Repositório RCAAP

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Artistas, cientistas e viajantes que percorreram o Brasil na primeira metade do século 19 conformaram um significativo conjunto de representações sobre o território, em sua dimensão não somente objetiva e científica, mas também sensível e poética. Tendo em vista o pensamento do final do século 18 – a partir de Goethe, Humboldt e Kant – e elementos da obra dos naturalistas Carl Friedrich von Martius e Johann Baptist von Spix, este artigo versa a respeito da centralidade da paisagem na apreensão estética da natureza, reconhecendo, na origem da experiência paisagística, uma maneira de mediar de modo sensível a primordial relação do homem com o mundo.

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El artículo muestra cómo lo que sería un estilo más adecuado para la ciudad de São Paulo formaba parte del debate de ingenieros y arquitectos, al mismo tiempo que animaba la discusión entre los intelectuales y un público no especializado. A partir de los textos del periodista y escritor modernista Menotti del Picchia (1892-1988) y del arquitecto ruso Gregori Warchavchik (1896-1972), publicados sobre todo en el periódico Correio Paulistano, bien como del editor y escritor Monteiro Lobato (1884-1948) y del ingeniero portugués Ricardo Severo (1869-1940), publicados en el periódico O Estado de S. Paulo, y aún de las crónicas del crítico y poeta Mario de Andrade (1893-1945), publicados en el periódico Diário Nacional, se puede percibir que el tema de la fisonomía de esa ciudad, en plena «marcha de progreso», alimenta la construcción del discurso sobre la nacionalidad y la modernidad artística, en las primeras décadas del siglo 20. El debate tiene lugar en un campo de intensa investigación y experimentación artística, que surge en la disputa entre la idealización universalista, la defensa radical de la modernidad artística, el tradicionalismo conservador y el patriotismo estrecho.

This article examines texts compiled in the book “Cinq propositions pour une théorie du paysage,” originally published in French in 1994. It discusses the arguments put forward by the authors of that book to systematize some principles of landscape study as well as connect ideas by either recognizing common concepts or identifying particularities in the texts. Our intention is to provide a comprehensive overview of these texts, rather than a critical review of each of the five individual texts. The texts refer to different disciplines, ranging from history and geography to anthropology and sociology, as well as the arts, literature, linguistics, and philosophy. As a whole, they embody a significant theoretical corpus toward the contemporary epistemology of landscape.

This essay presents the main historical determinants of the postmodern movement in the state of Minas Gerais, particularly the cultural and political opening following the years of military dictatorship in Brazil, the economic crisis, the articulation and the currency of the intellectual circles in that region, the favorable environment for renewal in arts and architecture inBelo Horizonte in the late 1970s, and the intervention of architect Éolo Maia. We also analyze two built examples: Casa Arquiepiscopal, in Mariana, and Rainha da Sucata, in Belo Horizonte.

Population growth and the establishment of towns in the countryside of the Brazilian Northern Provinces came as the result of the combined support of cattle ranchers and Jesuit missionaries as of the mid-17th century. Using physical evidence, this study investigates how the encounters – symbiotic and/or confrontational – between cattle and catechism structured urban, architectural, and artistic phenomena in a region considered by classical historiography as “peripheral” to the political interest of the Portuguese Crown. This study also discusses how the missionaries’ strategies of conversion of the indigenous population created a web of settlements. It also points out how the Jesuit buildings followed formal models found in the main European and colonial cultural centers. It is noteworthy that the priests adapted such architecture to the geographical, natural, and social realities found in those remote areas

The paper shows the historical origins of the support for the automobile in cities and its related effects in urban planning, pedestrian condition, and in the making and preservation of public spaces, beneficial for the exercise of citizenship. This study shows that the overall adoption of automobility as a multiple and harmful technology has not only affected a general methodology for space design but also led to an erosion of walking and of the sense of place in the historical centers of several European cities, sacrificing pedestrian needs and the conviviality of streets and public space. In the first part of this article, due to accessibility to the Hemeroteca archives, we choose to present the case study of Lisbon, illustrating how political power and urban planners have joined forces to modify the city, valuing the role of demolitions and of the automobile as a cure for social problems. Our analysis will center on the origins of the Traffic Code, in the speeches of the official periodical of the Portuguese Automobile Club and in other contemporary magazines that document the changes in the historical center of Lisbon in the first half of the 20th century. In the second part, using a phenomenological analysis, we examine how walking and driving constitute the world in different ways; each one hence promotes a differentiated access to the qualities of the city, and justifies a distinctive trajectory of perception and action in the urban form, adopted by citizens and urban planners. We conclude by remarking on the effects of automobility in urban life as it became a basic assumption in urban planning; public space is progressively converted into parking lots, road nodes, traffic signs, and crosswalks; pedestrians have been domesticated and neglected in their habits, gestures and behaviors; the pedestrian in Portugal has thus become socially, politically, and technically invisible, according to the context of the technical models of automobility.

In the beginning of the new millennium, in a globalized neoliberal context, Luanda and Maputo witness the consolidation of different paradigms of urban intervention, associated with certain housing models of public initiative, in which vertical condominiums and single-story housing of extensive growth stand out. Taking into account the contextual specificities of these two Lusophone capitals and their great socio-territorial disparities, we resort to the “right to the city” concept to, through the analyses of four case studies, reflect upon the adequacy of the solutions adopted in these two housing models to reduce such disparities, regarding habitable conditions, access to urbanization benefits, and participation and appropriation of a transformed urban life. In this context, we conclude that there is an unbalance between state investment and the real needs of the majority of the population, mostly low income, which limits the “right to the city” regarding the access to habitable conditions and to urbanization benefits. This limitation exists either in the vertical condominiums, targeted to middle and upper class, as in the single-story housing of extensive growth, more adapted to the lower income population and where the appropriation is allowed in both contexts. Neither case has all the rights considered by the “right to the city,” but Maputo presents a more favorable panorama, partly due to a greater openness to decentralization and popular participation in decision making and responsibility sharing.

Brazilian housing policy has just recently made accessibility part of the country’s social housing projects. Since 2001 Porto Alegre’s City Housing Department (Demhab) has been offering accessible homes to physically impaired individuals, a decision that has demanded a review of architectural plans. Accessibility conditions and the users’ perceptions on how their lives improved after moving to the new homes had to be analyzed scientifically. Accordingly, this study investigates how eight physically impaired residents of Demhab’s accessible housing units perceived their quality of life and how these homes met their specific needs. A WHOQOL-bref questionnaire was used to collect information on quality of life, and semi-structure interviews were employed to qualitatively measure accessibility. The study found that the average perception of quality of life was evaluated as average. In the Environment category, the home environment facet obtained the highest average of all, and in the same category the financial resources facet obtained the lowest average overall. The interviews unveiled needs that had not been foreseen in the original plans. We concluded the architectural plans and supplementary design should be reviewed and that the interviewees needed additional technical and social support, especially regarding their income and social needs

Este artículo presenta los cambios que se produjeron en las estaciones de ferrocarril Luz y Barra Funda, debido a la integración espacial con la red de metro, en la ciudad de São Paulo. Estas estaciones fueron seleccionadas porque representan los tipos predominantes: la estructura conectada, que une los edificios existentes en la Luz, y la estructura compartida, diseñada para cumplir con los dos sistemas, en el entrepiso del Terminal Barra Funda. En Luz, las vías están separadas verticalmente, y la integración de las estaciones existentes se hizo mediante la galería de transferencia, que conecta los entrepisos enterrados del metro a los dos vestíbulos en el sótano de las plataformas ferroviarias. En Barra Funda, ya que las vías son contiguas en el suelo, la construcción de un entrepiso compartido pudo atender a cada modo de transporte, con grandes ventajas para el proceso de transferencia. El edificio histórico de la estación Luz fue protegido por la implementación de los vestíbulos y su conexión con el metro subterráneo, pero esto impuso restricciones dimensionales, y requirió un alto costo de operación. Aún que la galería subterránea de integración mantenga la circulación en ruta más corta en el mismo nivel, el ancho del corredor no soporta la demanda actual de pasajeros. Por otra parte, el entrepiso compartido del Terminal Barra Funda permite distancias más cortas para la integración entre los sistemas y no hay conflicto entre los flujos de entrada, salida y traslado. Las estructuras son compactas y la pasarela cumple con la demanda, pero la estación de trenes parece diluirse entre los demás servicios del terminal. 

In this study, fractal analysis is applied in the evaluation of the visual complexity of historic buildings and the surrounding natural environment. The fractal dimension and its approximations, quantified through the box-counting method, are used to define the general and local complexity of digital images of houses and landscapes. The essential properties of the box-counting method are discussed and an optimized version of the method is proposed. The hypothesis of the existence of a relationship between the complexity levels of built sites and natural landscapes is analyzed in the well-known case of the city of Amasya, and also for two historical cities in Brazil, Ouro Preto and Pelotas. The findings reveal a strong relationship between the spatial dynamics of fractal dimensions of built and natural environments.

Vernacular typography has been considered an answer to the Brazilian design demand of pursuing a national typography, as a way to eliminate Brazil’s lag in this area compared to other countries. However, assuming that such typography is the only answer presents problems when the context of cultural domination in which Brazilian manifestations happened is taken into account, among other issues. This study suggests other possibilities to answer the question of Brazilian typography. The main one is that if writing is abstract, its Brazilian side must refer to, first of all, Portuguese as it is spoken and written in Brazil, particularly its specificities and local manifestations. By analyzing character pairs in novels written by Machado de Assis, we catch a glimpse of what is peculiar to Portuguese writing. This study concludes that the Portuguese language demands a specific kerning table, and investigations in this direction should take into account Brazilian history, one of cultural domination. 

Los seres humanos son esencialmente visuales y cuentan con la información óptica para la mayoría de los aspectos de su vida cotidiana. La luz y sus influencias son estudiadas hace mucho tiempo, pero son relativamente recientes las investigaciones que abordan su impacto en la salud. En la década de 1980, la evidencia científica de la relación entre los trastornos depresivos y la privación de la luz dejó en claro la existencia de otros efectos no visuales de esa fuente de energía. Gran salto ha dado la Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE), que, en 2004 y 2006, promovió simposios con difusión del extenso trabajo realizado hasta entonces, para entender cómo la luz afecta el metabolismo humano y su psique. Aunque ya se haya demostrado el impacto de la luz sobre la salud humana, todavía hay mucho que aprender, sobre todo acerca de sus efectos sobre el sistema visual. Mayores niveles de iluminación en los ojos pueden aumentar la actividad, el estado de alerta y el bienestar, siempre que dentro de ciertos límites. En este trabajo se presenta el estado del arte con respecto a los aparatos de medición utilizados en la actualidadpara evaluar cómo la luz afecta a la salud humana. Su objetivo es provocar la promoción de debates y reflexiones sobre un área de investigación aún muy poco explorada en los medios técnico y académico brasileños.

Since all methods of photographic reproduction (ink on paper) result in losses in relation to the captured scene (light), this paper investigated the technical possibilities of photo reproduction – also known as “fine art” – minimizing losses in this process. The investigation used inkjet systems, with 10 colors and a Raster Image Processor (RIP) dedicated to rasterization and color management. The printed samples where made using museum-quality and high-permanence Rag Photographie Canson 310g paper, made of cotton fibers and suitable for photographic reproduction. Calibrations followed practices set by the manufacturer and produced outputs for subjective assessment of quality of reproduction and objective colorimetric reproduction fidelity. The changes took place in the use of two different rendering intents: relative colorimetric and perceptual.

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