policies.

The region of the Araripe Gypsum Pole in the state of Pernambuco is the largest producer of plaster in Brazil, and its main energy source for producing plaster is the wood from Caatinga, which provides not enough wood for the demand of gypsum industries, resulting in deforestation and compromising the sustainability of the region. One option to supply that demand is the implementation of fast growing forests. This study aimed to evaluate the volumetric growth of three clones of Eucalyptus spp., conducted under the regimes of high forest and coppice, planted with a spacing of 3x2 m. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, in Araripina, PE, Brazil. Height and circumference at 1.30 m above soil level were measured of all trees every six months from ages of 24 to 42 months, and volumes were calculated assuming a form factor of 0.51. Data of repeated measures were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Clone C39 (E. urophylla hybrid, natural crossing) was the most productive in both management systems.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of substrate volume on the quality of angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan) seedlings. Plastic tubes of circular cross section and volume of 50, 100 and 175 cm³ were used. A completely randomized design was used with treatments consisting of three substrate volumes with six replications. Seedlings quality were evaluate through the following attributes: seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot and root dry weight and total dry biomass. These variables were used to determine: height/stem diameter, root dry weight/shoot dry biomass, height/air dry biomass and Dickson quality index. The volume of substrate inside the tube affects the quality of angico-vermelho seedlings. Seedlings grown in larger tubes (175 cm³) showed better performance. The smallest container (50 cm³) limited plant growth, resulting in seedlings with low quality.

The ecosystem formed by the Seasonal Deciduous Forest (SDF) predominates in the region of Alto Uruguay in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This study aimed to analyze descriptively the floristic composition and the phytosociology of trees from a fragment of SDF present in Parque Estadual do Turvo (PET) located in the Municipality of Derrubadas, Rio Grande do Sul State (Yucumã forest). We used the method of fixed area, based on 18 sample units with 1,000 m2 installed randomly oriented by the main road of the park. All wood species with diameter at 1.3 m above ground level (DBH) greater than 10 cm were measured and identified. It was observed the presence of 842 individuals belonging to 32 families, 67 genera and 83 species (12% were not identified). The families with the highest number of species were Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapindaceae. Shannon index estimated was 3.72.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different spectral indices - MCARI705, R750/R700, R750/R550 and MTCI - in the description of chlorophyll seasonal dynamics in detached leaves of Eucalyptus grandis in four seasons. The study was conducted in three plots of 600 m2, in a 20 months old stand. We collected 15 leaves from three layers of canopy, totalizing 45 leaves for each season. It was used a spectroradiometer FieldSpec®3, which covers the spectral range from 350 to 2,500 nm. Variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey test at 5% significance level were carried out. For all spectral indices, values observed in spring were different from those from summer; the same occurred between fall and winter.