Repositório RCAAP

Resumo A validade do construto perceção da saúde tem aumentado ao longo do tempo; as pessoas avaliam melhor a sua saúde devido a um acréscimo da escolaridade. Diferentes instrumentos têm sido desenvolvidos para avaliar esta dimensão da saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo a validação para a população adulta portuguesa do Health Perception Questionnaire, dada a inexistência no contexto português de instrumento validado que avalie a perceção da saúde. É um instrumento de autoresposta que avalia a perceção da saúde em três momentos - passado, presente e futuro, a resistência e atitudes em relação à doença. Participaram 1,139 sujeitos da população geral, com idades entre os 18 e os 79 anos e maioritariamente mulheres. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratória e confirmatória, tendo sido encontrado um modelo de 2.ª ordem, onde a perceção da saúde se define em torno de dois fatores - saúde atual (sete itens) e saúde anterior (dois itens). A vivência de doença grave ou significativa, assim como o bem-estar e a saúde, assumem-se como elementos chave na construção individual da perceção de saúde anterior e atual respectivamente.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a validade do Questionário Online de Empatia (QoE), que se propõe a avaliar empatia por meio de três fatores: empatia afetiva, cognitiva e compassiva. Participaram 4801 pessoas, sendo 56,8% do sexo feminino, com idade média 27,73 (DP = 7,89). De maneira espiralada, os participantes responderam ao QoE e 11 instrumentos (como qualidade de vida, personalidade e inteligência). Os escores do QoE apresentaram correlações fortes com medidas de agradabilidade (positivamente), tríade sombria e isolamento social (negativamente); correlações brandas com medidas de desregulação emocional (positivamente para empatia afetiva, negativamente para as outras), qualidade de vida e satisfação de vida (positivamente); e correlações próximas de nulo com medidas de inteligência. Os índices de precisão foram moderados a bons, com estabilidade de reteste. Mulheres apresentaram médias moderadamente mais altas que homens. Os resultados encontrados corroboraram as expectativas teóricas. Considera-se que os resultados demonstraram evidências de validade de construto, critério e discriminante para o QoE.

Resumo O responder por exclusão é um padrão de resposta robusto, entretanto, a ocorrência regular da resposta que atesta a relação condicional nome-objeto não corresponde à aprendizagem consistente da relação. Este estudo visou avaliar a aprendizagem de relações nome-objeto, após a emergência da relação condicional no responder por exclusão, empregando sondas de discriminação as quais foram expostas 19 crianças, entre 14 e 25 meses. Discriminações condicionais nome-objeto com estímulos familiares foram ensinadas para compor a linha de base. Sondas controle, de exclusão e de discriminação verificaram respectivamente o controle pela novidade dos estímulos, a emergência da relação nome-objeto e a aprendizagem da relação emergente. Se não ocorresse a aprendizagem da relação emergente, inseria-se o ensino por exclusão. Seis participantes responderam por exclusão. Sondas de discriminação atestaram a aprendizagem de duas relações nome-objeto para três participantes. Um participante respondeu consistentemente com a aprendizagem de duas relações, após o ensino da relação nome-objeto emergente. As sondas de discriminação constituíram-se em medida efetiva da aprendizagem de relações emergentes nome-objeto por crianças pequenas.

Resumo O Desenvolvimento Positivo dos Jovens (PYD) aborda a promoção da saúde de todos os adolescentes, visando potencializar suas capacidades e ressaltar as qualidades positivas desse período evolutivo, combinadas com recursos do ambiente e de pessoas significativas. Dentre tais qualidades, crenças de autoeficácia satisfatórias são essenciais para a obtenção de uma vida saudável, pois configuram-se como recursos promotores de uma adaptação positiva à vida adulta. Objetivou-se na presente revisão narrativa discutir relações entre crenças de autoeficácia e recursos desenvolvimentais em diferentes domínios sociais. Foram recuperados artigos nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CAPES e PsycINFO. Empregaram-se os termos de busca autoeficácia e desenvolvimento positivo dos jovens, sem delimitar um intervalo temporal. A produção científica é recente, sendo selecionados 19 estudos que associam autoeficácia e recursos do PYD, com predominância de estudos transversais, e amostras compostas especialmente por jovens do ensino médio. Entre os recursos encontrados, destacam-se competências acadêmicas, físicas, de carreira e suporte social. Isoladamente, autoeficácia e desempenho acadêmico contam com produções científicas mais expressivas, mas a associação entre essas variáveis demanda mais pesquisas. Estudos sobre autoeficácia e PYD são destacados e alguns horizontes são apontados na direção de futuras pesquisas.

Resumo A Política de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH) emerge em 2009, colocando como objeto de atenção o corpo social masculino. Tendo em vista que a saúde dos homens é uma temática atual nos estudos de gênero, buscamos retomar os principais movimentos de produção social de masculinidades atravessados pela medicalização em distintas conjunturas históricas. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos em operadores conceituais pós-estruturalistas que buscam tomar as masculinidades como frutos de determinados contextos caracterizados por relações de saber-poder e de ênero, além de outros marcadores sociais. A análise aponta para as condições de possibilidade que conduziram determinadas masculinidades ao campo da abjeção por meio da marcação racial e pelo dispositivo do trabalho enquanto estratégia de poder para a medicalização do corpo social masculino. Nesta seara, a versão brasileira das masculinidades transita pela linha limítrofe entre o trabalhador e o vagabundo, linha essa traçada por mecanismos de medicalização e criminalização operando concomitantemente.

Abstract The increasing need for psychological instruments characterized by scientific rigor, with their psychometric qualities confirmed, drives the development of studies that seek evidence of validity for psychological tests. The aim of this study was to seek evidence of validity for the Pfister Test by comparing the sexes. The study was carried out with 197 children from the city of Ceará, 46% male and 54% female, using the Pfister Colored Pyramids Test as the main instrument and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test as an instrument to screen the intellectual performance of the participants. After statistical analysis and interpretation of the data, predominance in the choice of blue, green and black colors was observed in the boys, especially regarding darker tones, which may indicate emotion-related control. The girls made more frequent use of the colors violet and red, both in the lightest tones, which culturally refers to femininity and may suggest impulsivity. It was concluded that there are statistically significant differences in color choices between boys and girls, which can be comprehended as a contribution to the evidence of validity studies of the Pfister Test.

Abstract Distance programs are frequently used by public healthcare providers at the Unified Healthcare System (SUS) in Brazil. This research consisted of evaluating learning predictors in a distance specialization program offered by a university to public healthcare providers. The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of variables related to the characteristics of clients (personal data, professional data, well-being at work) and their reaction to the course (instructional procedures and tutor performance) over the learning process. Data collection was conducted through the Internet, with the participation of 125 students. The averages for the items of the Well-being Scale, Reaction to Tutor Performance Scale and Reaction to the Instructional Procedures Scale remained near the midpoint of the Scale. Concerning the learning results, students obtained high averages (grades) in the evaluative activities of the program. Well-being and reaction questionnaires were valid based on the analyzes performed. Multiple regression analyzes showed that participant reaction to instructional procedures and their practice area significantly predicted the learning process of the sample. This work added new knowledge to the distance training evaluation area in public healthcare.

Abstract This research aimed to identify anxiety, coping, and the significant social network of the caregiver of a child with burns. It is a case study conducted by monitoring the caregiver of a child victim of burns in two phases: 1. Time when the child was hospitalized; 2. During their return to the Hospital Unit. The caregiver was the child’s mother, married, and had more than three children. Instruments were used to identify anxiety indicators, coping strategies and social networks, besides an interview and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed through frequency, means and qualitative exploration. Results indicatedmild anxiety, and coping strategies based on religious practices, problem assessment and social support. The social network wasmainly constituted of family and community members, but also by friends and healthcare professionals. Material aid and emotional support were the main networkfunctions, whilecognitive guidance was specifically provided by the healthcare team. Results indicatethat it is necessary to monitor the family caregiver during the child’s hospitalization and rehabilitation period, in order to provide comprehensive care to meet their needs.

Abstract The simultaneous occurrence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems characterizes a risk to the child’s development in clinical terms and requires more studies. The objective was to correlate, from the evaluation of the biological mothers, child social skills, resources of the family environment and parenting practices for a group of boys who presented both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, in comparison to a paired group of children without behavior problems. A case-control design was adopted, with 36 biological mothers of boys who were distributed in two groups, G1 - 18 boys identified with behavior problems (clinical) and G2 - 18 boys identified without behavior problems (nonclinical). The mothers completed instruments regarding parental practices, environment resources and child behaviors. In the clinical group, a significantly greater use of negative practices (especially “hitting”) was identified, as well as a deficit of positive practices and a lack of resources of the family environment. Correlations showed that, in the nonclinical group, positive practices were associated with skilled behaviors, whereas negative practices were associated with problem behaviors - although this did not happened in the clinical group. This suggests a lack of consistence in the application of these practices in this group. These data contribute to planning guidance practices for parents.

Abstract Working memory refers to all the systems and processes linked to the maintenance and active retention of information relevant to the performance and execution of complex cognitive tasks. Individual differences in working memory have been shown to explain differences in other cognitive abilities, such as comprehension and reasoning. The purpose of the present work was to study the relationship between verbal working memory, verbal reasoning and text comprehension, for which a verbal working memory battery was designed and validated: The verbal Computerized Working Memory Battery (Batería Informatizada de Memoria de Trabajo Verbal [BIMeT-V]). Results showed that the tests administered presented a very good reliability due to internal consistency and, in terms of validity, two latent factors saturated the tests: one of storage and one of storage and concurrent processing of verbal information. Likewise, verbal reasoning skills and the ability to comprehend expository texts are supported by working memory’s concurrent storage and processing of verbal information, and to a lesser extent, or with a lesser role, the verbal information storage component.

Abstract We aimed to investigate the experience of primiparous mothers with established careers in relation to motherhood and their work, from pregnancy to the end of maternity leave. Three public employees participated, answering interviews. Qualitative content analysis showed that the experiences of participants were similar in several aspects. Repercussions of work in the experience of motherhood were identified from pregnancy, considering concerns regarding changes and reconciliation of maternal and professional demands. Feelings of insecurity and ambivalence were also present when babies entered daycare center and women returned to work. Since the pregnancy, changes aiming at managing the demands of work and motherhood were identified. Family, social and organizational support received by the participants contributed to this management. Nevertheless, a sense of overload by the accumulation of activities after the baby’s entrance in daycare center and the mother’s return to work were evidenced, which corroborates literature on the subject.

Abstract Emotion regulation is an important aspect for the adaptation of human beings that influences their development and mental health. In actuality, it is an important challenge to have culturally valid instruments that allow to evaluate this construct. In this study, an analysis of the psychometric properties of the Children’s Emotion Regulation Processes Survey (CERP) in a sample of Chilean preschoolers is presented. CERP is a third-party report questionnaire that assesses the strategies of emotion regulation in children, providing a vision based on development. The instrument was applied to mothers and fathers of 483 children, between the ages of 4 and 6 that attended preschool. Factorial structure, internal consistency and the relation with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as indicator of convergent validity was analyzed. The results showed a four factor structure, coherent with the empirical evidence. Also, all of the factors presented adequate reliability indexes and correlation with the internalization and externalization scales of CBCL. It is concluded that CERP exhibits positive reliability and validity indicators to be used in this population.

Abstract According to an emergent group of researchers, systemic, relational and evolutionary thought is needed to understand the development of organisms’ characteristics and competences. In this paper, we first introduce the prevalent view on the biological basis of behavior, based on the New Synthesis of Modern Biology. Next, we present the critical view of those who defend Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. The existing debate between the different perspectives is illustrated by studies on infants’ sensorial capacities, attachment, and neonatal imitation. Possible interpretations, based on the theoretical approaches presented, lead to a reflection on the innate/acquired dichotomy: from the prevailing view, this dichotomy is overcome because the interaction between the innate and the acquired is being considered to explain the characteristics of living beings. A further reflection on the developmental processes involved in the emergence of behavior, on the concepts of what is learning and what is innate leads to the dissolution of this dichotomy.

Abstract This paper is a review of literature that aimed to describe the main results of scientific studies on the age of criminal majority in Brazil published in three electronic databases: SciELO, LILACS and the Regional Portal of the VHL. From the 57 articles initially found, after screening for the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 were effectively analyzed. These were submitted to thematic content analysis. It was identified that the premises of the irregular situation doctrine, although overcome in terms of legislation, remain rooted in institutionalized practices, discourses and representations about adolescents in conflict with the law. However, in the evolution of laws in the world, the tendency seems to be to maintain the age of criminal majority, rather than reduce it. It was concluded that the evidence found, although limited to the criteria of this study, refuted the hypothesis that simply reducing the legal age would be effective in confronting juvenile criminality in the country.

Abstract The influence of gender on intimate partner violence (IPV) has been predominantly studied in opposite sex relationships. This article presents the results of a systematic literature review in which the aim was to understand how gender may affect not only the violence in same-sex IPV but also, and mostly, each element of the couple and third-party responses. The search was conducted in four electronic databases: B-on, PubMed, Sage and PsycINFO. From the analysis of seven articles selected, four major domains were identified in which gender affects these relationships: normalizing violence; difficulty in recognizing violence; difficulty in seeking help; and social isolation. It was concluded that gender, or gender role expectations, cannot be ignored while studying this phenomenon. More than influencing violence per se, gender shapes the way each element of the couple perceives their experiences and third-party perceptions (e.g., family, friends, justice system, and victims support services professionals), preventing an adequate social response to this form of violence.

Abstract The present article aims to propose a theoretical discussion regarding the role of lying based upon the Evolutionary Psychology perspective by shedding a new light on the main studies conducted in this area. In order to do so, this article addresses the phylogenies and ontogenies of the capability to lie, both suggesting that the rise of lying as a pro-social deed is intimately related with Homo sapiens incredibly broad and complex communication skills. Like so, the paper continues on expatiating on the underlying cognitive and neuronal mechanisms of lying and lying recognition, as well as the differences amongst genders concerning the ability to recognize deceit. Broadly, the present theoretic study may elucidate the current state of knowledge regarding the topic, thus signaling necessary and more promising paths for future studies to follow with the purpose of contributing to fields where the act of uttering lies is highly present, such as the judicial context.

Abstract The objective of this systematic literature review was to investigate the variables that would improve well-being in retirement by analyzing relevant empirical studies. In the literature search, six keywords (retirement, positive psychology, well-being, satisfaction, happiness and quality of life) were used in six international academic portals. This search identified 403 articles, and those meeting the pre-established inclusion criteria were extracted. The 55 articles selected were analyzed based on nine categories: language, year, journal, country, objective, dependent variable, instruments, independent variables and results. The studies had a longitudinal, transversal design or reported on instrument creation and validation. The literature review pointed out a large number of variables, confirming the multidimensionality of the constructs. Aspects highlighted include health, economic situation, gender, marital status, interpersonal relationships, whether retirement was voluntary, retirement duration and leisure activities. A compilation of variables and an agenda for future studies are proposed based on the results of this review.

Abstract This research evaluated the combined effects of instructions (through health education manual) and self-monitoring (using record forms) in occurrence of adherence to treatment by adolescents diagnosed with Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Four adolescents participated in the research, which had four stages: 1. Initial assessment; 2. Intervention, including Condition 1, with exposure to the manual followed by the self-monitoring record forms, and Condition 2, with a reversal order of these instruments; 3. Feedback; and 4. Follow-up. The data obtained with 24h recall and self-monitoring record forms were quantified, allowing the calculation of the Treatment Adherence Index. Three participants showed an increase in this index after the use of self-monitoring records, regardless the exposition order of the instruments. The results of this research suggest that self-monitoring can assist in the installation of adherence behaviors, while manuals with instructions can help to maintain those behaviors, which would justify the combined use of these instruments.

Abstract This study aimed to gather psychometric evidence of the Scale of Positive and Negative Affects (EAPN-10) within the Brazilian context. Three studies were performed (N = 911). Study 1 considered 296 undergraduate students (MAge = 23.8; 59.1% females), who answered the EAPN-10 and a demographic questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure [positive affects (α = .82) and negative affects (α = .81)], explaining 59.7% of the total variance. Study 2 took into account the participation of 313 undergraduate students (MAge = 23.3; 57.2% females), who answered the same instruments. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the two-factor structure (e.g., CFI = .92), which was invariant across males and females (e.g., ΔCFI < .01), with alphas greater than .70. Finally, Study 3's participants were 302 university students (MAge = 23.1; 54.3% females), who answered the aforementioned instruments as well as measures of vitality, positivity, optimism, anxiety, depression and stress. Supporting their criterion validity, positive affects (α = .83) were positively correlated with well-being indicators, and negative affects (α = .80) were positively correlated with indicators of psychological discomfort. In conclusion, the EAPN-10 is a psychometrically adequate measure that can be employed to assess people's affects and their correlates within the Brazilian context.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence in a community sample, as well as identify associations between these behaviors and socioeconomic factors. Given the predominance of these studies in high-income countries, more investigations are needed in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of types of intimate partner violence was investigated in a probabilistic sample of 532 women between 18 and 60 years. A sociodemographic questionnaire and The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) were used. Considering recent episodes, the rates of women victimized by their partners were: 48.31%, 10.81% and 7.79%, for psychological, physical and sexual violence, respectively. The rates of these modalities of violence perpetrated by the women were 51.89%, 13.73% and 4.47%, respectively. Logistic regressions indicated that higher educational and socioeconomic levels are associated with a lower likelihood of women being victims or perpetrators of violence. According to the literature, these factors represent nonlinear influences on violence between partners, however, are important for developing intervention strategies for this problem.