Repositório RCAAP

Abstract The present study investigated the justifications' effects, presented in children's stories, on the installment and maintenance of targeted behaviors: to copy, to answer and to present the exercise and competitive activities. Four children were exposed to three phases. In Phase 1, baseline, the registration of the target behaviors' events was made. Phase 2 was constituted of six steps. In each step, at the beginning, the experimenter would read a children's story with Type 5 justification that indicated the advantages of studying mathematics in the Steps 1, 2 and 5, and portuguese in the Steps 3, 4 and 6. Then, the teacher would write the exercise on the board and would request the students to copy, to answer and to present the exercise finished. Afterwards, the registration of the target behaviors' events was made for 30 minutes. In Phase 3 (Follow-up), fulfilled two months after Phase 2, it wasn't presented stories with justifications. The registration of targeted behaviors was made. In Phase 2, it occurred higher duration of activities to copy and to answer the exercise and lower duration of competitive activities. In Phase 3, occurred the opposite. It's suggested that, besides justifications, other variables contributed to maintain the observed behaviors.

Abstract The presence of psychologists in Brazilian social welfare has been increasing and the reality of psychology in this context is still surrounded by doubts and questions about the roles and identity of this professional in a social context of poverty and material needs. This article analyzes the psychologists' work in the social welfare context considering the working conditions of these professionals. Participants of the study were 1,100 psychologists of all Brazilian regions, who answered an online questionnaire covering sociodemographic and work issues. The main results indicate that social welfare psychologists are poorly remunerated, have extensive workloads and are not technically prepared to deal with the issues that arise in the institutions they work. It was also found that the technical references are vague and only highlight ways, not prescribing specific activities. Therefore, the professionals must use their own resources to achieve the National Social Assistance Policy goals, adopting a creative and inventive approach.

Abstract The study aimed to describe the profile of psychologists from public and private health services of the Federal District, Brazil; to describe the professional practices, the theoretical-methodological frameworks adopted, expectations and perceptions of health work, as well as aspects that facilitate and hinder team integration. The instrument was a self-administered online questionnaire. The data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistical techniques and content analysis of the qualitative data. The participants were 96 psychologists (91.6% women). The ages ranged from 24 to 54 years (M=35.5) and the majority (88.4%) were working in public health services. Individual psychological consultations and guidance for relatives/caregivers were the practices highlighted as being frequent in the professional quotidian. Diversified psychological practices were observed among the participants who were researchers, had graduate degrees and supervised undergraduate students and/or residents. Regarding aspects that facilitated team integration, the most frequent categories were: activities or care in multi/interdisciplinary team and regular team meetings. Regarding hindering aspects, work overload and personal and interpersonal characteristics of the professionals prevailed. The study highlights the strengthening of health psychology in the Federal District, especially in the services of the Brazilian National Health System, being incipient in private establishments.

Abstract Teachers, among others, are responsible for improving the quality of education. In order to understand the teacher's professional role within the context of contemporary society, one must analyze the impacts of political, economic, social and cultural problems on education. The present study's objective is to identify and discuss the social representations made by students' parents/guardians in relation to being a teacher nowadays. The study enjoyed the participation of 181 parents/guardians of elementary school students from the city of Mossoró/RN. They responded to the TALP after being presented with the stimulus phrase being a teacher today. Prototypical analysis (EVOC), analysis of similarity (IRAMUTEQ) and thematic analysis of content were performed. The terms most frequently evoked were patience, educator, love, and teach. The parents/guardians' social representations have a multidimensional character that is structured into two main: one involving an image of the teacher that is rooted in the notion of a vocation; and the other, in the professional as an educator. The thematic analysis also indicated a representation of teachers that is related to a work context involved challenges, precarious working conditions, social disfavor and violence. One thus observes a twofold representation of the teacher, as an individual with a vocation and as a professional, an employee of the educational system, a fact that could be related to the low attractiveness of a career in teaching.

Abstract Objective: It is known that alcohol use has increased both nationally and internationally. The present study was designed to evaluate the extent to wich sociodemographic characteristics, school performance, pattern of consumption and emotional health can predict the variable of interest, recent alcohol use, defined as the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days, among adolescents from public schools in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre/Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of 124 students, 70 girls and 54 boys, aged 11 to 18 years. Participants were assessed in the classroom and completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Youth Self Report, and a questionnaire on drug use. Results: The variable with the greatest impact on recent alcohol use was total internalizing problems, anxiety/depression, and female sex. First alcohol use at 15 years or younger as well as school failure were also able to predict alcohol use. Conclusion: the data confirm the multidimensionality of the phenomenon that should be considered in prevention campaigns.

Abstract The present study aimed to understand how the gender category emerges in studies about adoption in the Brazilian context. The guiding question was: How do researches in the context of adoption, regarding children, parents and professionals, address gender issues? An integrative literature review was conducted on the databases LILACS, SciELO and PePISC with the descriptors adoption, gender and parentality, published between 2007 and 2017. Seventeen articles had been recovered and three categories were constituted: (a) Exercise of maternity in the context of adoption; (b) (In)visibility of paternity in the discussion about adoptive parenting; (c) Homoparentality: meanings of reproductive technology and adoption. The studies brought to light reflections about adoptive parenting and adoptive homoparentality, as well as highlighting the way these couples exercise their parental roles. It is concluded that understanding how parental roles are exercised in these different realities makes it possible to understand different family arrangements, opening more space for families by adoption. It is recommended to expand the gender discussions in order to provide questions and tensions for this scenario, dialoguing with different developmental and clinical perspectives.

Abstract Response styles are systematic ways of responding to self-report items that may impact the validity and the precision of scores from instruments. One of these biases is extreme responding (ER), which occurs when a person tends to use only extreme rating categories from a response scale (e.g., totally disagree or totally agree), irrespective of item content. Many different methods were developed that aim to identify and control extreme responses to provide a more accurate assessment of an individual's trait. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of these main techniques for statistical control of extreme responses in psychometric instruments of self-report. We identified several analytical approaches, which we organized into seven clusters, from simple count of the numbers of extreme response to the use of modern statistics methods, as Item Response Theory uni and multidimensional. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed. We also present a general diagram that summarizes the distinct available methods we found.

Abstract School deficit is considered a risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior. This study assessed the efficacy of individual program on academic skills for adolescents admitted to juvenile detention. The sample consisted of 18 adolescents, nine who received the intervention (experimental group) and nine in the control group. The schooling activities were developed in a range of 12 to 18 weeks with two to four hours per week and efficacy was measured by School Performance Test (SPT) that evaluates writing, reading and arithmetics. The results of the comparison between pretest and post-test showed a statistically significant increase in the experimental group's math skills (Z = -2.673, p = .008) and overall score (Z = -2.549, p = .012). Calculated via the STP the average educational lag at the time of the pretest was 8.3 years for the experimental group and 8.9 years for the control group. Subsequent to the intervention, the average lag dropped to 7.3 years for the experimental group and remained to 8.6 years for the control group. This intervention proved to be a promising technique to reduce academic deficits in adolescents from juvenile detention.

Abstract The experiences of partners in their families of origin, the circumstances of everyday life and aspects of infidelity in the marital relationship have been studied to explain the genesis of intimate partner violence. This study investigated the experiences of the family of origin, which sociodemographic data and what factors associated with infidelity have a greater predictive power of intimate partner violence, besides the possible interactions between these variables. A quantitative, correlational and explanatory study was developed with 600 participants (384 men, 216 women), correlations were established and linear regression models were proposed. The results identified that circumstances of daily life (such as gender, having children or not, partner's age) and experiences in the family of origin (physical neglect, sexual abuse and parental alliance) contribute to the explanation of the different expressions of violence in the couple. Infidelity, although correlated with violence, did not prove to be a predictor. Physical neglect and sexual abuse were identified as predictors of physical violence while the dysfunctional parental alliance was a predictor of psychological violence. The women showed higher rates of psychological violence while men presented greater perpetration of sexual coercion. The marital clinic is a highlighting in this context, since it proposes to welcome and treat the conjugal relationship in its structuring and relational aspects, improving the establishment of more balanced, stable and functional relational models.

Abstract Unjustified aggression is a problem that exists in schools and represents an obstacle for achieving the goals pursued by education. The goal of this article is to explain how shame, empathy, coping style and school safety discriminate between defensive and reinforcing observers in the face of a hypothetical situation of school bullying. 505 students from public, technical and federal secondary schools of the State of Sonora with ages ranging from 12 to 17 years participated in this study. Of this sample 131 were considered defenders and 374 reinforcers. The results show that the recognition of shame, affective empathy, confrontative coping and school safety explain up to 71.4% the differences between the defensive observers and the reinforcers. It is concluded that the variables considered as predictors can differentiate between the types of observers and represent a valuable contribution in the analysis of bullying as a group process.

Abstract Job crafting is proactive bottom-up job redesign to optimize person-job fit. A job crafting intervention is any training or method designed to stimulate or develop job crafting behaviors in employees. This paper systematically reviews research examining the effects of job crafting interventions and identifies their tendencies and gaps. A search was conducted in PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Web of Science, and SciELO using the key terms job crafting and interventions in databases available from 2007 to September 2017. We identified eight studies that met our inclusion criteria. The analysis of these articles revealed that the design of seven intervention studies was based on theoretical assumptions derived from job demands-resources theory and used a quasi-experimental design. Job crafting interventions increased different types of job crafting behaviors, well-being variables, and job performance. Inconsistencies regarding significant effects in job resources and work engagement across studies are discussed. Recommendations for future research on job crafting interventions in organizations are presented.

Abstract Social interactions between disabled children and their peers are not only important to their development of social competence, but may also be indicative of the extent of educational inclusion at the children's school. The aim of this study was to perform a literature review of Brazilian articles on the topic of educational inclusion and social interactions involving children with disabilities. A total of 465 articles published between 2007 and 2017 were obtained from the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and the Brazilian Association for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) databases. The keywords used inclusion, educational inclusion, social interaction, and socialization. After the exclusion criteria were applied, there remained 26 articles and empirical studies published in Portuguese on the topic of social interaction among children with and without disabilities in schools offering educational inclusion programs. Most of the results in these articles described cases of social exclusion within these schools; in these cases, interactions between disabled children and their peers were rare or nonexistent, and the faculty and staff exhibited some distrust in the disabled students' abilities to learn and develop academically. The review also revealed the need for empirical intervention studies that may ultimately produce proposals for changes in these policies and situations.

Abstract Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) with high prevalence and incidence in the pediatric population is a relevant issue in public health. The literature associates family psychosocial aspects with chronic childhood illness. The present study examined the psychological alterations and peculiarities of caregivers and of children with GERD (n = 26) and healthy children (n = 30) from 3 to 12 years of age. Instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire and Assessment of Risk Factors for Child Illness; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; and Rutter's Child Behavior Scale (A2), all of which were administered to the caregivers. Quantitative data analysis (χ2 test, Fisher's exact test and ANOVA) was performed, respecting each instrument's respective criteria. In the group of children with GERD, we observed both a higher incidence of alcohol and/or drug use/abuse and higher levels of anxiety and depression on the part of the caregivers, as well as psychosocial problems involving the child. In light of the developmental level expected for this age group, greater frequency of behavioral problems was also observed. We thus conclude that there is a correlation between family psychological traits and GERD in children, stressing the need for conducting further studies and for supervising interdisciplinary clinical practices in the health care of this population.

Abstract This cross-sectional exploratory study investigated the incidence of stalking subsequent to the breakup of a dating or romantic relationship during adolescence. A total of 117 adolescents (62.4% female), with a mean age of 16.87 years (SD = 1.26), were identified as victims of stalking perpetrated by an ex-intimate partner and were compared to a group of non-victims (n = 410) matched by age and sex. "Courtship and Approach" was the most prevalent type of stalking. Adolescents stalking victims exhibited significantly higher mean scores for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms than did non-victims; and female victims presented greater symptomatology than did male victims. Multiple regression analysis indicated that suffering physical and verbal/emotional abuse during a dating relationship explains 19.0% of the variance of becoming a stalking victim subsequent to the breakup of the relationship. These findings emphasize the need for a better understanding of the stalking phenomenon and for public policies aimed at intervention and prevention, given that both victims and perpetrators require psychological assistance in order to break the dating violence cycle.

Abstract Although the scientific production on religiosity/spirituality (R/S) is increasing, notably from their connection with the health dimension, this theme is practically absent in Psychology training. The objective of this study was to learn the professional reality of psychotherapists regarding their clinical experiences and the R/S dimension. Twenty-four professionals from two cities in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil, with an average psychotherapy experience of 10.54 years, were interviewed individually. The interviews were transcribed in full and analyzed from the R/S literature. Such a dimension is evoked as relevant for all psychotherapists, although it has not been sufficiently addressed in their training. The exploration of R/S stems from client demands and presents at times as an important resource for intervention, while in other times hinders the development of many conditions. The recent proposals of the Psychology Councils regarding R/S are unknown by the professionals, suggesting the need for greater dialog and also the presence of such discussions in Psychology training.

Abstract Hospitalization may interfere with behavioral and emotional responses and influence outcomes in health and development. An analysis of the literature on the subject can contribute to the comprehension of stress triggers and their effects. This study reviewed the Brazilian literature on stress indicators associated with hospitalization in children and their caregivers. The methodological characteristics of each article, as well as their findings regarding stressful contexts, emotional and behavioral reactions and possible interventions were analyzed. A search for articles published between 2000-2016 was performed in the Virtual Health Library using the following keywords: child hospitalization, hospitalization, hospitalized child, stress, emotional stress and psychological stress. The application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in a final sample of 38 articles. Most studies were concentrated in the Southeast, South and Northeast regions of the country, and relied on small and mixed samples. Few studies used assessment instruments. This review highlighted the need for interventions that improve communication in hospital settings. Initiatives that improve the quality of care, attend to families' needs, provide psychological support, and encourage play may also have beneficial effects on quality of life.

Abstract Developing awareness of stereotypes regarding people with mental disorders has great relevance, as it implies understanding the characteristics of the shared conceptualization society has toward this social group. Such understanding identifies elements for action aiming to favor the social inclusion of these individuals. This research aimed to develop the Scale of Stereotypes about the Mentally Ill (SSMI) by gathering psychometric data. Two studies were performed. In Study 1, 210 university students with a mean age of 24.07 (SD = 5.77) participated. In Study2, 206 university students with a mean age of 24.35 (SD = 6.51) were included. In the first study, principal component analysis indicated the existence of two components (Threat Stereotypes, α = 0.81; Disability stereotypes, α = 0.80) with 10 items in total. In the second study, a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor model proposed for the scale was adequate: χ2/df = 2.31, GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, and RMSEA = 0.08 (90% CI = 0.057 - 0.103). It was concluded that this measure exhibits apparent factor validity and internal consistency and can be used to measure stereotypes about individuals with mental illness adequately.

Abstract Introduction: Film clips are the most used stimuli to induce different emotional states. Objective: Identify, select, and evaluate a set of film clips according to dimensionality and discreteness of emotions. Film experts suggested 437 fragments, but only 70 met the criteria to be included in the LATEMO-E film-clip database. Study 1: The 70 film clips were tested for their ability to induce disgust, anger, fear, sadness, amusement, tenderness, and neutral (n = 147 participants; mean age = 20.64 years, SD ±2.21 years). Results: A total of 28 film clips presented adequate scores on intensity and discreteness. Study 2: A total of 28 selected film clips were assessed again in a new sample of 106 participants (mean age = 20.96 years, SD ±2.45 years). Results: Anger and amusement film clips were the most extreme in the valence and activation dimensions. Anger and fear film clips were the most extreme categories in the intensity, certainty, and control dimensions. Conclusions: These stimuli were useful for inducing emotional states that can be judged from both the dimensional perspective of emotions and the basic emotions perspective. Evoked emotions could be differentiated according to cognitive patterns of evaluation that guide behavior in response to emotional stimulation.

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The effects of a behavioral intervention procedure that included exposure to VR, diaphragmatic breathing, differential reinforcement, and functional analysis of behavior of participants with public speaking anxiety were investigated. The Virtua Therapy simulator with an Oculus Rift® was used for VR exposure. Six university students participated in the procedure involving the following sequence of sessions: initial interview and baseline measures (3-5), intervention (6), closure (1), follow-up (2). In the baseline sessions, the participants gave a speech in a room without an audience (avatars): in the intervention sessions and follow-up they spoke in a classroom or auditorium with an audience, and verbal consequences (feedback) were provided for appropriate speech pitch and speed. Verbal and non-verbal measures of behaviors were recorded. In the intervention sessions, functional analyses of everyday public speaking situations were performed. There was statistically significant difference in the pre- and post-intervention data in the Self-Statements during Public Speaking Scale (improvement in self-evaluation) and improvement in speech quality. The conclusion was reached that the intervention procedure contributed to the reduction of anxiety.

Abstract Studies in the English language suggest that emergent literacy skills promote success in literacy. This longitudinal study investigated whether and which emergent literacy skills contribute to initial reading and writing performance in a sample of 34 Brazilian children from public schools. The participants underwent tests on phonological awareness, oral comprehension, vocabulary and knowledge of letters at the end of Early Childhood Education. The participants' skills in writing and reading words as well as reading comprehension were evaluated in the 1st year of elementary school. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. Results showed that emergent literacy skills presented significant positive correlations with reading and writing performance. Multiple regression analyses indicated significant and independent contributions of phonological awareness and knowledge of letters for writing, however, only phonological awareness significantly and independently contributed to reading of words and reading comprehension skills. It was concluded that emergent literacy skills related to the coding domain are the most important for literacy.