Repositório RCAAP

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Coccidiosis is a disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria ssp. These protozoa are intracellular parasites of enterocytes that rupture the host cell, causing damage to the intestinal mucosa. The lesions caused by Eimeria reduce nutrient uptake by broilers, affecting their productivity gain, and also represent a portal of entry for other enteropathogens. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between lesions caused by Eimeria and the prevalence of coccidiosis and other gastrointestinal disorders among broilers reared in Brazil from 2012 to 2014. Intestinal health was evaluated at 82 poultry houses in Brazil, totaling 5,528 birds aged 12 to 40 days. The rearing period was divided into two phases: phase 1 (12 to 21 days) and phase 2 (22 to 40 days). The broilers, at least three per shed, were collected from three different sites. The following gastrointestinal aspects were analyzed in the present study: presence of cell desquamation, excess fluid, excess mucus, ingestion of contaminated litter, thickened intestinal walls, thin intestinal walls, movement of food bolus, abnormal intestinal tonus, Turkish towel appearance, verminosis, and necrotic enteritis. The classification of the scores for gross lesions caused by Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella followed the method proposed by Johnson & Reid, [8] and the oocyst count of E. maxima (E. maxima micro) in the mucosa was performed under a light microscope at 100X magnification. The statistical analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficient was carried out by the SAS 9.3 software program [16], using a 95% confidence interval. The results of this study revealed that E. acervulina was the most prevalent (mean of 13.5%) species in both rearing stages. Also, there was a positive correlation with thin intestinal walls and abnormal intestinal tonus in phases 1 and 2, as well as a positive correlation with ingestion of contaminated litter in phase 2. The second highest prevalence was that of E. maxima (mean of 6.75%), with a positive correlation with excess mucus, thickened and thin intestinal walls in phase 1, and a positive correlation with cell desquamation, excess fluid, and Turkish towel appearance in phase 2. E. tenella yielded the lowest prevalence rates (mean of 4.35) among the analyzed Eimeria species, showing a positive correlation with excess fluid in phases 1 and 2 and with thickened intestinal walls and lesions caused by E. maxima in phase 2. The microscopic analysis demonstrated that E. maxima was found in 18% of mucosal scrapings in phase 1, which accounts for a subclinical coccidiosis rate of 282.98% compared with clinical coccidiosis. A positive correlation was observed for E. maxima micro between thickened intestinal walls and lesions caused by E. maxima. E. maxima was detected in mucosal scrapings of 29.6% of the broilers in phase 2, accounting for a subclinical coccidiosis rate of 236.37% compared with clinical coccidiosis. E. maxima micro revealed a positive correlation with excess fluid, necrotic enteritis, E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella in phase 2. The comparison between the rearing periods showed that subclinical coccidiosis affected 64.45% more broilers in phase 2 than in phase 1. In the gross analysis, E. acervulina was the most prevalent species in both rearing periods. A lesion score equal to 1 was the most frequent among all Eimeria species. Subclinical coccidiosis affected a significant number of broilers in the analyzed Brazilian flocks, and was correlated with several factors that reduce intestinal health. It may be concluded that monitoring is of utmost importance to find out the status of intestinal health of poultry. The microscopic detection of E. maxima (mean of 23.8%) is correlated with factors that negatively affect intestinal health.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of low frequency on the vastus lateralis muscle. Eleven, male and female, dogs of variable age were randomly placed in 3 groups: I (control), II (NMES post immobilization), and III (NMES before and post immobilization). The right femoral-tibial-patellar joint of the animals in groups I, II, and III was immobilized for 30 days by the percutaneous transfixation type II method. The dogs from group II were placed on eletrotherapy 3 times weekly for 90 days, during (30 days) and post immobilization (60 days). The dogs from group II were initiated on NMES post-removal of the temporary rigid immobilization. The parameters evaluated consisted of: measurement of thigh circumference, joint motion using a goniometer, gait analysis, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and morphometry of the longitudinal muscle fibers collected by vastus lateralis muscle biopsy. The gait analysis was performed daily by the same observer for 90 days. The circumference of the thigh, joint motion, and muscle biopsy were performed on days 0, 30, 60 and 90 post-surgery. The blood samples for CK and AST were collected before and immediately after 6, 24 and 48 hours post-NMES on days 0,1,7,30,45,60,75 and 90. The NMES was employed on the femoral quadriceps muscle group with a frequency of 50Hz post-duration of 300msec on an off-time/on-time ratio of 1:2. There was no significant difference on the gait analysis, thigh circumference, joint motion, and CK and AST values. In terms of morphometry of muscle fibers, the greatest hypertrophy change was observed on longitudinal fibers of the dogs from group II (p=0.0005), followed by the dogs from group III. It can be concluded that NMES of low frequency does not avoid the muscular atrophy of vastus lateralis muscle during rigid temporary immobilization of the stifle joint, but causes muscular gain after this period, recommending its use

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Among the main diseases that affect ruminants around the world, infections by gastrointestinal nematodes display an important role. These infections, negatively impact the performance of the animals, compromising the economic viability of the systems, if the correct control of these parasites is not made. In this sense, were performed the evaluation of different compounds with anthelminthic action in sheep and cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The first chapter presents the study whose objective was to evaluate the anthelminthic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected cattle with different anti-helminthic therapy commercially available in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and test the effectiveness of combinations of these principles on multiresistant populations. For both, were selected 70-100 animals, with ages between 7 to 9 months, naturally infected and with egg counts per gram of feces (EPG) ≥200. These individuals were from ten different property located in Rio Grande do Sul, which had received no anthelmintic treatment in the 60 days preceding the beginning of the study. The animals were randomly divided in ten groups (7- 10 animals each) and treated with ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, fenbendazole, closantel, disophenol, nitroxynil, albendazole, levamisole or moxidectin. Additional groups of 7 to 10 calves were used to test six combinations of two drugs each in four of studied properties. In general, the fenbendazole was the most effective drug, followed by levamisole, disofenol and moxidectin. However parasites of genera Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus were the most resistant to different treatments employed. The combinations of moxidectin+levamisole, doramectin+fenbendazole and levamisole+closantel were the most effective. The results of this study demonstrated the existence of multidrug-resistant populations to most of the anthelmintic substances commercially available, while combinations of these may represent an alternative for improvement of the efficacy of treatments. The second chapter had as objective to verify the efficacy of monepantel (Zolvix ®) on gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected lambs from two properties in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For it, 64 animals being, 17 animals treated with Zolvix and 17 control animals not treated in property 1, and 20 animals treated with the same principle and 10 control on the property 2, were used. In both properties, the animals did not receive any anthelmintic treatment in the 30 days prior to the study and had EPG ≥200. The efficacy of monepantel was 25.8% and 78.4%, respectively, in the properties 1 and 2, being Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia spp. the genera that presented greater resistance to it. It was demonstrated that the status of anthelminthic resistance in sheep is getting worse once the last drug launched in the Brazilian market for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections of the animals proved ineffective, and further studies are needed to delay the appearance of new cases of resistance to this drug and the other compounds commercially available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the navicular bursa (NB), distal interphalangeal joint (DIJ) and deep digital flexor tendon sheath anesthesia (DDFTS) in horses with hoof pain. The effect of navicular bone and DIJ radiographic lesions on the block efficacy was also evaluated. Criterion of inclusion was a lameness improvement of 70% or higher until 15 minutes ( ) after palmar digital nerve (PDN) block. Based on that, fifteen horses with grade III forelimb lameness were selected. Blocks were performed separately in different trials with a minimum of 8-hour interval between each one. The first trial started with the PDN block, and the NB, DIJ and DDFTS anesthesia were conducted randomly among trials 2, 3 and 4. Moreover, the influence of exercise over lameness intensity was evaluated by trotting horses in a fifth trial without any block. The objective assessment of each trial was performed before, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 after each block. The radiographic exam was performed at the NB trial. Horses were grouped according to degree of improvement, or by radiographic lesions, and an exact Fisher s test was used to compare frequencies with significance of p<0.05. NB and DIJ anesthesia presented similar effect at improvement rates of 50% or higher. However, NB was more effective in improve lameness above 70% at 10 (p=0.03). The highest improvement means for NB was at 5 (70.88%) and 10 (72.33%), and at 15 (58.76%) and 20 (56.17%) for DIJ anesthesia. The DDFTS block was less effective than NB and DIJ when evaluating lameness improvement above 50% or 70%. DIJ anesthesia was inferior to PDN block in ameliorate lameness more than 50 and 70% up to 20 minutes. The highest means of improvement for DDFTS block was at 5 (25.22%) and 10 (26.42%), and better responses were observed in horses with DDFT effusion. The exercise demonstrated low interference in reducing lameness since no improvement above 50% was observed, and additionally seven (46.66%) horses increased lameness intensity overtime. Navicular bone and DIJ lesions were observed in 40% of the horses, and in 53.33% horses had lesions identified only on the navicular bone. No difference on efficacy was observed when grouped horses according to radiographic lesions. NB and DIJ anesthesia showed improvement means above 50% until 30 . Objective assessment of hoof anesthesia technics demonstrated that NB and DIJ have similar efficacy in reducing hoof lameness and both technics were superior to the DDFTS block. The selection of hoof blocks order should be based on a thorough clinical examination, since it allows selection of pertinent blocks for each case. Moreover, hoof blocks should always start from the most to the least specific block and if possible carry them at different times.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects and compare the analgesic efficacy intraoperative and postoperative provided by methadone administered via epidural (EP) or intramuscular (IM) in bitches submitted to total unilateral mastectomy surgery. For this it was used 12 female dogs anesthetized and randomly distributed into two groups of six animals each. In the first group the methadone was administered via epidural, after anesthetic stabilization (GEP) and another group, methadone was administered via intramuscular in the pre-anesthetic medication (GIM). In the first part of the study evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), carbon dioxide released at the end of expiration (ETCO 2) and arterial blood gas analysis. Both FC when FR and blood gas analysis did not show significant changes. The GIM had higher values in all pressure ratings (DAP, MAP and SAP), but within the parameters for the species. The GIM had higher values in all pressure ratings (DAP, MAP and SAP), but within the range for the species. Both routes of administration showed little change in the evaluated parameters, however the epidural demonstrated greater anesthetic and analgesic stability for this procedure. In the second part of the study, the postoperative analgesia was measured by pain scales at the University of Melbourn, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Glasgow Simplified Composed Measure pain scale. It also evaluated serum concentration of cortisol, lactate and glucose. Difference was observed between the groups only in the T6 Melbourn scale and analgesic rescue at T2 to the animals of the GIM. Cortisol presented a significant enhancement in the first hour in both groups and the remaining analyzes did not demonstrate differences. The administration of methadone epidural provided higher postoperative analgesia period that intramuscular administration showing to be the best option for this procedure. For both steps, the mean scores were submitted to statistical analysis by Kruskal-Wallis test to the groups between the different moments and Wilcoxon to compare the groups within each time. The Scott-Knott post-test was used for comparison in pairs at 5% significance level. After observing of the study in its two steps can be concluded that both methadone administered via epidural as intramuscular are secure in the perioperative period because does not cause significant changes in the physiological parameters. However the epidural proved to have a more efficient analgesia during surgery and post-operative period, in which we observed a greater analgesia period which makes it a safe and the best route for satisfactory analgesia in the procedure and in the studied species.

The aim of this study was test the effect of Cordicepim (CY), an inhibitor of mRNA translation, associate with growth factor (IGF-I), in the presence or absence of Roscovitina (Ros), a mitogen promoting factor blocker. Twelve hours in culture media with CY plus 18 or 24 hours of maturation resulted in an average of 80% of oocytes reaching metaphase II. The blastocyst yield after 12 hours culture media with CY plus 18 hours of maturation without inhibition (32.3%) was similar (P>0.05) to the control group (39.6%). A negative effect of Ros on blastocyst yield was observed when not associated to CY, (16.7% in Ros vs 49% in control group). When the concentration of Ros associated with CY was reduced, the blastocyst yield was lower (8.3%) compared with the control group (36.4%). Transmission electron microscopy evaluation showed characteristics like a mature oocyte but also some characteristics of immature oocyte after 12 hours of inhibition. In conclusion, the temporary exposure of bovine oocytes to CY associated with IGF-I during in vitro maturation allowed an increase in culture time with no effect on cytoplasm ultra-structure and blastocyst yield, associated or not with Roscovitina

The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) can be infected by a variety of protozoa and may develop clinical signs or remain asymptomatic. Due to the proximity of this kind with the man some protozoa present zoonotic potential, as researchers studied, including Leishmania infantum, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. L. infantum, it is responsible for causing visceral leishmaniasis in several species, including the dog and the man with deleterious impacts on public health. The dog is considered the urban reservoir of the parasite, and it is recommended the euthanasia of seropositive, including asymptomatic. N. caninum and T. gondii are widely distributed protozoa. These agents, when affecting dogs, can cause neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory and muscle disturbs. N. caninum is a protozoan of great economic importance and may cause reproductive problems in farm animals and the dog is the definitive host of this agent. T. gondii is an opportunistic microorganism, a zoonotic potential, with world-occurrence. The dogs as well as humans, are considered intermediate hosts, infection may be more severe in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to research anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in autopsied dogs; and to determine the occurrence of infection in animals from Agudo, Jaguari, Júlio de Castilhos, Mata, Santa Maria, Santiago, São Martinho da Serra, São Vicente do Sul and Tupanciretã, towns in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). In addition, there were correlated epidemiological data on sex, age, race, origin and occurrence of these protozoa in the seasons, with the pathological lesions. The animals were necropsied during routine at Pathology Laboratory in the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, from November 2014 to April 2016. For detection of seropositive dogs, the Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) was performed on stored samples in serum bank Analysis Laboratory in Veterinary Clinics. It analyzed 78 samples, where 53/78 (67.9%) were seropositive, demonstrating the presence of antibodies to one or more of the agents in the population studied. The occurrence of antibodies to L. infantum, N. caninum and T. gondii was 26/78 (33.3%) 29/78 (37.1%) and 34/78 (43.5%) respectively. Mono infections observed in 5/53 (9.4%) of L. infantum, 10/53 (18.8%) to N. caninum and 11/53 (20.7%) T. gondii, while the coinfection appeared in 27/53 (50.9%) of the dogs were detected in 4/53 (7.5%) L. infantum + N. caninum, 8/53 (15.0%) L. infantum + T. gondii, 6/53 (11.3%) N. caninum + T. gondii and 9/53 (16.9%) L. infantum + N. caninum + T. gondii, affecting animals of different ages, without predominance sex or race. There were no pathological characteristic lesions, featuring animals as asymptomatic, indicating a role for these sentinels of dogs these diseases. This study contributed to a better understanding of the epidemiology of protozoa and noted the emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in animals from areas considered harmless. In addition, this work can support the public health services in the adoption of preventive measures, avoiding possible cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis in central RS.