Repositório RCAAP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is unique in various aspects, and the principal is that the tumoral cells are not originated from the hos t. Recent findings showed that the CTVT is a transplantable tumor that first appeared in a dog ancestor approximately 10000 years ago. The tumoral cells propagate mainly through coitus, develop a s a graft, and have the capability of installing themselves by mechanisms of escape from the host's immunologic response. This specific response involves cellular and humoral immunity and varies according to some factors not yet very elucidated. Beyond the well-known role of fi ghting the tumor cells, the inflammatory response also plays an involuntary and paradoxical role, w hich results in the promotion of tumor growth by releasing vasculogenic, antiapoptotic, and cellular growth- promoting substances. The fact that tumors can benefit from the inf lammatory response makes the investigation of the mechanisms involved important for the development of new therapies focused on the modulation of the inflammatory response to control the tumor development. The aim of this work is to better understand the mechanisms behind tumora l growth by the measurement of the levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNF- α and INF- γ ) and anti- inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and the C-reactive protein (CRP) ove r the treatment of dogs naturally infected with CTVT. The quantification of the cytokines and CRP was performed in the animals' serum from samples obtained at the moments of the diagnosis and pre-therapy, immediately before chemotherapy, and after the confirmation of the cure of each animal. According to therapy response, two groups were identified, R, were t he tumor was resistant to therapy and NR, which was susceptible. A cure probability was define d in relation to time of treatment and tumor response to vincristin. In group R all parameter s varied significantly: The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CRP were higher, and of I L-10, lower, comparing to group NR. For pro-inflammatory cytokines, this difference was ma intained until cure. Statistical analysis was able to detect correlations betwee n all variables, demonstrating the participation of cytokines during tumor evolution. The role of inflammati on has been postulated and, although the mechanisms remain unclear, a correlation of chronic i nflammation and cancer susceptibility has been demonstrated. Because CTVT is a tumor of foreign cells, it is a suitable model to investigate the mechanisms involved in tumor maintenance and deve loping, as well as the associated immune response.

The main objective of Brazilian cattle industry and other economic activities is to increase profitability. Reducing animal losses is important to maximize productive efficiency. In this way, castration of male calves is necessary for trading, to facilitate handling and prevent reproduction. Some methods of castration are traumatic and cause economic losses due to infection and myiasis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability of an alternative method to traditional surgical castration performed under field conditions, developing a solution easy to administrate and minimally invasive. It was evaluated the effects of intratesticular injection of hypertonic sodium chloride solution (NaCL; 20%), aiming to complete castrate male calves during the first weeks of life through denaturation of testicular cells, minimizing losses caused by infections and deaths. Forty male calves were allocated into one of the experimental groups: NC (negative control) - surgically castrated immediately after birth; PC (positive control) - intact males; G1 - intratesticular injection (ITI) from 1 to 5 days after birth; G2 - ITI from 15 to 20 days after birth and G3 - ITI from 25 to 30 days after birth;. Intratesticular injection induced coagulative necrosis of Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules. Testosterone secretion and testicular development were severely impaired in animals from G1 and G2 groups (P<0.05). Rectal and scrotal temperatures were not affected by the different procedures (P>0.05) when compared to control group. Preliminary results suggest that intratesticular injection causes less discomfort to animals when compared to orchiectomy during the first weeks of life. It is concluded that intratesticular injection of NaCl hypertonic solution induces sterility and completely suppresses testosterone secretion when performed before 20 days old. The main advantages in comparison to previous studies are the fact that NaCl is atoxic, has a low cost, the technique is a safe and viable alternative to use under field conditions, avoiding the exposure of scrotal and abdominal cavities to environmental contaminants and ectoparasites.

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of nymphs of Amblyomma ovale naturally infected with Rickettsia parkeri (Atlantic Forrest strain) in transmitting it to Cavia porcellus (guinea pigs), and analyze the infection in these animals. A total of 26 guinea pigs divided into three groups were used: G1 - 10 guinea pigs infested with nymphs of uninfected A. ovale; G2 - 10 guinea pigs infested with nymphs of A. ovale naturally infected with R. parkeri (Atlantic Forrest strain) and G3 - 6 uninfected guinea pigs. A tick infestation chamber was fixated on the animals, where 25 nymphs of A. ovale, either infected or not, were placed. In the first study, the vector competence of A. ovale nymphs in the transmission of R. parkeri (Atlantic Forrest strain) for C. porcellus (animals of G1 and G2) was evaluated. After the period of parasitism, engorged nymphs were collected and stored in a B.O.D incubator. To assess the anti-Rickettsia spp antibodies, blood was collected at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post infestation (DPI) being evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). To identify the multiplication of Rickettsia in the tissue from guinea pigs a polymerase chain reaction was carried out at 7, 10, 14 and 28 DPI. To verify the vector competence of nymphs, parasite periods, the percentage of molting, transstadial survival and IFA were analyzed. The average period of parasitism in G1 was 6.6 days and 6 days in G2. The average percentage of molting (nymph to adult) was 95%. In G2, the survival of transstadial Rickettsia was confirmed in 100% (PCR) and 80% (hemolymph test) of adults. In serological analysis, 100% of G1 animals were seronegative and 80% were seropositive in G2. No riquetsial DNA was detected in the tissues of animals. In the second study, the profile of experimental infection caused by rickettsia in guinea pigs (animals from G1, G2 and G3) were analyzed, seeking to identify the clinical, histopathological and hematological profile. Blood samples for hematological analyzes were performed in the same periods of the previous study and the collection of tissue for histopathological analyzes, occurred at 10 and 28 DPI. In serology, animals from G1 and G3 were negative and 80% of the G2 positive. The observed hematological results were: G1 - leukopenia at 7 DPI, increased total plasma proteins (TPP) and decreased platelets at 7, 14 and 21 DPI, G2: leukocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis at 7 DPI, increased platelets at 14 DPI and decreased PPT at 21 DPI. Histopathology observed: G1 - diffuse splenic hemosiderosis at 28 DPI (20%), G2 - diffuse splenic hemosiderosis at 10 DPI (10%), diffuse pulmonary congestion at 10 and 28 DPI (30%) and multifocal splenic follicular hyperplasia at 28 DPI (20%); G3 - diffuse pulmonary congestion at 10 DPI (33%). It was concluded that nymphs of A. ovale presented vector competence in the transmission of R. parkeri (Atlantic Forrest strain) to guinea pigs, being possible to determine an acute infection of subclinical character in these hosts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of gain in mass in these muscles in femoral quadriceps of dogs with induced muscular atrophy using medium frequency Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES), and to compare NMES in different periods of treatment. Twelve dogs, weighing between 15 and 25 kg, were randomly distributed in three groups: group I (control), group II, (NMES for 60 min) and group III (NMES for 30 min). For the induction of the muscular atrophy, the right femoral-tibial-patellar joint was immobilized for 30 days by the percutaneous transfixation type II method. After this period, the device was removed. NMES was carried out in the dogs of groups II and III, three times a week, with an interval of 48 h between each session, during 60 days. The parameters measured were: thigh perimetry, knee goniometry, creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activity and morphometry of the muscular fibers of the vastus lateralis muscle, collected through a muscular biopsy. The measurements of thigh perimetry, goniometry and biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle were carried out at time zero, that is, before the immobilization, at 30 days (just after the removing of the immobilization) and at 90 days (after the surgical procedure). Blood samples for CK evaluation were collected before (T0), two (T1) and six (T2) hours post-NMES on days 0, 15, 30, and 60 after removing the immobilization. NMES was used on the femoral quadriceps muscle at a frequency of 2500Hz, 50% of pulse duration, and the on/off time ratio was 1:2. There was no difference regarding the values of thigh perimetry, goniometry and CK enzyme activity. As for the morphometry of the fibers of the vastus lateralis, a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in the transversal area of the treated groups (II and III) at 90 days from the surgical procedure for immobilization when compared with time zero. Among the three groups, group II presented a greater transversal area (p<0.05) related to the others. Thus, it can be concluded that NMES of medium frequency brings about hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs after induced muscular atrophy. NMES for 60 min (group II) presents a greater muscular gain related to the other groups studied.

Anemia in Leptospira interrogans infected individuals is one of the most common complications found in the severe form of the disease. Iron plays an important role in the hematopoietic processes; however, its precise metabolism on individuals with leptospirosis is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the classic iron markers associated to the storage process in hamsters experimentally infected by L. interrogans serovar Pomona (virulent strain LPF). Four groups with six hamsters each were used; two groups were controls (C7 and C14) and two were experimental groups with infected animals (T7 and T14). Blood samples were collected on the seventh (C7 and T7) and fourteenth days (C14 and T14) post-inoculation (PI). Iron availability was determined in sera samples by the assessment of iron, ferritin, transferrin, and iron binding capacity, whereas the bone marrow was also evaluated for the deposition of this metal by Pearl s reaction. Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) were assessed, along with hepcidin and IL-6 levels to be involved in iron metabolism. Based on the results, it was possible to observe the onset of an acute condition with crisis hemolytic and regenerative response. The other parameters showed an increase in seric iron, ferritin, as well as a positive Pearl s reaction in animals from the groups T7 and T14 compared with the control groups. Transferrin levels decreased in animals from the group T14 with saturation index, but without statistical difference among all tested groups. TAC was increased in both periods, while TOS was increased only on day 14 PI. Hepcidin and IL-6 were statistically increased on days 7 and 14 PI. Therefore, it was observed that the serum profile from infected animals showed a strong hemolytic pattern, with some demonstration of ferric tissue sequestration. The results show that iron metabolism is activated in hamsters infected by L. interrogans sorovar Pomona, and therefore has participation in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Superficial pyoderma is the bacterial infection of the epidermis and hair follicle and is a common skin disease in dogs. The main etiological agents involved are bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus. This skin disease represents one of the main indications for antimicrobial therapy by small animal practitioners, a procedure usually performed empirically. The emergence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci species in skin infections has been reported in many countries and implies difficulties in the treatment. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and evaluate the presence of multidrug resistance in 154 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. from skin lesions of dogs with superficial pyoderma that were assisted by the Veterinary Dermatology Service at the Hospital Veterinário Universitário (HVU) of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). After bacterial culture and identification, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and the results showed high rates of resistance to amoxicillin (60.4%) and penicillin G (60.4%), moderate resistance to potentiated sulfonamides (29.9%), enrofloxacin (20.1%), ciprofloxacin (18.8%) and azithromycin (17.5%), and low percentages of resistance to the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid association (1.9%), cephalexin (1.9 %), cefadroxil (1.9%) and vancomycin (0.6%). The multidrug resistance was detected in 23.4% (11/154) and the methicillin resistance in 5.8% (9/154) of the samples. It may be concluded that the Staphylococcus spp. isolates present high susceptibility to key antimicrobials used in the treatment of superficial pyodermas in dogs at the HVU-UFSM, such as cephalexin and the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid association, confirming the preference for these drugs when treating dogs with this disorder. The susceptibility of the isolates to fluoroquinolones, also recommended in the literature as an alternative in the treatment of pyodermas, allows suggesting that such drugs should not be considered in the empirical selection. The identification of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp. in the studied canine population justifies periodic and regional bacteriological tests of skin lesions in dogs with superficial pyoderma, to minimize bacterial resistance, possible therapeutic failures and also motivates wise use of antimicrobial therapy.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of the dipyrone (25mg.kg-1, TID) and scopolamine (0.2mg.kg-1, TID) combination as analgesic protocol for OVH in bitches. The animals undergone OVH by laparotomy (GC) or by a two-port laparoscopic-assisted approach (GV). Visual analogue scale (VAS) and the University of Melbourne pain scale were assessed starting 60 minutes following surgery to 48 hours. In addition, blood glucose and plasma cortisol were measured. The mean pain scores of both scales did not achieve consistent moderate pain on the GC and GV groups on any time point, as well as glycemia. However, three out of seven animals from GC required rescue analgesia. The plasma cortisol raised significantly at six hours postoperatively in GC group. In conclusion, the association of dipyrone and scopolamine provides adequate analgesia in dogs undergone tow-port laparoscopic-assisted OVH. The laparoscopic-assisted technique provides less and short pain stimulus in comparison to conventional surgery regarding the EVA assessment.

The biological control is an alternative method to reduce the population of parasites by the use of natural antagonist. In the present study, the efficacy of nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans was tested to control gastrointestinal nematodes parasites of cattle livestock in the field. Twenty calves were used, distributed equally in two distinct plots formed for native pasture. . Group A was treated with D. flagrans fungus, cultivated in sorghum, in a concentration with 1x106 clamidospores/kg body weight, mixed with maintenance ration, each day, during eight months. Group B served as a control and did not receive the fungus. Samples for faecal egg count (FEC), were collected each week. There were monthly counts in faecal cultures to identify the species of nematodes larvae, weight of the animals, collection of blood to determine red cell counts and collection of pasture to the counting of larvae. Temperature and rainfall data were registered daily. The FEC reduced around 56,84% in the last 3 months of the experiment, with a variation between 40,44 and 67,14% in the treated group (P<0,001). The faecal cultures demonstrated that the main nematodes been found were Cooperia and Haemonchus in a percentage of 47,9 and 35,3%, respectively. The counting of larvae in the pasture showed a reduction percentage around 77,05% in the treated group at the end of experiment (P<0,01). It could be concluded with this study, that fungus Duddingtonia flagrans is, without a doubt important, mainly in the reduction of the FEC and the significant reduction of larvae in the pasture. Therefore, this nematophagous fungus is efficient as a biological tool to be used in an integrated control of nematodes of bovine raised in the fields.

The aim of this study was to compare different indicators used on quality control to access the feed mixture uniformity, and were made correlation analysis between the analytical methods used to measure de indicators employed. On a following step, it was evaluated the effect of lack of feed mixture homogeneity on performance of broilers. In the first step, after the analysis of feed mixer efficiency, nine indicators of dry mixture efficiency and two for wet mixture were compared. On the mixer efficiency tests were observed inconstant values of coefficient of variation (CV) after the time needed to achieve CV below 5%. On the comparison of the indicators of dry mixture, five of them presented mean coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 5%, and on the wet mixture indicators comparison test one indicator presented this result. On the correlation analysis, no expressive results were observed, and then the use of alternative methods on the analysis of the indicators can t be justified by this means. On the second step, broilers were reared in four productive phases, with diets with CVs between 5.35 e 49.48%, and were evaluated performance and uniformity of weights of these animals. The obtained results showed that the diets with CVs up to 22.63% cause no effects on the performance of broilers with age above than 12 days. The lack of uniformity of the diets with CV up to 49.48%, don t affect the uniformity of weights of broilers during the rearing period and at slaughter. Concluding the study, it was developed a computer system to guide evaluations of mixture efficiency on industrial equipment of feed production.

Cerebral angiography is radiological procedure to demonstrate areas of the vascular supply of the brain through the injection of a positive contrast where proper visualization of the blood stream is obtained. In this experiment, twenty adult dogs were submitted to a cerebral angiography. In the operation room, under general anesthesia, the left carotid artery was exposed and catheterized. The animals were then conducted to the Veterinary Radiological Sector for the cerebral angiography procedure. When good quality images where obtained, positive contrast was administrated and new x-rays were taken. The aim of this study was to evaluate this technique as a alternative radiographic technique in cases where alteration of the blood stream by occupying space such as may brain damages occure. The technique used was effective to obtain clear images, when determining the irrigation area of the brain.

The incidence of ascites in slaughterhouses inspected by the Brazilian Agricultural Authority resulted in the condemnation of 1,605,439 broiler carcasses in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 2002 and 2006. This figure corresponds to 8.19% of the number of total carcass condemnations in the period according to data of the Brazilian Department of Agriculture. This study aimed to discuss the causes and mechanism of control of ascites and assess the evolution of this metabolic disorder, which accounted for 6.4% of total carcass condemnations in 2002, a figure that rose to 9.6% in 2006. Linear regression showed a strong correlation (0.92), demonstrating that ascites-related condemnations are increasing. The financial losses resulting from these condemnations in that period amount to R$ 3,6 milion or US$1,7 milion , which highlights the importance of implementing more effective control and monitoring of this condition in the poultry sector.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Rabies is an infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the rabies virus (RABV), which affects all mammals. In Brazil the rabies has caused considerable losses to cattle herds in various regions. The official diagnosis is made by the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) concomitantly with biological assay, usually the mouse inoculation tests (MIT). The MIT is considered a sensitive, specific and effective technique for rabies diagnosis, but has disadvantages such as long time to obtain the results and the need to use animals. The first paper of this dissertation describes a molecular and epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of bovine rabies occurring in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, between May and August 2012. In this period, 45 cases suspected of rabies were reported in 22 small herds, located within a 4.7km range, in the county of Pinhal Grande. From these, 32 samples were submitted to rabies diagnosis and RabV and/or viral antigens were identified in 27 samples. Subsequently, 11 brain samples were submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the nucleoprotein gene (N) followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Seven out of 11 samples yielded identical sequences; one presented a synonymous, non-coding mutation, indicating a likely common origin of the virus. However, three other samples presented nucleotide mutations which resulted in amino acid changes, suggesting a different origin of the virus. In summary, these results suggest that RabV strains of different origin/lineages co-circulate in the region and were involved in the outbreaks. The second paper describes an evaluation of sensitivity for VI of Rabv in neuroblastoma cells (N2A) and baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21). For this, thirty-six samples derived bovine brains of suspected rabies cases were initially submitted to the FAT and MIT test and subsequently to three protocols VI in each cell line: a single pass 24h and 72h, and three passes 48h. The average time to obtain final results at MIT was 12.3 days (8-21). The average time required for final MIT results was 12.3 days (8 21). The FAT and MIT combined detected 32/36 positive samples, these MIT detected 32 (100%) and the FAT detected 31 (96.8%). The isolation in BHK-21 cells resulted in 100% (32/32) positivity in the protocol of 72h and 96.9% (31/32) after three passages of 48h. The isolation in N2A cells resulted in 100% (32/32) positive for 72h and 30/32 (93.7%) samples 48h after three passages. A single 24h passage protocol (T1) in both cell lines performed poorly, detecting less than 40% of the positive samples. These results indicate that VI in either cell line, especially in BHK-21 cells that grow faster and are much easier to maintain than N2A cells, does represent an adequate alternative for MIT as a confirmatory test for rabies diagnostic in bovine specimens, yielding reliable results in reduced time.

Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite which infects a wide variety of mammalian hosts leading to the development of trypanosomiasis. Several papers have investigated the enzymatic changes in lymphocytes, important cells involved in immune responses, which are important for understanding the pathological mechanism of trypanosomiasis in animals. Among them we highlight the ectoATPases, enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides of adenine. The curcumin (cur) has been associated with several beneficial effects associated with its use in animals experimentally infected with T. evansi, since this compound exhibits its properties among inflammatory and anti-parasitic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of enzymes of the purinergic system in lymphocytes of rats supplemented or not with curcumin 30 days before infection with Trypanosoma evansi. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The uninfected control group (C) received saline intraperitoneally (IP), the infected control group (CI) received by the same route 0.2 ml of blood with 1x106 parasites and treatment with corn oil. The group pre-infection 20 (PreI20) received 20mg/kg curcumin and pre-infection group 60 (PreI60) received 60mg/kg of curcumin for 30 days prior to inoculation with T. evansi. After inoculation, the 03 treated groups continued to receive daily curcumin within 15 days before euthanasia. The NTPDase activity for both the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP increased significantly in the infected control group compared to the control group (P <0.05). The ADA activity decreased significantly in the infected control group compared to the control (P <.05). The use of curcumin at doses of 20 and 60 mg / kg for 30 days prior to infection with T.evansi reduced significantly NTPDase activity and increased significantly ADA activity in the treated groups (P <0.05). The results of this study support the evidence that the use of curcumin prior infection with T. evansi induces immunomodulatory effects, since they maintain the NTPDase activity reduced in lymphocytes, and maintains high ADA activity, favoring the response against the parasite. Thus, it is suggested that curcumin can be used as a food supplement for animals in areas where trypanosomosis is endemic.

The emergence of parasite resistance to most classes of anthelmintics, as well as the difficulty of controlling Haemonchus contortus infection, are among the main problems faced in the sheep farming industry. Alternative and/or auxiliary control methods are essential to minimize the losses caused by H. contortus infection. The inflammatory process caused by parasitic infection increases the production of reactive species, when produced in excess exacerbate the damage caused by such infections. Given the importance of alternative control methods and the role that zinc plays in the activity of enzymes associated with the oxidative profile, the aim of the present study was to assess the action of a source of parenteral zinc (edetate zinc) in oxidative profile of lambs infected by H. contortus. For this, 24 lambs were divided into four groups: Group I - uninfected animals; Group II - uninfected animals and treated with 3 mg of edetate zinc kg-1 body weight; Group III - animals infected with 12000 larvae in the third stage of H. contortus; and Group IV - animals infected with 12000 larvae in the third stage of H. contortus and treated with 3 mg of edetate zinc kg-1 body weight. The lambs were monitored for 38 days, during which time feces and blood samples were collected on day zero and at seven days intervals. Serum samples from animals with an oxidative profile were analyzed by quantifying the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the total oxidation status (TOS). The eggs per gram (EPG) in feces were also counted. On the last experimental day, three animals from each group were euthanized and the quantity of H. contortus adults in the abomasums was determined. The results showed that oxidative stress in the animals from group IV was lower than in Group I 17 days after treatment with edetate zinc. Furthermore, 24 days after treatment, group IV showed a reduction in oxidative stress in relation to group III. No interference in the parasite load was recorded. These results show that treatment with edetate zinc could assist in reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress, but does not reduce infection with H. contortus.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The kidneys have vital functions to the organism, such as catabolites excretion, maintenance of salt and water concentrations, hormone production, and acid-basic regulation. Retention of nitrogen products of the protein catabolism occurs, with the severe loss of the renal function, a condition called azotemia. Uremia is understood as a condition resulting from prolonged azotemia and is considered an important cause of death in dogs. Aiming to determine the epidemiology, prevalence, and morphological characteristics (including the anatomic localization) of the extrarenal uremic lesions, as well as to determine the main lesions of the urinary system associated to the occurrence of uremia, the protocols of necropsies performed in dogs between January 1996 and December 2012 (17 years) at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria were analyzed. A total of 4,201 dogs were necropsied and 161 (3,8%) had extrarenal uremic lesions. Clinical signs associated to uremia were reported in 134 dogs (83,2%). The extrarenal lesions more often observed, in descending order of prevalence, were: ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastritis (56,5%), soft-tissue mineralization (55,9%), pulmonary edema (47,2%), ulcerative stomatitis and/or glossitis (30,4%), endocarditis/atrial and aortic thrombosis (28,6%), parathyroid hyperplasia (9,3%), fibrous osteodytrophy (8,1%), anemia (6,2%), ulcerative laryngitis (5%), ulcerative and hemorrhagic enteritis (3,7%), fibrinonecrotic esophagitis (1,9%), and fibrinous pericarditis (1,9%). In most of the cases, the extrarenal lesions of uremia were due to prolonged azotemia secondary to severe renal lesions, such as interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis (the most prevalent ones).